This is a list of the queen consorts of the major kingdoms that existed in present-day Myanmar. Those with the rank of Nan Mibaya (senior queens) are listed.
Primer
editRankings of consorts
editPrior to the Konbaung period (1752–1885), the consorts of the Burmese monarchs were organized in three general tiers: Nan Mibaya (နန်းမိဖုရား, lit. "Queen of the Palace", senior queen), Mibaya (Nge) (မိဖုရား (ငယ်), "(Junior) Queen"), and Ko-lok-taw (ကိုယ်လုပ်တော်, concubine).[note 1] Starting in the late 18th century, the Konbaung kings inserted the tiers of Hsaungdaw Mibaya (ဆောင်တော် မိဖုရား, lit. "Queen of the Royal Apartment") and Shwe-Yay Hsaung Mibaya (ရွှေရေးဆောင် မိဖုရား, lit. "Queen of the Gilded Chamber") between the tiers of senior queen and junior queen.[1]
Ladies in waiting such as Apyo-daw (အပျိုတော်, "maiden") and Maung-ma (မောင်းမ, "handmaid") were part of the general staff of the palace.[2]
Senior queens
editEach tier had further rankings within it. The order of precedence within the topmost tier was:[1]
| Rank | Title | Description |
| 1. | Nanmadaw Mibaya Khaunggyi (နန်းမတော် မိဖုရား ခေါင်ကြီး) or Taung Nan Mibaya (တောင်နန်း မိဖုရား) |
Chief Queen or Queen of the Southern Palace |
| 2. | Myauk Nan Mibaya (မြောက်နန်း မိဖုရား) | Queen of the Northern Palace |
| 3. | Ale Nan Mibaya (အလယ်နန်း မိဖုရား) | Queen of the Central Palace |
| 4. | Anauk Nan Mibaya (အနောက်နန်း မိဖုရား) | Queen of the Western Palace |
Aside from a few rare exceptions, the Queen of the Southern Palace was the official chief queen consort.[note 2] In theory, the chief queen consort alone had the right to a white umbrella and to sit with the King on the royal throne.[3]
Junior queens
edit| Rank | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Taung Hsaungdaw Mibaya (တောင်ဆောင်တော်မိဖုရား) | Queen of the Southern Royal Apartment |
| 2 | Myauk Hsaungdaw Mibaya (မြောက်ဆောင်တော်မိဖုရား) | Queen of the Northern Royal Apartment |
| Rank | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Taung Shwe-Yay Mibaya (တောင်ရွှေရေးမိဖုရား) | Queen of the Southern Gilded Chamber |
| 2 | Myauk Shwe-Yay Mibaya (မြောက်ရွှေရေးမိဖုရား) | Queen of the Northern Gilded Chamber |
| 3 | Ale Shwe-Yay Mibaya (အလယ်ရွှေရေးမိဖုရား) | Queen of the Central Gilded Chamber |
| 4 | Anauk Shwe-Yay Mibaya (အနောက်ရွှေရေးမိဖုရား) | Queen Of the Western Gilded Chamber |
| Rank | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Myo-za Mibaya (မြို့စား မိဖုရား) | Queen with township-level appanage |
| 2 | Ywa-za Mibaya (ရွာစား မိဖုရား) | Queen with village-level appanage |
Concubines
editConcubines were called Ko-lok-taw (ကိုယ်လုပ်တော်, lit. "one who administers to the royal body") or Chay-daw-din (ခြေတော်တင်, lit. "one on whom the royal feet are placed").[2]
| Rank | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ko-lok-taw Gyi (ကိုယ်လုပ်တော်ကြီး) | Senior Concubine |
| 2 | Ko-lok-taw (ကိုယ်လုပ်တော်) | Concubine |
| 3 | Chay-daw-din (ခြေတော်တင်) | Concubine |
Names
editThe names of the queens, if known, are given according to their most well known common name, which often happens to be the primary name used by the royal chronicles. The chronicle reported names of the queens may be their popular/commonly known name (e.g., Pwa Saw, Nanmadaw Me Nu); formal title (e.g., Agga Mahethi, Sanda Dewi); personal name (e.g., Shin Bo-Me, Yun San); or generic name of the office (Hanthawaddy Mibaya, "Queen of Hanthawaddy"; or Myauk Pyinthe, "Queen of the Northern Palace"). Finally, the names of the queens with no known records are given as "(Unknown)".
Duration of consortship
editThe "Became consort" and "Ceased to be consort" dates indicate the period in which a given queen was in the role of royal consort—not the duration of marriage.
