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List of vice presidents of the United States

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The vice president of the United States is the second-highest officer in the executive branch of the United States federal government after the president of the United States.[1] The vice president also serves as the president of the Senate and may choose to cast a tie-breaking vote on decisions made by the Senate. Vice presidents have exercised this latter power to varying extents over the years.[2] Two vice presidents—George Clinton and John C. Calhoun—served under more than one president.

Number One Observatory Circle, the official residence of the vice president of the United States, in July 2001

The incumbent vice president is Kamala Harris, who assumed office on January 20, 2021 under President Joe Biden.[3] The vice president-elect is JD Vance, who will assume office as the 50th vice president on January 20, 2025.[4][5]

There have been 49 U.S. vice presidents since the office was created in 1789. Originally, the vice president was the person who received the second-most votes for president in the Electoral College. But after the election of 1800 produced a tie between Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr, requiring the House of Representatives to choose between them, lawmakers acted to prevent such a situation from recurring. The Twelfth Amendment was added to the Constitution in 1804, creating the current system where electors cast a separate ballot for the vice presidency.[6][2]

The vice president is the first person in the presidential line of succession—that is, they assume the presidency if the president dies, resigns, or is impeached and removed from office.[7] Nine vice presidents have ascended to the presidency in this way.[a] Also, several vice presidents have gone on to be elected as president in their own right.[b]

Before adoption of the Twenty-fifth Amendment in 1967, an intra-term vacancy in the office of the vice president could not be filled until the next post-election inauguration. Several such vacancies occurred: seven vice presidents died, one resigned and eight succeeded to the presidency. This amendment allowed for a vacancy to be filled through appointment by the president and confirmation by both chambers of Congress. Since its ratification, the vice presidency has been vacant twice (both in the context of scandals surrounding the Nixon administration) and was filled both times through this process.[2] The amendment also established a procedure whereby a vice president may, if the president is unable to discharge the powers and duties of the office, temporarily assume the powers and duties of the office as acting president.[8] Three vice presidents have briefly acted as president under the 25th Amendment: George H. W. Bush on July 13, 1985; Dick Cheney on June 29, 2002, and on July 21, 2007; and Kamala Harris on November 19, 2021.

