Lee Huan (Chinese: 李煥; pinyin: Lǐ Huàn; 8 February 1917 – 2 December 2010)[1][2] was a Taiwanese politician. He was Premier of the Republic of China from 1989 to 1990, serving for one year under former President Lee Teng-hui. He was the father of Lee Ching-hua and Diane Lee. He was born in Hankou, Hubei.
Lee Huan | |
|---|---|
| 李煥 | |
 | |
| Premier of the Republic of China | |
| In office 1 June 1989 – 1 June 1990 | |
| President | Lee Teng-hui |
| Preceded by | Yu Kuo-hwa |
| Succeeded by | Hau Pei-tsun |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 8 February 1917 Hankou, Hubei (now Wuhan, Hubei), Republic of China |
| Died | 2 December 2010 (aged 93) Taipei, Taiwan |
| Nationality | Republic of China |
| Political party | Kuomintang |
| Spouse | Pan Hsing-ning (潘香凝) |
| Children | Lee Ching-chung (李慶中) Lee Ching-hua (李慶華) Lee Ching-chu (李慶珠) Diane Lee (李慶安) |
| Education | Fudan University (LLB) Columbia University (MA) Dankook University (MA) |
Early life and education
editHe received his Bachelor of Laws at Fudan University and his Master of Arts in education from Teachers College, Columbia University. He also received a master's degree in administration and social science from Dankook University in South Korea. Lee also received an honorary doctorate from Dongguk University in South Korea.
Political career
editIn 1972, Lee Huan was appointed as Director General of the Department of Organization for the Kuomintang (KMT) when Chiang Ching-kuo was premier. In 1976, Chiang Ching-kuo instructed Lee Huan to select several dozen young party leaders for the highest level cadre training program at the Institute of Revolutionary Practice. Among the 60 individuals chosen for the training, half were Taiwanese,[3] including Lien Chan, Wu Po-hsiung, Shih Chi-yang. This opening of the KMT's cadre program was an unprecedented opening for native Taiwanese, and was an important step in Chiang Ching-kuo's program of loosening mainlander control of the KMT by integrating native Taiwanese into its leadership.
In 1977, several thousand anti-KMT demonstrators led by Hsu Hsin-liang rallied in the town of Zhongli to protest the use of paper ballots in the upcoming elections, for fear that the KMT would use the ballots to rig the election. When the protesters realized that the KMT had likely carried out the fraud that they had feared, they rioted, ultimately burning down the Zhongli police station.[4][5] The riot – the first such large-scale protest in Taiwan since 1947 – was subsequently called the Zhongli incident. The Kuomintang believed that Lee Huan's placatory approach to the Tangwai movement had caused the incident and forced him to resign.[6]
After his resignation, he became the president of CTV until 1979. That year he became president of National Sun Yat-sen University. In 1984, he was appointed Minister of Education. In his three years as Education Minister, he abolished restrictions on students' hair length, enabled the establishment of private colleges, established a college of physical education, increased scholarships for graduate students, and established the University Publications Committee.
KMT Secretary General
editChiang Ching-kuo ascended to the presidency in 1978, and in July 1987, he tapped his old confidante Lee Huan to be the KMT's new Secretary-General. Chiang told Lee that he had three goals he would like Lee to fulfill: reform the KMT, move the ROC towards democracy, and move the ROC towards reunification.[7] In a speech to the KMT's Kaohsiung headquarters in September 1987, Lee declared that the KMT's goal was no longer to replace the communist party ruling mainland China, but rather to "push for democracy, freedom of the press, and an open economy in the mainland so as to rid China of Communism and to move it toward a democratic modern state."[8] Many in the KMT's right-wing claimed the speech betrayed the party's historic commitment to destroy the communists; Chiang countered by instructing Lee to publish the entire speech in the party's official journal.[8] The role Lee played in the lifting of martial law in Taiwan and subsequent reforms to the National Assembly led to assembly members characterizing Lee as one of the Red Guards.[9]
Premiership
editChiang Ching-kuo died on 13 January 1988 and Vice President Lee Teng-hui immediately stepped in and ascended to the presidency. The "Palace Faction" of the KMT, a group of conservative mainlanders headed by General Hau Pei-tsun, Premier Yu Kuo-hwa, and Lee Huan sought to block President Lee's accession to the KMT chairmanship and sideline him as a figurehead.[10][11] With the help of James Soong – himself a member of the Palace Faction – who quieted the hardliners with the famous plea "Each day of delay is a day of disrespect to Ching-kuo,"[12] Lee was allowed to ascend to the chairmanship unobstructed. At the KMT party congress of July 1988, Lee named 31 members of the Central Committee, 16 of whom were native Taiwanese: for the first time, the native Taiwanese held a majority in what was then a powerful policy-making body.