Pagan dynasty
edit| Consort | Rank | Became consort | Ceased to be consort | Spouse | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Taung Pyinthe | Chief | ? | 1001 | Saw Rahan II | [4] |
| Myauk Pyinthe | North | ||||
| Ale Pyinthe | Center | ||||
| Taung Pyinthe | Chief | 1001 | c. 1014 | Kunhsaw Kyaunghpyu | [4][5] |
| Myauk Pyinthe | North | ||||
| c. 1014 | 1021 | ||||
| Ale Pyinthe | Center | 1001 | ? | ||
| (Unknown) | Chief | 1021 | c. 1 April 1038 | Kyiso | |
| (Unknown) | Chief | c. 1 April 1038 | 11 August 1044 | Sokkate | [6] |
| Myauk Pyinthe | North? | August 1044 |
| Consort | Rank | Became consort | Ceased to be consort | Spouse | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agga Mahethi | Chief | c. 1048 | c. 1077 | Anawrahta | [note 3] |
| Saw Mon Hla | North | c. 1058 | c. 1071 | ||
| Manisanda | North | c. 1070s | 11 April 1077 | ||
| Usaukpan | Chief | 11 April 1077 | c. 1077/78 | Saw Lu | [7] |
| Manisanda | North | ||||
| Chief | c. 1077/78 | c. April 1084 | |||
| Apeyadana | Chief | 21 April 1084 | 12th century | Kyansittha | [note 4] |
| Manisanda | North | c. 1112/1113 | |||
| Khin Tan | Center | ||||
| Thanbula | Chief | c. 12th century | |||
| Yadanabon I | Chief | 1112/13 | c. 1050s | Sithu I | [note 5] |
| Ti Lawka Sanda Dewi | Center | ||||
| Chief | c. 1050s | 1167 | |||
| Yazakumari | West | 1112/13 | ? | ||
| Taung Pyinthe (Sithu I) | South | ||||
| Taung Pyinthe (Narathu) | Chief | 1167 | c. February 1171 | Narathu | [note 6] |
| Myauk Pyinthe (Narathu) | North | ||||
| Min Aung Myat | Chief | c. February 1171 | c. May 1174 | Naratheinkha | [note 7] |
| Saw Lat | North | ||||
| Saw Ahlwan | Center | ||||
| Weluwaddy | West | c. April 1174 | |||
| Chief | c. May 1174 | 1186 | Sithu II | [note 8] | |
| Min Aung Myat | South | 1185? | |||
| Saw Lat | North | 1190s? | |||
| Saw Ahlwan | Center | ||||
| Taung Pyinthe II (Sithu II) | Chief | c. 1190s | 18 August 1211 | ||
| Myauk Pyinthe II (Sithu II) | North | ||||
| Wadanthika | Center | c. 1190s | |||
| Saw Mya Kan | Center | 18 August 1211 | |||
| Pwadawgyi | Chief | 18 August 1211 | c. 1231–35 | Htilominlo | [8] |
| Myauk Pyinthe (Htilominlo) | North | ||||
| Saw Mi Pyan | Center | ||||
| Shin Saw | Chief | c. 1231 | c. 1235 | Naratheinga Uzana | [note 9] |
| Saw Min Waing | North | ||||
| Yaza Dewi | Chief | 19 July 1235 | c. May 1251 | Kyaswa | [9] |
| Thonlula | Chief | c. May 1251 | c. May 1256 | Uzana | [10] |
| Yadanabon II | Chief | 6 May 1256 | 1262 | Narathihapate | [note 10] |
| Pwa Saw | North | ||||
| Chief | 1262 | 1 July 1287 | |||
| Pwa Saw of Thitmahti | Chief | 30 May 1289 | 17 December 1297 | Kyawswa | [note 11] |
| Saw Soe | North | ||||
| Mi Saw U | Center |
Small kingdoms
edit| Consort | Rank | Became consort | Ceased to be consort | Spouse | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saw U | Chief | 17 December 1297 | 13 April 1310 | Athinkhaya | [11] |
| (Unknown) | Chief | c. 1312/13 | Yazathingyan | ||
| Mi Saw U | Chief | c. 17 December 1297 | 7 February 1313 | Thihathu | [12] |
| Yadanabon | North | c. 1300 |
| Consort | Rank | Became consort | Ceased to be consort | Spouse | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mi Saw U | Chief | 7 February 1313 | c. February 1325 | Thihathu | [12] |
| Yadanabon | North | ||||
| Atula Maha Dhamma Dewi | Chief | c. February 1325 | 1 September 1340 | Uzana I | [13] |
| Saw Htut | Chief | 1 September 1340 | 29 March 1344 | Sithu | [14] |
| Atula Sanda Dewi | Chief | 29 March 1344 | 12 December 1350 | Kyawswa I | [15] |
| Mway Medaw | North | ||||
| Saw Omma | Chief | 12 December 1350 | 19 March 1359 | Kyawswa II | [16] |
| 19 March 1359 | May 1364 | Narathu | |||
| June 1364 | September 1364 | Uzana II | |||
| Saw Sala | North | June 1364 | [17] |
| Consort | Rank | Became consort | Ceased to be consort | Spouse | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saw Hnaung | Chief | 15 May 1315 | 5 February 1327 | Saw Yun | [9] |
| 5 February 1327 | 1335/36 | Tarabya I | |||
| (Unknown) | Chief | 1335/36 | c. August 1339 | Anawrahta I | |
| Saw Pa Oh | Chief | c. August 1339 | c. March 1349 | Kyaswa | [17] |
| (Unknown) | Chief | c. March 1349 | c. November 1349 | Anawrahta II | |
| (Unknown) | Chief | c. November 1349 | 23 February 1352 | Tarabya II | |
| Soe Min Kodawgyi | Chief | 23 February 1352 | April 1364 | Thihapate | [17] |
House of Myinsaing
