The voiced labiodental approximant is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. It is something between an English /w/ and /v/, pronounced with the teeth and lips held in the position used to articulate the letter V. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʋ⟩, a letter v with a leftward hook protruding from the upper right of the letter, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is P or v\. With an advanced diacritic, ⟨ʋ̟⟩, this letter also indicates a bilabial approximant, though the diacritic is frequently omitted because no contrast is likely.[1][2][failed verification]
| Voiced labiodental approximant | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ʋ | |||
| IPA Number | 150 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ʋ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+028B | ||
| X-SAMPA | P or v\ | ||
| Braille |   | ||
| |||
The labiodental approximant is the typical realization of /v/ in the Indian South African variety of English. As the voiceless /f/ is also realized as an approximant ([ʋ̥]), it is also an example of a language contrasting voiceless and voiced labiodental approximants.[3]
Features
editFeatures of the voiced labiodental approximant:
- Its manner of articulation is approximant, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce a turbulent airstream.
- Its place of articulation is labiodental, which means it is articulated with the lower lip and the upper teeth.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, the central–lateral dichotomy does not apply.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
edit| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Äiwoo | nyiveli | [ɲiʋeli] | 'garden land'[4] | ||
| Armenian | Eastern[5] | ոսկի | [ʋɔski] | 'gold' | |
| Assyrian | hawa ܗܘܐ | [hɑːʋɑ] | 'wind' | Predominant in the Urmia dialects. For some speakers, [v] is used. Corresponds to [w] in the other varieties. | |
| Catalan | Balearic | fava | [ˈfɑʋɐ] | 'bean' | Allophone of /v/.[6] See Catalan phonology |
| Valencian[6] | |||||
| Chinese | Mandarin | 為 | [we̞i]
[ʋêi] |
'for' | Prevalent in northern dialects. Corresponds to /w/ in other varieties. |
| Chuvash | аван | [aʋ'an] | 'good, well' | Corresponds to /w/ in other varieties. | |
| Dhivehi | ވަޅު / valhu | [ʋaɭu] | 'well' (noun) | ||
| Danish | Standard[7] | véd | [ʋe̝ːˀð̠˕ˠ] | 'know(s)' | Also described as a short plosive [b̪̆]; rarely realized as a fricative [v] instead.[8] See Danish phonology |
| Dutch | Standard | wang | [ʋɑŋ] | 'cheek' | In southern dialects of the Netherlands realised as bilabial [β̞]. See Dutch phonology |
| English | Indian[3] | vine | [ʋaɪ̯n] | 'vine' | Corresponds to a fricative [v] in other accents. |
| Some speakers | rine | 'rine' | Mostly idiosyncratic but somewhat dialectal[9] (especially in London and South East England). See English phonology and R-labialization | ||
| Faroese[10] | røða | [ˈɹøːʋa] | 'speech' | Word-initial and intervocalic allophone of /v/. In the first case, it is in a free variation with a fricative [v].[10] See Faroese phonology | |
| Finnish | vauva | [ˈʋɑu̯ʋɑ] | 'baby' | See Finnish phonology | |
| German | Swiss | was | [ʋas] | 'what' | Corresponds to /v/ in Standard German[11] |
| Guaraní | avañe'ẽ | [ʔãʋ̃ãɲẽˈʔẽ] | 'Guaraní language' | Contrasts with /w/ and /ɰ/ | |
| Hawaiian | wikiwiki | [ʋikiʋiki] | 'fast' | May also be realized as [w] or [v]. See Hawaiian phonology | |
| Hindustani | Hindi | वाला | [ʋɑːlɑː] | (the) 'one' | Also an allophone of /w/. See Hindustani phonology. |
| Urdu | والا | ||||
| Italian | Some speakers[12] | raro | [ˈʋäːʋo] | 'rare' | Rendition alternative to the standard Italian alveolar trill [r], due to individual orthoepic defects and/or regional variations that make the alternative sound more prevalent, notably in South Tyrol (among the Italian-speaking minority), Val d'Aosta (bordering with France) and in parts of the Parma province, more markedly around Fidenza. Other alternative sounds may be a uvular trill [ʀ] or a voiced uvular fricative [ʁ].[12] See Italian phonology. |
| Lao | ວີ / wi | [ʋíː] | 'hand fan' | May also be realized as [w]. See Lao phonology. | |
| Khmer | អាវុធ / avŭth | [ʔɑːʋut] | 'weapon' | See Khmer phonology | |
| Marathi | वजन | [ʋə(d)zən] | 'weight' | See Marathi phonology | |
| Miyako[13] | [ʋ̩tɑ] | 'thick' | May be syllabic. | ||
| Norwegian | Urban East[14][15] | venn | [ʋe̞nː] | 'friend' | Sometimes realized as a fricative [v].[15][16] See Norwegian phonology |
| Nsenga | ŵanthu | [ʋaⁿtʰu] | 'people' | ||
| Punjabi | Gurmukhi | ਵਾਲ | [ʋäːl] | 'hair' | |
| Shahmukhi | وال | ||||
| Russian[17] | волосы | [ˈʋʷo̞ɫ̪əs̪ɨ̞] | 'hair' | Common realization of /v/; contrasts with palatalized form.[17] See Russian phonology | |
| Serbo-Croatian | цврчак / cvrčak | [t͡sʋř̩ːt͡ʃak] | 'cricket' | /v/ is a phonetic fricative, although it has less frication than /f/. However, it does not interact with unvoiced consonants in clusters as a fricative would, and so is considered to be phonologically a sonorant (approximant).[18][19] | |
| Shona | vanhu | [ʋan̤u] | 'people' | Contrasts with /v/ and /w/. | |
| Sinhala | වතුර | [ʋat̪urə] | 'water' | ||
| Slovak[20] | voda | 'water' | Usual realization of /v/.[20] See Slovak phonology | ||
| Slovene[21] | veter | [ˈʋéːt̪ə̀ɾ] | 'wind' | Also described as fricative [v].[22][23] See Slovene phonology | |
| Spanish[24] | Chilean | hablar | [äʋˈläɾ] | 'to speak' | Allophone of /b/. See Spanish phonology |
| Swedish | Some speakers | vän | [ʋɛːn] | 'friend' | See Swedish phonology |
| Tamil | வாய் | [ʋɑj] | 'mouth' | See Tamil phonology | |
| Telugu | వల | [ʋala] | 'net' | ||
| Ukrainian[25] | він | [ʋin] | 'he' | Possible prevocalic realization of /w/, most commonly before /i/.[25] See Ukrainian phonology | |
| West Frisian | wêr | [ʋɛːr] | 'where' | See West Frisian phonology | |
See also
edit- List of phonetics topics
- R-labialization
- Rhotacism (speech impediment): pronouncing ⟨r⟩ as [ʋ]
References
edit- ^ Ladefoged, Peter (1968). A Phonetic Study of West African Languages: An Auditory-instrumental Survey (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 26. ISBN 9780521069632.