Vice presidents

List of vice presidents of the United States from 1789 – till date.
No.[c] Portrait Name
(Birth–Death) 		Term Party[d] Election President
1   John Adams
(1735–1826)
[9][10] 		April 21, 1789[e]
–
March 4, 1797 		Pro-Administration[f] 1788–89
1792 		George Washington[g]
Federalist
2   Thomas Jefferson
(1743–1826)
[11][12] 		March 4, 1797
–
March 4, 1801 		Democratic-Republican 1796 John Adams[h]
3   Aaron Burr
(1756–1836)
[13] 		March 4, 1801
–
March 4, 1805 		Democratic-Republican 1800 Thomas Jefferson
4   George Clinton[i]
(1739–1812)
[14] 		March 4, 1805
–
April 20, 1812 		Democratic-Republican 1804
1808
James Madison
— Office vacant April 20, 1812 – March 4, 1813[j]
5   Elbridge Gerry[i]
(1744–1814)
[15] 		March 4, 1813
–
November 23, 1814 		Democratic-Republican 1812
— Office vacant November 23, 1814 – March 4, 1817[j]
6   Daniel D. Tompkins
(1774–1825)
[16] 		March 4, 1817
–
March 4, 1825 		Democratic-Republican 1816
1820 		James Monroe
7   John C. Calhoun[k]
(1782–1850)
[17] 		March 4, 1825
–
December 28, 1832 		Democratic-Republican 1824
1828 		John Q. Adams
Nullifier[l] Andrew Jackson[m]
— Office vacant December 28, 1832 – March 4, 1833[j]
8   Martin Van Buren
(1782–1862)
[18][19] 		March 4, 1833
–
March 4, 1837 		Democratic 1832
9   Richard Mentor Johnson
(1780–1850)
[20] 		March 4, 1837
–
March 4, 1841 		Democratic 1836 Martin Van Buren
10   John Tyler[n]
(1790–1862)
[21][22] 		March 4, 1841
–
April 4, 1841 		Whig[o] 1840 William H. Harrison
— Office vacant April 4, 1841 – March 4, 1845[j] John Tyler
11   George M. Dallas
(1792–1864)
[23] 		March 4, 1845
–
March 4, 1849 		Democratic 1844 James K. Polk
12   Millard Fillmore[n]
(1800–1874)
[24][25] 		March 4, 1849
–
July 9, 1850 		Whig 1848 Zachary Taylor
— Office vacant July 9, 1850 – March 4, 1853[j] Millard Fillmore
13   William R. King[i]
(1786–1853)
[26] 		March 4, 1853
–
April 18, 1853 		Democratic 1852 Franklin Pierce
— Office vacant April 18, 1853 – March 4, 1857[j]
14   John C. Breckinridge
(1821–1875)
[27] 		March 4, 1857
–
March 4, 1861 		Democratic 1856 James Buchanan
15   Hannibal Hamlin
(1809–1891)
[28] 		March 4, 1861
–
March 4, 1865 		Republican 1860 Abraham Lincoln
16   Andrew Johnson[n]
(1808–1875)
[29][30] 		March 4, 1865
–
April 15, 1865 		National Union[p] 1864
— Office vacant April 15, 1865 – March 4, 1869[j] Andrew Johnson
17   Schuyler Colfax
(1823–1885)
[31] 		March 4, 1869
–
March 4, 1873 		Republican 1868 Ulysses S. Grant
18   Henry Wilson[i]
(1812–1875)
[32] 		March 4, 1873
–
November 22, 1875 		Republican 1872
— Office vacant November 22, 1875 – March 4, 1877[j]
19   William A. Wheeler
(1819–1887)
[33] 		March 4, 1877
–
March 4, 1881 		Republican 1876 Rutherford B. Hayes
20   Chester A. Arthur[n]
(1829–1886)
[34]

[35]