edit| Consort | Rank | Became consort | Ceased to be consort | Spouse | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saw Omma of Pinya | Chief | September 1364 | c. 3 September 1367 | Thado Minbya | [18] |
| Khame Mi | Chief | 5 September 1367 | c. 1390s | Swa Saw Ke | [19] |
| Shin Saw Gyi | North | ||||
| Chief | c. 1390s | April 1400 | |||
| Saw Omma of Sagaing | Center | 5 September 1367 | c. 1390s | ||
| North | c. 1390s | April 1400 | |||
| Saw Taw Oo | West | 5 September 1367 | c. 1390s | ||
| Center | c. 1390s | April 1400 | |||
| Min Hla Myat | Chief | April 1400 | 25 November 1400 | Tarabya | [20] |
| Shin Saw | Chief | 25 November 1400 | c. February 1422 | Minkhaung I | [note 12] |
| Saw Khway | North | ||||
| Min Pyan | Center | ||||
| Shin Mi-Nauk | West | 25 November 1400 | July 1408 | ||
| Shin Bo-Me | c. August 1408 | c. October 1421 | |||
| Saw Min Hla | Chief | c. October 1421 | August 1425 | Thihathu | [21] |
| Shin Bo-Me | North | ||||
| Shin Sawbu | Center | c. January 1423 | |||
| Shin Bo-Me | Chief | August 1425 | November 1425 | Min Hla | [22] |
| by 9 November 1425 | 16 May 1426 | Min Nyo | [23] |
House of Mohnyin
edit| Consort | Rank | Became consort | Ceased to be consort | Spouse | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shin Myat Hla | Chief | 16 May 1426 | April 1439 | Mohnyin Thado | [24] |
| Shin Bo-Me | North | ||||
| Shin Sawbu | Center | by 31 August 1426 | 1429 | [25] | |
| Min Hla Nyet | Chief | by 26 April 1439 | January 1442 | Minye Kyawswa I | [26] |
| Atula Thiri Maha Yaza Dewi | Chief | by 11 March 1442 | 24 July 1468 | Narapati I | [27] |
| Ameitta Thiri Maha Dhamma Dewi | Chief | 24 July 1468 | c. August 1480 | Thihathura I | [28] |
| Atula Thiri Dhamma Dewi | Chief | c. August 1480 | 7 April 1501 | Minkhaung II | [note 13] |
| Tanzaung Mibaya (Minkhaung II) | North | ||||
| Salin Minthami | Chief | c. 1485/86 | 4 March 1501 | Thihathura II | [note 14] |
| 18 April 1501 | 14 March 1527 | Narapati II | [note 15] | ||
| Salin Minthami Lat | North | c. June 1501 | |||
| Min Taya Hnamadaw | North | July 1501 | 14 March 1527 | ||
| Dhamma Dewi | Center | February 1502 | |||
| Taungdwin Mibaya | West |
Confederation of Shan states
edit| Consort | Rank | Became consort | Ceased to be consort | Spouse | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Unknown) | Chief | 14 March 1527 | c. January 1533 | Sawlon | [note 16] |
| (Unknown) | Chief | c. January 1533 | May 1542 | Thohanbwa | |
| (Unknown) | Chief | June 1542 | c. September 1545 | Hkonmaing | |
| (Unknown) | Chief | c. September 1545 | c. October 1551 | Narapati III | |
| Narapati Mibaya | Chief | c. October 1551 | 22 January 1555 | Narapati IV | [29] |
| Consort | Rank | Became consort | Ceased to be consort | Spouse | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saw Myat Lay | Chief | 1482 | ? | Thado Minsaw | [30] |
| Shwe Zin Gon | Chief | February 1527 | c. December 1532 | Bayin Htwe | [31] |
| Chit Mi | North | ||||
| Thiri Hpone Htut | Chief | c. December 1532 | c. February 1539 | Narapati | [32] |
| c. February 1539 | 19 May 1542 | Minkhaung | [33] |
| Consort | Rank | Became consort | Ceased to be consort | Spouse | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| May Hnin Thwe-Da | Chief | 30 January 1287 | c. 14 January 1307 | Wareru | [34] |
| Shin Saw Hla | North? | c. 1293 | [35] | ||
| (Unknown) | Chief | by 28 January 1307 | March 1311 | Hkun Law | |
| May Hnin Htapi | Chief | 10 April 1311 | September 1323 | Saw O | [36] |
| Sanda Min Hla I | Chief | by 28 September 1323 | April 1330 | Saw Zein | [37] |
| May Hnin Htapi | North | ||||
| (Unknown) | Chief | April 1330 | April 1330 | Zein Pun | |
| Sanda Min Hla I | Chief | April 1330 | May 1330 | Saw E | [38] |
| May 1330 | 1348 | Binnya E Law | [38] | ||
| Tala Shin Saw Bok | North | May 1330 | 1348 | ||
| Sanda Min Hla II | Chief | 1348 | c. 1365 | Binnya U | [note 17] |
| Hnin An Daung | North | ||||
| Chief | c. 1365 | 2 January 1384 | |||
| Sanda Dewi | Center | 1348 | c. 1365 | ||
| North | c. 1365 | 2 January 1384 | |||
| Thiri Yaza Dewi | West | 1348 | c. 1365 | ||
| Center | c. 1365 | 2 January 1384 | |||
| Thiri Maya Dewi I | West | c. 1365 | c. 28 January 1368 | ||
| Piya Yaza Dewi | Chief | 5 January 1384 | c. April 1392 | Razadarit | [note 18] |
| Tala Mi Daw | North | c. March 1390 | |||
| Yaza Dewi | Chief | c. April 1392 | c. 1421 | ||
| Lawka Dewi | North | ||||
| Thiri Maya Dewi II | Center | ||||
| Mi Ta-Lat | Principal (Chief?) | 1421 | 1424 | Binnya Dhammaraza | [39] |