- ^ Mathangwane, Joyce Thambole Mogatse (1996). Phonetics and Phonology of Ikalanga: A Diachronic and Synchronic Study (Thesis). Berkeley: University of California. p. 79.
- ^ a b Mesthrie (2004:960)
- ^ Næss, Åshild (2017). A short dictionary of Äiwoo. Asia-Pacific Linguistics. Vol. A-PL 35. Canberra. hdl:1885/112469. ISBN 978-1-922185-37-2. OCLC 970690673.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Dum-Tragut (2009:20)
- ^ a b Saborit Vilar (2009:52)
- ^ Basbøll (2005:62)
- ^ Basbøll (2005:27 and 66)
- ^ Foulkes & Docherty (1999:?)
- ^ a b Árnason (2011:115)
- ^ Schmid, Stephan (2010). "Segmental features of Swiss German ethnolects". In Calamai, Silvia; Celata, Chiara; Ciucci, Luca (eds.). Proceedings of the Workshop "Sociophonetics, at the crossroads of speech variation, processing and communication". Edizioni della Normale. pp. 69–72. ISBN 978-88-7642-434-2. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
- ^ a b Canepari (1999), pp. 98–101.
- ^ Pellard, Thomas (19 January 2009). Why it is important to study the Ryukyuan languages: The example of Õgami Ryukuan (PDF) (Speech). Oxford. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 October 2015.
- ^ Kristoffersen (2000:22 and 25)
- ^ a b Vanvik (1979:41)
- ^ Kristoffersen (2000:74)
- ^ a b Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015:223)
- ^ Morén (2005:5–6)
- ^ Brown, Wayles; Alt, Theresa (2004). "A Handbook of Bosnian, Serbian and Croatian". SEELRC. Duke University.
- ^ a b Hanulíková & Hamann (2010:374)
- ^ Šuštaršič, Komar & Petek (1999:136)
- ^ Priestley (2002:394)
- ^ Greenberg (2006:18)
- ^ Sadowsky, Scott (2010). "El alófono labiodental sonoro [v] del fonema /b/ en el castellano de Concepción (Chile): Una investigación exploratoria" (PDF). Estudios de Fonética Experimental. XIX: 231–261. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 April 2018.
- ^ a b Žovtobrjux & Kulyk (1965:121–122)
Bibliography
edit- Árnason, Kristján (2011). The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199229314.
- Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 0-203-97876-5
- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
- Foulkes, Paul; Docherty, Gerard J., eds. (1999), Urban Voices, Arnold
- Greenberg, Mark L. (2006), A Short Reference Grammar of Standard Slovene, Kansas: University of Kansas
- Hanulíková, Adriana; Hamann, Silke (2010). "Slovak" (PDF). Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 40 (3): 373–378. doi:10.1017/S0025100310000162.
- Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000). The Phonology of Norwegian. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5.
- Mesthrie, Rajend (2004). "Indian South African English: phonology". In Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.). A handbook of varieties of English. Vol. 1: Phonology. Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 953–963. ISBN 3-11-017532-0.
- Morén, Bruce (2005), Consonant-Vowel Interactions in Serbian: Features, Representations and Constraint Interactions (PDF), Center for Advanced Study of Theoretical Linguistics, Tromsø, archived from the original (PDF) on 4 May 2015
- Priestley, T.M.S. (2002). "Slovene". In Comrie, Bernard; Corbett, Greville. G. (eds.). The Slavonic Languages. London: Routledge. pp. 388–451. ISBN 0-415-28078-8.
- Saborit Vilar, Josep (2009), Millorem la pronúncia, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua
- Šuštaršič, Rastislav; Komar, Smiljana; Petek, Bojan (1999). "Slovene". Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 135–139. doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874. ISBN 0-521-65236-7. S2CID 249404451.
- Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 82-990584-0-6
- Yanushevskaya, Irena; Bunčić, Daniel (2015). "Russian" (PDF). Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 45 (2): 221–228. doi:10.1017/S0025100314000395.
- Žovtobrjux, M.A.; Kulyk, B.M. (1965), Kurs sučasnoji ukrajins'koji literaturnoji movy. Častyna I., Kiev: Radjans’ka škola