March 4, 1881
–
September 19, 1881 		Republican 1880 James A. Garfield
— Office vacant September 19, 1881 – March 4, 1885[j] Chester A. Arthur
21   Thomas A. Hendricks[i]
(1819–1885)
[36] 		March 4, 1885
–
November 25, 1885 		Democratic 1884 Grover Cleveland
— Office vacant November 25, 1885 – March 4, 1889[j]
22   Levi P. Morton
(1824–1920)
[37] 		March 4, 1889
–
March 4, 1893 		Republican 1888 Benjamin Harrison
23   Adlai Stevenson I
(1835–1914)
[38] 		March 4, 1893
–
March 4, 1897 		Democratic 1892 Grover Cleveland
24   Garret Hobart[i]
(1844–1899)
[39] 		March 4, 1897
–
November 21, 1899 		Republican 1896 William McKinley
— Office vacant November 21, 1899 – March 4, 1901[j]
25   Theodore Roosevelt[n]
(1858–1919)
[40][41] 		March 4, 1901
–
September 14, 1901 		Republican 1900
— Office vacant September 14, 1901 – March 4, 1905[j] Theodore Roosevelt
26   Charles W. Fairbanks
(1852–1918)
[42] 		March 4, 1905
–
March 4, 1909 		Republican 1904
27   James S. Sherman[i]
(1855–1912)
[43] 		March 4, 1909
–
October 30, 1912 		Republican 1908 William H. Taft
— Office vacant October 30, 1912 – March 4, 1913[j]
28   Thomas R. Marshall
(1854–1925)
[44] 		March 4, 1913
–
March 4, 1921 		Democratic 1912
1916 		Woodrow Wilson
29   Calvin Coolidge[n]
(1872–1933)
[45][46] 		March 4, 1921
–
August 2, 1923 		Republican 1920 Warren G. Harding
— Office vacant August 2, 1923 – March 4, 1925[j] Calvin Coolidge
30   Charles G. Dawes
(1865–1951)
[47] 		March 4, 1925
–
March 4, 1929 		Republican 1924
31   Charles Curtis
(1860–1936)
[48] 		March 4, 1929
–
March 4, 1933 		Republican 1928 Herbert Hoover
32   John Nance Garner
(1868–1967)
[49] 		March 4, 1933
–
January 20, 1941 		Democratic 1932
1936 		Franklin D. Roosevelt
33   Henry A. Wallace
(1888–1965)
[50] 		January 20, 1941
–
January 20, 1945 		Democratic 1940
34   Harry S. Truman[n]
(1884–1972)
[51][52] 		January 20, 1945
–
April 12, 1945 		Democratic 1944
— Office vacant April 12, 1945 – January 20, 1949[j] Harry S. Truman
35   Alben W. Barkley
(1877–1956)
[53] 		January 20, 1949
–
January 20, 1953 		Democratic 1948
36   Richard Nixon
(1913–1994)
[54][55] 		January 20, 1953
–
January 20, 1961 		Republican 1952
1956 		Dwight D. Eisenhower
37   Lyndon B. Johnson[n]
(1908–1973)
[56] 		January 20, 1961
–
November 22, 1963 		Democratic 1960 John F. Kennedy
— Office vacant November 22, 1963 – January 20, 1965[j] Lyndon B. Johnson
38   Hubert Humphrey
(1911–1978)
[57] 		January 20, 1965
–
January 20, 1969 		Democratic 1964
39   Spiro Agnew[k]
(1918–1996)
[58] 		January 20, 1969
–
October 10, 1973 		Republican 1968
1972 		Richard Nixon
— Office vacant October 10 – December 6, 1973[q]
40[r]   Gerald Ford[n]
(1913–2006)
[59][60] 		December 6, 1973
–
August 9, 1974 		Republican 1973[s]
— Office vacant August 9 – December 19, 1974[q] Gerald Ford
41[t]   Nelson Rockefeller
(1908–1979)
[61] 		December 19, 1974
–
January 20, 1977 		Republican 1974[s]
42   Walter Mondale
(1928–2021)
[62] 		January 20, 1977
–
January 20, 1981 		Democratic 1976 Jimmy Carter
43   George H. W. Bush
(1924–2018)
[63][64] 		January 20, 1981
–
January 20, 1989 		Republican 1980
1984 		Ronald Reagan
44   Dan Quayle
(b. 1947)
[65] 		January 20, 1989
–
January 20, 1993 		Republican 1988 George H. W. Bush
45   Al Gore
(b. 1948)
[66] 		January 20, 1993
–
January 20, 2001 		Democratic 1992
1996 		Bill Clinton
46   Dick Cheney
(b. 1941)
[67] 		January 20, 2001
–
January 20, 2009 		Republican 2000
2004 		George W. Bush
47   Joe Biden
(b. 1942)
[68] 		January 20, 2009
–
January 20, 2017 		Democratic 2008
2012 		Barack Obama
48   Mike Pence
(b. 1959)
[69][70] 		January 20, 2017
–
January 20, 2021 		Republican 2016 Donald Trump
49   Kamala Harris
(b. 1964)
[3] 		January 20, 2021
–
(Incumbent) 		Democratic 2020 Joe Biden

Vice President-elect

List of presidents of the United States from 1789 – till date.
No. Portrait Name
(Birth–Death) 		Term Party Election President-elect
50   JD Vance
(b. 1984)
[71] 		To be sworn in on
January 20, 2025 		Republican 2024 Donald Trump