| Yaza Dewi | Chief | c. 1424 | c. 1446? | Binnya Ran I | [40][41] |
| Soe Min Wimala Dewi | Principal | 1431 | 1446 | ||
| Ye Mibaya | Chief | 1446 | 30 May 1451 | Binnya Waru | [40] |
| (Unknown) | Chief | 30 May 1451 | June 1453 | Binnya Kyan | |
| (Unknown) | Chief | June 1453 | c. January 1451 | Leik Munhtaw | |
| None | N/A | c. January 1451 | 1471 | Shin Sawbu | [note 19] |
| Yaza Dewi II | Chief | 1471 | 1492 | Dhammazedi | [42] |
| Wihara Dewi | Chief | ||||
| Agga Thiri Maya Dewi | Chief | 1492? | 1526? | Binnya Ran II | [note 20] |
| Maha Yaza Dewi | North | ||||
| Atula Dewi | Principal | ||||
| Yaza Dewi III | Principal | ||||
| (Unknown) | Chief | 1526 | 1539 | Taka Yut Pi | [note 21] |
| Minkhaung Medaw | North? | by 1535 | |||
| (Unknown) | Chief | June 1550 | August 1550 | Smim Sawhtut | |
| (Unknown) | Chief | August 1550 | 12 March 1552 | Smim Htaw |
House of Launggyet
edit| Consort | Rank | Became consort | Ceased to be consort | Spouse | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saw Sit II | Chief | May 1429 | 9 May 1433 | Saw Mon | [43] |
| Saw Pyauk | North | 1430 | |||
| Saw Paba | Chief | 9 May 1433 | c. January 1459 | Khayi | [44] |
| Saw Pyinsa | North | ||||
| Saw Yin Mi | Center | 1437 | |||
| Saw Nandi | Chief | c. January 1459 | 5 August 1482 | Saw Phyu | [45] |
| Saw Htin | North | ||||
| Thu Rakhaing | Chief | 5 August 1482 | c. February 1492 | Dawlya | [46] |
| Shwe Einthe | North | ||||
| Saw Htwe Me | Chief | c. February 1492 | c. January 1494 | Saw Nyo | [46] |
| Saw Nandi | North | ||||
| Min Gahna | Center | ||||
| Saw Shin Saw | Chief | c. January 1494 | c. July 1494 | Ran Aung | [46] |
| Saw Mi Saw | Chief | c. July 1494 | February 1502 | Salingathu | [47] |
| Saw Thuba | Chief | February 1502 | c. November 1513 | Raza I | [47] |
| Shin Pwa | North | ||||
| Shin Pyo | Center | ||||
| Saw Thuza | Chief | c. November 1513 | January 1515 | Gazapati | [48] |
| Taung Nan Mibaya | Chief | January 1515 | July 1515 | Saw O | [49] |
| Saw Nanzet | Chief | July 1515 | c. April 1421 | Thazata | [49] |
| c. April 1421 | 27 May 1531 | Minkhaung | |||
| Saw Min Hla | Chief | 27 May 1531 | 11 January 1554 | Min Bin | [note 22] |
| Saw Kauk Ma I | North | ||||
| Minkhaung Medaw | Center? | by 1540 | |||
| Saw Thanda | Chief | 11 January 1554 | 6 March 1556 | Dikkha | [50] |
| Saw Mi Lat | North | ||||
| Saw Kauk Ma II | Center | ||||
| Saw Hpone Htut | Chief | 6 March 1556 | 24 July 1564 | Saw Hla | [note 23] |
| Saw Thanda | North | ||||
| Dhamma Dewi I | Chief | 24 July 1564 | 1565–68 | Sekkya | [note 24] |
| Saw Thanda | North | ||||
| Chief | 1565–68 | 7 February 1572 | |||
| Saw Mi Taw | Chief | 7 February 1572 | 4 July 1593 | Phalaung | [note 25] |
| Saw Thanda | South | ||||
| Shin Lat I | Center | ||||
| Saw U | North | ||||
| Wizala Dewi | Chief | 4 July 1593 | 4 July 1612 | Raza II | [note 26] |
| Pyinsala Sanda | North | ? | |||
| Thupaba Dewi | Center | ||||
| Zalaka Dewi | West | ||||
| Khin Ma Hnaung | North? | 19 December 1599 | 4 July 1612? | ||
| Saw Phyu | Center? | c. 17th century | |||
| Dhamma Dewi II | Chief | 4 July 1612 | 14 May 1622 | Khamaung | [51] |
| Shin Htwe | North | ||||
| Thupaba Dewi | Center | ||||
| Natshin Me | Chief | 14 May 1622 | 29 May 1638 | Thiri Thudhamma I | [52] |
| Hmauk Taw Ma I | North | ||||
| Win Lon | Center | 1630s? | |||
| Chief | 29 May 1638 | 17 June 1638 | Sanay | [53] |
Late Mrauk-U
edit| Consort | Rank | Became consort | Ceased to be consort | Spouse | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Natshin Me | Chief | 17 June 1638 | 13 December 1645 | Narapati | [54] |
| Yadana I | Chief | 13 December 1645 | May 1652 | Thado | [note 27] |
| Shin Lat II | South | ||||
| Saw Bo-Me | North | ||||
| Saw Phyu | West | ||||
| Yadana II | Chief | May 1652 | 11 June 1674 | Sanda Thudhamma | [55] |
| Thuwana Kalaya | Chief | 11 June 1674 | 16 April 1685 | Thiri Thudhamma II | [56] |
| Thukomma | Chief | 16 April 1685 | 20 June 1692 | Wara Dhamma | [note 28] |
| Thubara | Chief | 20 June 1692 | 7 November 1693 | Mani Thudhamma | [note 29] |
| Thukomma | Chief | 7 November 1693 | 3 February 1694 | Wara Dhamma | |
| Thubara | Chief | 20 December 1694 | 17 February 1695 | Sanda Thuriya I | |
| Thukomma | Chief | 17 February 1695 | 11 April 1696 | Wara Dhamma | |
| Thubara | Chief | 11 April 1696 | 4 August 1696 | Sanda Thuriya I | |
| Thukhuma | Chief | 4 August 1696 | 18 August 1696 | Nawrahta | [57] |
| Eindama | Chief | 18 August 1696 | 13 May 1697 | Marompiya | [57] |