Yu Kuo-hwa retired as premier in 1989, and President Lee named Lee Huan to replace him. However, only one year later, Lee was forced out in favor of Hau Pei-tsun, due to strong disagreements between President Lee and Lee Huan.[13]
Despite being forced from office, conservative leaders within the KMT such as Lee Huan, Premier Hau, Judicial Yuan President Lin Yang-kang, and the second son of Chiang Kai-shek, Chiang Wei-kuo, formed a bloc (called the "Non-mainstream faction") to oppose those who followed President Lee (the "Mainstream faction").
Lee died at the Veterans' General Hospital in Taipei on 2 December 2010 at the age of 93.[14]
Notes
edit- ^ Lentz, Harris M. (February 4, 2014). "Heads of States and Governments Since 1945". Routledge – via Google Books.
- ^ "Index Le-Lh".
- ^ The term "Taiwanese" and "native Taiwanese" in this article may refer to the descendants of the Taiwanese aborigines (the original indigenous peoples who first settled the island), and also to the descendants of those who settled from mainland China before the 1949 Republic of China evacuation as a result of their losing the Chinese Civil War.
- ^ Lawson, Kay; Merkl, Peter H., eds. (2014). When Parties Fail: Emerging Alternative Organizations. Princeton University Press. p. 457. ISBN 9781400859498.
- ^ Schafferer, Christian (2003). The Power of the Ballot Box: Political Development and Election Campaigning in Taiwan. Lexington Books. p. 26. ISBN 9780739104811.
- ^ Roy, Denny (2003). Taiwan: A Political History. Cornell University Press. p. 166. ISBN 9780801488054.
Hsu Hsin-liang 1977 riot.
- ^ Hu, Taiwan’s Geopolitics and Chiang Ching-kuo’s Decision to Democratize Taiwan, p. 42.
- ^ a b Hu, Taiwan’s Geopolitics and Chiang Ching-kuo’s Decision to Democratize Taiwan, p. 32.
- ^ "Ma praises Lee Huan for role in political reforms". Taipei Times. 20 December 2010. Retrieved 27 March 2016.
- ^ Friedman, Edward (2006). China's Rise, Taiwan's Dilemma's and International Peace. Routledge. p. 99. ISBN 9781134003402.
- ^ Wright, Teresa (2001). The Perils of Protest: State Repression and Student Activism in China and Taiwan. University of Hawaii Press. p. 19. ISBN 9780824824013.
- ^ Tedards, Bo (15 March 2000). "The many faces of James Soong". Taipei Times. p. 3. Retrieved 27 March 2016.
- ^ Brown, Kerry (12 December 2010). "Lee Huan obituary". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 March 2016.
- ^ "Lee Huan dies at 95". Taipei Times. Central News Agency. 2 December 2010. Archived from the original on 21 August 2016. Retrieved 27 March 2016. Alt URL
References
edit- Hu, Ching-fen (2005), "Taiwan's geopolitics and Chiang Ching-Kuo's decision to democratize Taiwan" (PDF), Stanford Journal of East Asian Affairs, 5 (1): 26–44, archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-10-15.