Sambalpuri is an Indo-Aryan language variety spoken in western Odisha, India. It is alternatively known as Western Odia, and as Kosali (with variants Kosli, Koshal and Koshali),[5] a recently popularised but controversial term, which draws on an association with the historical region of Dakshina Kosala, whose territories also included the present-day Sambalpur region.[6][7]
| Sambalpuri | |
|---|---|
| Western Odia | |
| ସମ୍ବଲପୁରୀ | |
 'Sambalpuri' in Odia script | |
| Native to | India |
| Region | Western Odisha |
| Ethnicity | Odias |
Native speakers | 2.63 million (2011 census)[1] |
| Odia[2][3][4] | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | spv |
| Glottolog | samb1325 Sambalpuriwest2384 Western Oriya |
 Sambalpuri speaking areas(dialect continuum in green) in Odisha and Chhattisgarh
</ref> | |
Its speakers usually perceive it as a separate language, while outsiders have seen it as a dialect of Odia,[8] and standard Odia is used by Sambalpuri speakers for formal communication.[9] A 2006 survey of the varieties spoken in four villages found out that they share three-quarters of their basic vocabulary with Standard Odia.[10]
Geographical Distribution
editDistribution of Sambalpuri language in the district of Odisha[11]
There were 2.63 million people in India who declared their language to be Sambalpuri at the 2011 census, almost all of them residents in Odisha.[11] These speakers were mostly concentrated in the districts of Bargarh (1,130,000 speakers), Subarnapur (364,000), Balangir (335,000), Sambalpur (275,000), Jharsuguda (245,000), Nuapada (145,000), Baudh (90,700), and Sundargarh (42,700).[12]
Script
editThe inscriptions and literary works from the Western Odisha region used the Odia script, which is attested through the inscriptions like the Stambeswari stone inscription of 1268 CE laid by the Eastern Ganga monarch Bhanu Deva I at Sonepur and the Meghla grant and Gobindpur charter of Raja Prithvi Sing of Sonepur State[13] and also through the major epic Kosalananda Kavya composed during the 17th century Chauhan rule under Raja Baliar Singh of the Sambalpur State, which was written in Sanskrit in Odia script.[14]
The Devanagari script may have been used in the past,[15] (the Hindi language was mandated in administration and education in Sambalpur for the brief period 1895–1901)[16]
Phonology
editSambalpuri has 28 consonant phonemes, 2 semivowel phonemes and 5 vowel phonemes.[17]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i | u | |
| Mid | e | (o) | |
| Low | a | ɔ |
There are no long vowels in Sambalpuri just like Standard Odia.
| Labial | Alveolar /Dental |
Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɳ | ||||
| Stop/ Affricate |
voiceless | p | t | ʈ | tʃ | k | |
| voiceless aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | ʈʰ | tʃʰ | kʰ | ||
| voiced | b | d | ɖ | dʒ | ɡ | ||
| voiced aspirated | bʱ | dʱ | ɖʱ | dʒʱ | ɡʱ | ||
| Fricative | s | ɦ | |||||
| Trill/Flap | ɾ | ɽ~ɽʰ | |||||
| Lateral approximant | l | ||||||
| Approximant | w | j | |||||
Sambalpuri shows the loss of retroflex consonant like voiced retroflex lateral approximant [ɭ] (ଳ) which are present in Standard Odia, and a limited usage of retroflex unaspirated nasal (voiced retroflex nasal) ɳ (ଣ).[18]
Characteristics
editThe following is a list of features and comparison with Standard Odia:[19]
Some key features include-
- r-insertion: insertion or paragogue of /r/ at the end of Sambalpuri verbs
- Word Medial Vowel Deletion: Syncope of certain word medial vowels, with exceptions seen in -ai diphthongs.
- Vowel Harmony: a shift of /o/ to /u/. This is also seen in the Baleswari Odia dialect and to an extent the Ganjami Odia dialect.
- Word Final Vowel Deletion: Apocope of word-final schwa (see Schwa deletion).