| Pwa Me | Chief | 13 May 1697 | 5 June 1698 | Kalamandat | [58] |
| Nan Htet Mibaya I | Chief | 5 June 1698 | 17 June 1700 | Naradipati I | [58] |
| Pwa Saw | Chief | 17 June 1700 | 30 March 1707 | Sanda Wimala I | [58] |
| Pwa Thway | Chief | 3 April 1707 | August 1710 | Sanda Thuriya II | [59] |
| Shwe Ku | Chief | August 1710 | October 1719 | Sanda Wizaya I | [60] |
| (Unknown) | Chief | October 1719 | April 1731 | ||
| Hmauk Taw Ma II | Chief | April 1731 | 1734 | Sanda Thuriya III | [61] |
| Nan Htet Mibaya II | Chief | 1734 | 1735 | Naradipati II | [62] |
| 1735 | August 1737 | Narapawara | |||
| August 1737 | 25 March 1738 | Sanda Wizaya II | |||
| Shwe Yi | Chief | 28 March 1738 | 6 February 1743 | Madarit | [63] |
| Saw Thanda II | Chief | 6 February 1743 | 28 October 1761 | Nara Apaya | [63] |
| Tanzaung Mibaya | Chief | 28 October 1761 | 3 February 1762 | Thirithu | [64] |
| Aung Kyawt San | Chief | 3 February 1762 | 1 May 1764 | Sanda Parama | [64] |
| Saw Shwe Kya | Chief | 1 May 1764 | 17 January 1774 | Apaya | [65] |
| Pan Thuza | Chief | 17 January 1774 | 22 April 1777 | Sanda Thumana | [66] |
| Ma Me Gyi | North | 27 August 1775 | |||
| Da Phyu | Chief | 23 April 1777 | 2 June 1777 | Sanda Wimala II | [67] |
| Sein Khaing | Center | ? | |||
| Chief | 2 June 1777 | June 1778 | Sanda Thaditha | [68] | |
| Aung Me | South | 3 November 1782 | |||
| Chi Me | Chief | 11 June 1778 | |||
| Saw Me Pon | Chief | 4 November 1782 | 2 January 1785 | Maha Thammada | [69] |
House of Toungoo
edit| Consort | Rank | Became consort | Ceased to be consort | Spouse | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Soe Min Hteik-Tin | Chief | 16 October 1510 | 24 November 1530? | Mingyi Nyo | [70] |
| Thiri Maha Sanda Dewi | North | ||||
| Yadana Dewi | Center | ||||
| Maha Dewi | West | ||||
| Dhamma Dewi | Chief | 24 November 1530 | 30 April 1550 | Tabinshwehti | [note 30] |
| Khin Myat | North | ||||
| Khay Ma Naw | Co-chief | c. May 1545 | |||
| Atula Thiri | Chief | 30 April 1550 | 15 June 1568 | Bayinnaung | [71] |
| Sanda Dewi | North | April 1553 | |||
| Chief | 15 June 1568 | 10 October 1581 | |||
| Yaza Dewi | Center | 17 March 1563 | 13 September 1564 | ||
| Hanthawaddy Mibaya | Chief | 10 October 1581 | 19 December 1599 | Nanda | [note 31] |
| Min Phyu | South | c. 5 May 1583 | 4 May 1596 | ||
| Thiri Yaza Dewi | North | 19 December 1599 | |||
| Min Htwe | Center | ||||
| Min Taya Medaw | West | c. 1583 |
House of Nyaungyan
edit| Consort | Rank | Became consort | Ceased to be consort | Spouse | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Khin Hpone Myint | Chief | 19 December 1599 | 5 November 1605 | Nyaungyan | [71] |
| Atula Sanda Dewi I | Chief | 8 February 1609 | 9 July 1628 | Anaukpetlun | [72] |
| Khin Hnin Paw | Chief | 9 July 1628 | 19 August 1629 | Minye Deibba | [note 32] |
| Khin Myo Sit | Chief | 19 August 1629 | 27 August 1648 | Thalun | [73] |
| Atula Sanda Dewi II | Chief | 27 August 1648 | 3 June 1661 | Pindale | [74] |
| Min Phyu | Chief | 3 June 1661 | 14 April 1672 | Pye | [75] |
| None | N/A | 14 April 1672 | 27 February 1673 | Narawara | [note 33] |
| Atula Thiri Maha Dewi | Chief | 27 February 1673 | 4 May 1698 | Minye Kyawhtin | [76] |
| Sanda Dewi | North | ||||
| Yaza Dewi | Center | ||||
| Maha Dewi | Chief | 4 May 1698 | 22 August 1714 | Sanay | [77] |
| Thiri Dewi | North | ||||
| Nanda Dewi | Center | ||||
| Thiri Maha Mingala Dewi | Chief | 22 August 1714 | 14 November 1733 | Taninganway | [78] |
| Thiri Sanda Dewi | North | ||||
| Thiri Dhamma Dewi | Center | ||||
| Maha Nanda Dipadi Dewi | Chief | 14 November 1733 | 22 March 1752 | Maha Dhamma Yaza Dipadi | [79] |
| Maha Yaza Dipadi Dewi | North | ||||
| Maha Dipadi Dewi | Center |
Restored Hanthawaddy
edit| Consort | Rank | Became consort | Ceased to be consort | Spouse | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thiri Seitta | Chief | c. January 1741 | January 1747 | Smim Htaw | [note 34] |
| Hanthawaddy Mibaya II | Chief | January 1747 | 6 May 1757 | Binnya Dala | [note 35] |
| Thiri Zeya Mingala Dewi | North | 22 March 1752 | 29 December 1756 |
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ (Than Tun 1964: 129): The Pagan period (849–1297) term for Nan Mibaya was Pyinthe (ပြင်သည်), and the term Usaukpan (ဦးဆောက်ပန်း) also meant the chief queen. (Harvey 1925: 327): Usaukpan was an Old Burmese direct translation of Pali Vatamsaka, an artificial flower of silver or gold used as a hair ornament.
