Martyrdom is a fundamental institution of Sikhism. Sikh festivals are largely focused on the lives of the Sikh gurus and Sikh martyrs. Their martyrdoms are regarded as instructional ideals for Sikhs, and have greatly influenced Sikh culture and practices.
The term shahidi[broken anchor] has been used by Sikhs since the 19th century to describe the act of martyrdom. A martyr is sometimes called a shahid (Punjabi: Gurmukhi- ਸ਼ਹੀਦ , Shahmukhi- شہید).[1]
Martyrdom
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Martyrdom is a fundamental institution of the Sikh faith. When one calls an individual a shahid[broken anchor], this connotes more than its definition in Arabic vocabulary or Islamic faith, which is death in battle with the infidels. For the Sikh, the perfect martyr or shahid is one who died not just in battle but also one who suffered death by refusing to renounce his faith, tenets and principles.[2] The Sikh experience through the years gave rise to this type of ideal martyrdom.
Qazi Rukunudin (alternatively spelt as Qazi Ruknuddin)[3] was the first Sikh martyr [4] at the time of Guru Nanak. Qazi Rukunudin [5] became a Sikh,[6] when Guru Nanak visited Arabia during his fourth Udasi. Later, Amir-e-Makkah asked him to leave Sikhism but Qazi refused to disown his faith, then 7 orders [7] were issued against him mentioning different types of tortures and method of killing him. Qazi Rukunudin was martyred around 1510-11.
Bhai Taru Popat was the second Sikh martyr at the time of Guru Nanak Dev (1469-1539). Bhai spoke against Babur, the Mughal emperor and he was set on fire by soldiers of Babur.[8] Bhai Taru Popat was Martyred in the year 1526. The martyrdom of Guru Arjan in the 17th century is regarded as a key moment in Sikh tradition which has influenced Sikh practices and beliefs,[9] helping define a deliberately-separate and militant Sikh community.[10]
The later martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur, who refused to convert to Islam in an effort to protect Hindu religious practice, is credited with making respect for freedom of conscience a key part of Sikh identity. The emperor tried to convert Guru Teg Bahadur to Islam hoping that it would be easier to convert his followers if he relented. The guru was executed because he refused. Experts stated that these events galvanized the concept of Sikh martyrdom in the sense that Guru Arjan's death brought the Sikh Panth together while Guru Teg Bahadur's execution finally gave Sikh martyrdom its identity.[11] Guru Teg Bahadur's death provided the impetus for his son, the tenth Guru Gobind Singh, to impose an outward form of Sikh identity as well as pride in his father's martyrdom.[12] To avoid fear and demoralization, he instituted a new Sikh order called Khalsa, founded on discipline and loyalty, and martyrdom became one of its foundations. Succeeding Gurus built on this new orientation, establishing a strong, self-governing warrior group.
Prominent Sikh martyrs
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- Guru Arjan Dev, the 5th guru of Sikhism.
- Guru Teg Bahadur, the 9th guru of Sikhism.
- Bhai Dayala is one of the Sikhs who was martyred at Chandni Chowk at Delhi in November 1675 on account of his refusal to accept Islam.
- Bhai Mati Das is one of the greatest martyrs in Sikh history, martyred at Chandni Chowk at Delhi in November 1675 to save Kashmiri Hindus.
- Bhai Sati Das is one of the greatest martyrs in Sikh history, martyred along with Guru Teg Bahadur at Chandni Chowk at Delhi in November 1675 to save Kashmiri Hindus.
- Daya Singh, one of Panj Pyare.
- Dharam Singh, one of Panj Pyare.
- Himmat Singh, one of Panj Pyare.
- Mohkam Singh, one of Panj Pyare.
- Sahib Singh, one of Panj Pyare.
- Sahibzada Ajit Singh, the eldest of Guru Gobind Singh's four sons.
- Sahibzada Jujhar Singh, the second son of Guru Gobind Singh.
- Sahibzada Zorawar Singh was the third of Guru Gobind Singh's four sons.
Painting of Mata Gujri, Sahibzada Zorawar Singh, and Sahibzada Fateh Singh, after the Anandpur battle, reach Sirhind, where the princes, Zorawar Singh and Fateh Singh, were executed by immurement, circa 19th century - Sahibzada Fateh Singh was the youngest of Guru Gobind Singh's four sons.