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Eight (John Tyler, Millard Fillmore, Andrew Johnson, Chester A. Arthur, Theodore Roosevelt, Calvin Coolidge, Harry S. Truman, and Lyndon B. Johnson) through the president's death and one (Gerald Ford) through the president's resignation.
  2. ^ Four after serving a full term as vice president (John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Martin Van Buren, George H. W. Bush), while two (Richard Nixon and Joe Biden) were elected as president non-sequentially to serving as vice president.
  3. ^ Counted according to uninterrupted periods of time served by the same person. For example, John Adams served two consecutive terms and is counted as the first vice president.
  4. ^ Reflects the vice president's political party at the start of their vice presidency. Changes during their time in office are noted. Also reflects the president's political party unless otherwise noted beside the individual's name.
  5. ^ Due to logistical delays, John Adams assumed the vice presidency 1 month and 17 days after the March 4, 1789, scheduled start of operations of the new government under the Constitution. As a result, his first term was only 1,413 days long, and was the shortest term for a U.S. vice president who served a full term.
  6. ^ Pro-Administration is a contemporary term for the supporters of the political and economic policies of the Washington administration prior to the formation of the Federalist and Democratic–Republican parties.
  7. ^ George Washington remained unaffiliated with any political faction or party throughout his eight-year presidency.
  8. ^ The 1796 presidential election resulted in a situation where the persons elected president and vice president belonged to opposing political parties. Federalist John Adams was elected president, and Thomas Jefferson of the Democratic-Republicans was elected vice president.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g Died in office
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Prior to ratification of the Twenty-fifth Amendment, February 10, 1967, an intra-term vacancy in the vice presidency could not be filled.
  11. ^ a b Resigned from office
  12. ^ Formerly a Democratic-Republican, Calhoun founded the Nullifier Party in 1828 but was brought on as Andrew Jackson's running mate in the 1828 election.
  13. ^ Andrew Jackson's supporters from the former Democratic-Republican Party, which had largely collapsed by the mid-1820s, began calling themselves 'Democrat' during his first term in office, thus marking the evolution of Thomas Jefferson's Democratic-Republican Party into the modern Democratic Party.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i Succeeded to the presidency intra-term.
  15. ^ John Tyler was elected vice president on the Whig Party ticket in 1840 but was expelled from the party in September 1841.
  16. ^ Lincoln formed a bipartisan electoral alliance with War Democrats by selecting Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate, and running on the National Union Party ticket. Later, while president, Johnson tried and failed to build a party of loyalists under the National Union banner. Near the end of his presidency, Johnson rejoined the Democratic Party.
  17. ^ a b The Twenty-fifth Amendment established a process whereby an intra-term vacancy in the vice presidency is filled by presidential appointment.
  18. ^ Following the resignation of 39th vice president Spiro Agnew, Gerald Ford became the 40th vice president even though he was chosen to serve out the remainder of Agnew's second term.
  19. ^ a b Vice presidential confirmation by the United States Congress, rather than a direct election.
  20. ^ After Ford succeeded to the presidency later in that same term, Nelson Rockefeller became the 41st vice president and served out the remainder of the term.