- ^ In Burma Proper, it was extremely rare for a queen of the Southern Palace to not also be the chief queen. According to the rankings reported in the chronicles, Sithu II (Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 287) and Nanda (Hmannan Vol. 3 2003: 107) had South Queens who were not their chief queen. In the Mrauk-U Kingdom on the west coast, three kings—Min Khamaung (RRT Vol. 2 1999: 87, 89), Thado (RRT Vol. 2 1999: 115), Sanda Thaditha (RRT Vol. 2 1999: 147, 149)—had South Queens who were not their chief queen.
- ^ Chronicles (Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 267–268) mention Agga Mahethi and Manisanda as Anawrahta's two senior queens towards the end of his reign. Per (Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 255–256), Queen Saw Mon Hla was sent back to her native land about six years before his death.
- ^ See (Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 279) for Kyansittha's four senior queens. (Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 283) says Thanbula showed up with Kyansittha's son at the palace after the king had anointed Sithu I as heir apparent, and that the king raised her to queen with the title of Usaukpan, which meant the chief queen. Since Sithu I was born in 1090, she could have come in the 1090s at the earliest. Her getting the title probably meant the first chief queen Apeyadana had died. But Queen Apeyadana was still alive in 1102; it means Thanbula probably came to the palace in the 1100s.
- ^ (Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 287): All four of Sithu's senior queens (not just the chief queen) participated in his coronation ceremony. The South Queen, Taung Pyinthe, technically should have been the chief queen but the royal chronicles list her fourth in line behind Yadanabon, Ti Lawka Sanda Dewi and Yazakumari. Later, Sanda Dewi succeeded Yadanabon as chief queen. (Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 287, 302): Late in his regin, Sithu II raised two other queens: Khin U and Princess Pabhavati of Padeikkaya. Though the chronicles do not explicitly say they were senior queens, they probably graduated to the rank, especially toward the end of the reign. His remaining three senior queens probably might not have lived as long as the king who lived to 77.
- ^ None of the main chronicles has a record of the names of the queens of Narathu. Yazawin Thit (Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 122) explicitly says no records of his queens could be found. Yazawin Thit and Hmannan (Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 312) mention only that Naratheinkha and Sithu II had the same mother. Per scholarship, (Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 124, footnote 2, citing Than Tun), their mother was the North Queen. It means there was a South Queen.
- ^ See (Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 312) and (Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 124) for the names of the Chief and North queens; and (Than Tun 1964: 129) for Saw Ahlwan (Saw Hteikhta in Modern Burmese per Than Tun).
- ^ Per (Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 317), Sithu II took all his brother's senior queens as his at the start of his reign. Per inscriptional evidence (Than Tun 1964: 129), the king had at least six senior queens during his reign. Queen Weluwaddy died in 1186 per (Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 321). Sithu II kept separate chief and South queens at least with Weluwaddy and Min Aung Myat.
- ^ Chronicles do not mention Naratheinga Uzana as king at all. Per (Than Tun 1964: 131–132), contemporary inscriptions say that Uzana, who was crown prince, was now the ruler or at least the regent. Some historians such as Htin Aung (Htin Aung 1970: 43) and Michael Aung-Thwin (Aung-Thwin and Aung-Thwin 2012: 99) do not accept that Uzana was king.
- ^ Chronicles (Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 358) mention Pwa Saw as the only senior queen and the rest as junior queens. Per inscriptional evidence (Ba Shin 1982: 37), Pwa Saw's sister Yadanabon was the first chief queen of Narathihapate.
- ^ Chronicles (Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 360) mention only Saw Soe as the senior queen. But inscriptional evidence (Ba Shin 1982: 41–43) shows Saw Thitmahti was the chief queen, certainly by 1296.
- ^ (Than Tun 1959: 125–126): An inscription dated 28 February 1409 by Queen Saw says she was a granddaughter of King Swa Saw Ke by Shin Saw Gyi. Per (Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 440), Shin Saw (known as Hsinbyushin), Saw Khway and Min Pyan were sisters.
- ^ (Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 111): Yazawin Thit gives Mi Pongyi of Prome as the third senior queen but Hmannan rejects it.
- ^ Salin Minthami became co-chief queen in c. 1485/86 per (Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 111), and chief queen in 1501 per (Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 120).
- ^ (Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 120): Min Taya Hnamadaw of Yamethin became queen soon after her father Minye Kyawswa's death in Waso 863 ME (15 June 1501 to 14 July 1501). (Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 121): Dhamma Dewi of Pakhan and Taungdwin Mibaya became queens in Tabaung 863 ME (6 February 1502 to 7 March 1502). See (Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 136–137) for the complete list of senior queens and issue.