- Bibi Dalair Kaur
- Baba Moti Ram Mehra
- Chali Mukte
- Banda Singh Bahadur was the Sikh Military Commander Appointed By Guru Gobind Singh.
- Bhai Tara Singh Wan was martyred in the Battle of Wan.
- Bhai Mani Singh
- Bhai Mahi Singh
- Bhai Taru Singh
- Baba Deep Singh was avenging the desecration of the Golden Temple by the Afghan army. In 1757, he led an army to defend the Golden Temple.
- Baba Gurbaksh Singh
- Bhai Garja Singh
- Bhai Bota Singh
- Bhai Subeg Singh
During the Era of Punjab Maharaja Ranjit Singh
- Akali Phoola Singh
- Hari Singh Nalwa, others singhs and kings after the ruler of Maharaja Ranjit Singh Ji.
During 19s
- Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale was declared a martyr by the Akal Takht.[13]
- Major General Shabeg Singh was declared a martyr by the Akal Takht.[14]
- Harjinder Singh Jinda was declared a national martyr by the Akal Takht.[15]
- Sukhdev Singh Sukha was declared a national martyr by the Akal Takht.[16]
- Satwant Singh assassin of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi was declared a martyr by the Akal Takht.[17]
- Beant Singh assassin of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi was declared a martyr by the Akal Takht.[18]
- Kehar Singh, was declared martyr by the Akal Takht.[19]
- Jaswant Singh Khalra prominent Sikh Human Rights Activist famous for his research concerning more than 25000 killings in the Punjab.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Nesbitt, Eleanor (2005-09-22). Sikhism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-157806-9.
- ^ Kohli, p. 54.
- ^ Makka Madinah di Ghosht
- ^ Translation of Sahayto Baba Nanak by Syed Prithipal Singh and Research Paper by Historian Simar Singh
- ^ Sahayto Baba Nanak by Tajuddin Naqashbandi , translated by Syed Prithipal Singh
- ^ 1. Ehalla, Sarup Das, Mahima Prakash. Patiala, 1971 2. Santokh Singh, Bhai, Sri Gur Pratap Suraj Granth. Amritsar, 1927-35 3. Gian Singh. Giani, Twarikh Guru Khalsa [Reprint]. Patiala, 1970 4. Macauliffe, Max Arthur, The Sikh Religion. Oxford, 1909
- ^ Twarikh E Arab by Khawaja zain ul abdeen, chapter Bab Ul Mecca
- ^ Singh, Kharak (1997). "Martyrdom in Sikhism". Sikhism, Its Philosophy & History. Chandigarh: Institute of Sikh Studies: 18.
- ^ Fenech, Louis E. (2001). "Martyrdom and the Execution of Guru Arjan in Early Sikh Sources". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 121 (1): 20–31. doi:10.2307/606726. JSTOR 606726.
- ^ Singh, Pashuara; Fenech, Louis E. (March 2014). "The Miri-Piri Doctrine and the Khalsa". The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies. Oxford University Press. p. 236. ISBN 9780199699308.
- ^ Singh, Pasaura; Fenech, Louis (2014). The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 237. ISBN 9780199699308.
- ^ Singh & Fenech, p. 237.
- ^ Or, Framing. "Akal Takht declares Bhindranwale 'martyr' - Rediff.com India News". Retrieved 2021-11-18.
- ^ "Shaheedi Samagam organised at Sri Akal Takht Sahib to commemorate martyrs of June 1984 holocaust – Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee".
- ^ Das, Celebsopinionvir (12 October 2012) [November 17, 2021]. "The Khalistan episode cuts both ways, requires healing and reconciliation - Brijesh Kalappa' Blog". Retrieved 2021-11-18.
- ^ Das, Celebsopinionvir (12 October 2012) [November 17, 2021]. "The Khalistan episode cuts both ways, requires healing and reconciliation - Brijesh Kalappa' Blog". Retrieved 2021-11-18.
- ^ "The Hindu : National : Indira Gandhi killers labelled martyrs". Archived from the original on 2008-01-10. Retrieved 2021-11-18.
- ^ "The Hindu : National : Indira Gandhi killers labelled martyrs". Archived from the original on 2008-01-10. Retrieved 2021-11-18.
- ^ "Sri Akal Takht Sahib honours Bhai Satwant Singh and Bhai Kehar Singh - SinghStation". Archived from the original on 2023-05-10. Retrieved 2024-03-19.