References

  1. ^ "Vice President". USLegal.com. Archived from the original on October 25, 2012. Retrieved August 15, 2024.
  2. ^ a b c "Vice President of the United States (President of the Senate)". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
  3. ^ a b "Kamala Harris: The Vice President". The White House. Retrieved November 6, 2024.
  4. ^ "Trump wins the White House in a political comeback rooted in appeals to frustrated voters". AP News. November 5, 2024. Retrieved November 6, 2024.
  5. ^ Jackson, Haadiza Ogwude, Michael Collins and David. "When is Inauguration Day 2025? When does Trump take office? What to know". The Enquirer. Retrieved November 6, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ Amar 1995, p. 216.
  7. ^ Kallenbach, Joseph E. (October 1947). "The New Presidential Succession Act". American Political Science Review. 41 (5): 931–941. doi:10.1017/S0003055400260619. S2CID 146420289.
  8. ^ Amar 1995, p. 217.
  9. ^ "Biography of John Adams". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  10. ^ "Life Portrait of John Adams". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
  11. ^ "Biography of Thomas Jefferson". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  12. ^ "Life Portrait of Thomas Jefferson". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
  13. ^ "Aaron Burr (1801–1805) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  14. ^ "George Clinton (1805–1809) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  15. ^ "Elbridge Gerry (1813–1814) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on October 21, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  16. ^ "Daniel D. Tompkins (1817–1825) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  17. ^ "John C. Calhoun (1825–1829) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  18. ^ "Biography of Martin Van Buren". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  19. ^ "Life Portrait of Martin Van Buren". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
  20. ^ "Richard M. Johnson (1837–1841) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  21. ^ "Biography of John Tyler". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  22. ^ "Life Portrait of John Tyler". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
  23. ^ "George M. Dallas (1845–1849) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  24. ^ "Biography of Millard Fillmore". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  25. ^ "Life Portrait of Millard Fillmore". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
  26. ^ "William R. D. King (1853) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  27. ^ "John C. Breckinridge (1857–1861) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Retrieved September 6, 2016.[permanent dead link‍]
  28. ^ "Hannibal Hamlin (1861–1865) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  29. ^ "Biography of Andrew Johnson". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  30. ^ "Life Portrait of Andrew Johnson". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
  31. ^ "Schuyler Colfax (1869–1873) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  32. ^ "Henry Wilson (1873–1875) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  33. ^ "William A. Wheeler (1877–1881) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 11, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  34. ^ "Biography of Chester Arthur". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  35. ^ "Life Portrait of Chester A. Arthur". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
  36. ^ "Thomas A. Hendricks (1885) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  37. ^ "Levi P. Morton – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  38. ^ "Adlai E. Stevenson (1893–1897) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  39. ^ "Garret A. Hobart (1897–1899) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  40. ^ "Biography of Theodore Roosevelt". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  41. ^ "Life Portrait of Theodore Roosevelt". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
  42. ^ "Charles W. Fairbanks – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  43. ^ "James S. Sherman – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  44. ^ "Thomas R. Marshall – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  45. ^ "Biography of Calvin Coolidge". Whitehouse.gov. March 13, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  46. ^ "Life Portrait of Calvin Coolidge". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
  47. ^ "Charles G. Dawes – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  48. ^ "Charles Curtis – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  49. ^ "John N. Garner (1933–1941) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  50. ^ "Henry A. Wallace (1941–1945) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  51. ^ "Biography of Harry S Truman". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  52. ^ "Life Portrait of Harry S. Truman". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 7, 2016.
  53. ^ "Alben W. Barkley – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  54. ^ "Richard M. Nixon". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  55. ^ "Life Portrait of Richard M. Nixon". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 7, 2016.
  56. ^ "Life Portrait of Lyndon B. Johnson". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 7, 2016.
  57. ^ "Hubert H. Humphrey – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  58. ^ "Spiro T. Agnew (1969–1973) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  59. ^ "Biography of Gerald R. Ford". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  60. ^ "Life Portrait of Gerald R. Ford". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 7, 2016.
  61. ^ "Nelson A. Rockefeller – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  62. ^ "Walter Mondale – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  63. ^ "Biography of George Herbert Walker Bush". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  64. ^ "Life Portrait of George H.W. Bush". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 7, 2016.
  65. ^ "J. Danforth Quayle – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  66. ^ "Albert Gore, Jr. – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  67. ^ "Richard B. Cheney – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  68. ^ "Joseph Biden – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  69. ^ Flegenheimer, Matt; Barbaro, Michael (November 9, 2016). "Donald Trump Is Elected President in Stunning Repudiation of the Establishment". The New York Times. Retrieved November 13, 2016.
  70. ^ "Vice President Mike Pence". whitehouse.gov. January 20, 2017. Retrieved January 31, 2017.
  71. ^ Main, Eric Bradner, Alison (November 6, 2024). "Trump critic-turned-ally JD Vance elected vice president, offering glimpse at GOP's potential future | CNN Politics". CNN. Retrieved November 8, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Works cited

General

Expert studies

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