- ^ The main royal chronicles do not have any record of the chief queens of Ava between 1527 and 1551. The title of the chief queen of Shan states was Maha Dewi, certainly by the Toungoo period.
- ^ See (Pan Hla 2005: 44–45, 47) for a list of Binnya U's queens. (Pan Hla 2005: 57): Queen Sanda Min Hla II died during the rebellion by Byattaba during the 1360s. (Pan Hla 2005: 61): Thiri Maya Dewi died soon after having given birth to Razadarit.
- ^ (Pan Hla 2005: 158–160): Tala Mi Daw, the first wife of Razadarit, was never his chief queen. Per (Pan Hla 2005: 193), she committed suicide soon after Razadarit's coronation ceremony c. March 1391.
According to Razadarit Ayedawbon (Pan Hla 2005: 203), Piya Yaza Dewi died, and Razadarit raised Yaza Dewi, Lawka Dewi and Thiri Maya Dewi as queens c. Kason 755 ME (11 April 1393 to 10 May 1393) soon after King Swa Saw Ke's campaign near Tharrawaddy. But Hmannan Yazawin (Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 432) says Swa's campaign took place a year earlier.
(Pan Hla 2005: 241, 266): Razadarit also raised two other queens Saw Pyei Chantha and her mother Shin Mi-Nauk in 1408 in addition to Saw Pyei Chantha's aunt Thupaba Dewi who was sent over to Razadarit in a marriage of state in 1403. - ^ Shin Sawbu was the country's only historically verifiable queen regnant. According to Arakanese history (RRT Vol. 2 1999: 18–19), Saw Yin Mi was queen regnant of Sandoway (Thandwe) in the 1430s.
- ^ Ran's most senior queens in April 1495 per (Aung-Thwin 2017: 278–279). It is unclear if any of the queens lasted his entire reign.
- ^ The only known queen of Taka Yut Pi in the chronicles was Minkhaung Medaw (known as Pegu Mibaya). But she most likely could not have been the chief queen. Per Hmannan (Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 195–196), Minkhaung Medaw was sent to Pegu (Bago) as part of the formation of an alliance between Prome and Pegu against Toungoo.
- ^ See (RRT Vol. 2 1999: 29, 34) for Saw Min Hla and Saw Kauk Ma. Rakhine Razawin Thit (RRT Vol. 2 1999: 33) says Minkhaung Medaw was presented by King Tabinshwehti on 27 February 1547. But per (Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 195–196), she was sent to Mrauk-U c. 1540 by King Minkhaung of Prome.
- ^ (RRT Vol. 2 1999: 46): Saw Thanda's official title during Saw Hla's reign was Tanzaung Mibaya.
- ^ (RRT Vol. 2 1999: 47): Dhamma Dewi died sometime between Thadingyut 927 (5 October to 2 November 1565) and Thadingyut 930 (1 October to 29 October 1568), and was succeeded by Saw Thanda.
- ^ Phalaung's queens apparently were not ranked according to tradition. Per (RRT Vol. 2 1999: 48), Saw Mi Taw was the chief queen, followed by Saw Thanda the South Queen. The third ranked queen Shin Lat was officially "Nan Htet Mibaya" (နန်းထက် မိဖုရား), "Queen of the Exalted Palace"), followed by Saw U the North Queen.
- ^ The chronicle Rakhine Razawin Thit (RRT Vol. 2 1999: 87) says Raza II had nine senior queens during his reign but gives only six names. "Nine" was most likely a typographical/copying error since Burmese numerals six (၆) and nine (၉) are very similar. Khin Ma Hnaung's official title was Tanzaung Mibaya (တန်ဆောင်း မိဖုရား, "Queen of the Royal Hall"), which was likely the title of the second ranked queen. (Saw Thanda, the second ranked queen, during Saw Hla's reign was also Tanzaung Mibaya per (RRT Vol. 2 1999: 46). Similarly, Nan Htet Mibaya apparently was the title of the third ranked queen; Thupaba Dewi, the third ranked queen of Raza II, was Nan Htet Mibaya. Furthermore, the chronicle does not mention if any of the queens lived to the end of Raza II's reign. The chief queen presumably made it since there is no mention of other chief queens.
- ^ Another case of the South Queen not being the chief per (RRT Vol. 2 1999: 115)
- ^ (RRT Vol. 2 1999: 118): Several people, including queens, concubines and their attendants, died during a major fire at the palace on 16 February 1686. Presumably, Thukomma survived the fire since the chronicle reports no other chief queen of Wara.
- ^ (RRT Vol. 2 1999: 119–120): The Palace Guards installed and removed their puppet kings Wara Dhamma, Mani Thudhamma and Sanda Thuriya I, as they pleased.
- ^ (Sein Lwin Lay 2006: 127, footnote 2): According to Sein Lwin Lay, Tabinshwehti may not have had a chief queen in the formal sense that he never formally had a formal coronation ceremony with any of his queens; and Khay Ma Naw, whom the king married at the 1545 coronation, nonetheless was not mentioned as his chief queen either.
- ^ This is a rare instance where the South Queen was not the chief queen. The two standard chronicles Maha Yazawin (Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 103) and Hmannan Yazawin (Hmannan Vol. 3 2003: 107) both say that Min Phyu, Min Htwe and Min Pu were South, Center and North Queens, respectively, while Hanthawaddy was the chief queen. Yazawin Thit (Yazawin Thit Vol. 2 2012: 239) omits the ranks of Min Phyu and Min Htwe, and confirms only that Thiri Yaza Dewi was the North Queen. All chronicles list Min Taya Medaw as the fifth senior queen but do not say when she became a senior queen. She certainly should have become a senior queen after the death of Min Phyu in 1596.
- ^ Chronicles, which regard Minye Deibba as a usurper, do not list any of his "queens". Per (Hmannan Vol. 3: 189), Khin Hnin Paw was his lover. Presumably, she was his "queen" during his short reign.
- ^ (Hmannan Vol. 3 2003: 289): Narawara had no queens or concubines whatsoever.
- ^ (Lieberman 1984: 215–216): Smim Htaw came to power on 8 December [O.S. 27 November] 1740. Hmannan (Hmannan Vol. 3 2003: 373) says the Lord of Chiang Mai sent his daughter soon after.
- ^ Chronicles (Konbaung Set Vol. 1 simply call Binnya Dala's chief queen Hanthawaddy Shin Mibaya (lit. Queen of Hanthawaddy). Her title or personal name is not known. (Konbaung Set Vol. 1 2004: 187): Thiri Zeya Mingala Dewi, Princess of Manipur, became Binnya Dala's queen after the fall of Ava (Inwa) on 22 March 1752. She came along with Gen. Dalaban who submitted to Alaungpaya on 9th waxing of Pyatho 1118 ME (29 December 1756). She later became a concubine of Alaungpaya per (Konbaung Set Vol. 1 2004: 197).
- ^ (Konbaung Set Vol. 3 2004: 323, 344–345): Su Paya Gyi's nominal reign as chief queen officially ended at the coronation ceremony held at the start of Thingyan (new year's festival) of 1241 ME.
References
edit- ^ a b Yi Yi 1982: 103–104
- ^ a b Hla Pe 116
- ^ Scott 1900: 122
- ^ a b Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 227
- ^ Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 93
- ^ Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 228
- ^ Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 274
- ^ Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 330
- ^ a b Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 360
- ^ Than Tun 1964: 134
- ^ Than Tun 1964: 277
- ^ a b Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 371–372
- ^ Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 377
- ^ Than Tun 1959: 124
- ^ Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 380
- ^ Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 384–385
- ^ a b c Than Tun 1959: 127
- ^ Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 400
- ^ Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 404
- ^ Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 437
- ^ Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 53–54, 57
- ^ Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 58
- ^ Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 59
- ^ Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 62
- ^ Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 63
- ^ Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 61, 80
- ^ Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 83
- ^ Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 100
- ^ Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 153
- ^ Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 83–84, 113
- ^ Hmannan Vol. 3 2003: 80, 88
- ^ Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 140
- ^ Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 195, 213
- ^ Pan Hla 2005: 19
- ^ Pan Hla 2005: 30
- ^ Pan Hla 2005: 38
- ^ Pan Hla 2005: 39
- ^ a b Pan Hla 2005: 42
- ^ Hmannan Vol. 2 2003:48
- ^ a b Pan Hla 2005: 368, footnote 1
- ^ Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 74
- ^ Shwe Naw 1922: 65
- ^ Rakhine Razawin Thit Vol. 2 1999: 12
- ^ RRT Vol. 2 1999: 18–19
- ^ RRT Vol. 2 1999: 23
- ^ a b c RRT Vol. 2 1999: 25
- ^ a b RRT Vol. 2 1999: 26
- ^ RRT Vol. 2 1999: 27
- ^ a b RRT Vol. 2 1999: 28
- ^ RRT Vol. 2 1999: 35, 46
- ^ RRT Vol. 2 1999: 87, 89
- ^ RRT Vol. 2 1999: 92
- ^ RRT Vol. 2 1999: 96
- ^ RRT Vol. 2 1999: 99
- ^ RRT Vol. 2 1999: 116
- ^ RRT Vol. 2 1999: 117
- ^ a b RRT Vol. 2 1999: 121
- ^ a b c RRT Vol. 2 1999: 123
- ^ RRT Vol. 2 1999: 126
- ^ RRT Vol. 2 1999: 127–128
- ^ RRT Vol. 2 1999: 132
- ^ RRT Vol. 2 1999: 133–134
- ^ a b RRT Vol. 2 1999: 135
- ^ a b RRT Vol. 2 1999: 138
- ^ RRT Vol. 2 1999: 140
- ^ RRT Vol. 2 1999: 141, 145
- ^ RRT Vol. 2 1999: 146–147
- ^ RRT Vol. 2 1999: 147, 149
- ^ RRT Vol. 2 1999: 153
- ^ Sein Lwin Lay 2006: 89
- ^ a b Hmannan Vol. 3 2003: 68
- ^ Hmannan Vol. 3: 150, 189
- ^ Hmannan Vol. 3: 249
- ^ Hmannan Vol. 3: 250, 268
- ^ Hmannan Vol. 3: 250, 286
- ^ Hmannan Vol. 3: 321
- ^ Hmannan Vol. 3 2003: 353–354
- ^ Hmannan Vol. 3 2003: 364–365
- ^ Hmannan Vol. 3: 395
- ^ Konbaung Set Vol. 1 2004: 247
- ^ Konbaung Set Vol. 1 2004: 264
- ^ Konbaung Set Vol. 1 2004: 367–368
- ^ Konbaung Set Vol. 1 2004: 371
- ^ Konbaung Set Vol. 2 2004: 157–158
- ^ Konbaung Set Vol. 2 2004: 168–169
- ^ Konbaung Set Vol. 2 2004: 405–406
- ^ Konbaung Set Vol. 3 2004: 56
- ^ Konbaung Set Vol. 3 2004: 306
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