- Voiced retroflex consonant usage: Absence of voiced retroflex lateral approximant [ɭ] (ଳ) and limited usage of voiced retroflex nasal ɳ (ଣ).[18]
Voiced retroflex consonant
| Standard Odia | Sambalpuri | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| କଣ (kaṇa) | କଣ୍ (kaṇ) | what |
Word Medial Vowel Deletion: Syncope
| Standard Odia | Sambalpuri | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| ପଢ଼ିବା (paṛibā) padhibā | ପଢ଼୍ବାର୍ (paṛbār) padhbār | to study |
| ଗାଧେଇବା (gādheibā) | ଗାଧ୍ବାର୍ (gādhbār) | to bath |
| ହସିବା (hasibā) | ହସ୍ବାର୍ (hasbār) | to laugh |
| ବୁଲିବା (bulibā) | ବୁଲ୍ବାର୍ (bulbār) | to roam |
| ରାନ୍ଧିବା (rāndhibā) | ରାନ୍ଧ୍ବାର୍ (rāndhbār) | to cook |
| ଖେଳିବା (kheḷibā) | ଖେଲ୍ବାର୍ (khelbār) | to play |
Exceptions to Word Medial Vowel Deletion: seen in '-ai' diphthongs
| Standard Odia | Sambalpuri | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| ଖାଇବା (khāibā) | ଖାଏବାର୍ (khāebār) | to eat |
| ଗାଇବା (gāibā) | ଗାଏବାର୍ (gāebār) | to sing |
| ପାଇବା (pāibā) | ପାଏବାର୍ (pāebār) | to get |
| ହାଇ (hāi) | ହାଇ (hāi) | yawn |
| ଗାଇ (gāi) | ଗାଏ (gāe) | cow |
Vowel Harmony: 'o' to 'u' phoneme shift, feature also seen in Baleswari Odia dialect
| Standard Odia | Sambalpuri | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| ଶୋଇବା (soibā) | ସୁଇବାର୍ (suibār) | to sleep |
| ଖୋଜିବା (khojibā) | ଖୁଜ୍ବାର୍ (khujbār) | to search |
Lengthening of Vowel Sound: vowels which appear in between consonants take their longer counterpart
| Standard Odia | Sambalpuri | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| ପାଣି (pāṇi) | ପାଏନ୍ (pāen) | water |
| ଚାରି (cāri) | ଚାଏର୍ (cāer) | four |
Consonant shift- shift of 'ḷ' phoneme to 'l'
| Standard Odia | Sambalpuri | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| ଫଳ (phaḷa) | ଫଲ୍ (phal) | fruit |
Word Final Vowel Deletion(Schwa deletion Apocope)- a characteristic feature of Sambalpuri
| Standard Odia | Sambalpuri | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| ଭଲ (bhala) | ଭଲ୍ (bhal) | good |
| ବାଘ (bāgha) | ବାଘ୍ (bāgh) | tiger |
| କୁକୁର (kukura) | କୁକୁର୍ (kukur) | dog |
| ଲୋକ (loka) | ଲୋକ୍ (lok) | people |
| ଗଛ (gacha) | ଗଛ୍ (gach) | tree |
| ଫୁଲ (phula) | ଫୁଲ୍ (phul) | flower |
| ଭାତ (bhāta) | ଭାତ୍ (bhāt) | rice |
| ଘର (ghara) | ଘର୍ (ghar) | house |
Sambalpuri words
| Standard Odia | Sambalpuri | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| ମାଛ (mācha) | ଝୁରି (jhuri) | fish |
| ବାଣ (bāṇa) | ଫଟ୍କା (phatka) | firecracker |
Language movement
editThere has been a language movement campaigning for the recognition of the language. Its main objective has been the inclusion of the language into the 8th schedule of the Indian constitution.[20][21]
Literature
edit- Satya Narayan Bohidar, writer and pioneer of Sambalpuri literature. Notable works include Ṭikcaham̐rā (1975), Sambalapurī bhāshāra sabda-bibhaba: bā, Saṃkshipta Sambalapurī byākaraṇa o racanā (1977)[22]
- Prayag Dutta Joshi, Sambalpuri writer
- Nil Madhab Panigrahi, wrote Mahabharat Katha[23]
- Haldhar Nag, Sambalpuri poet popularly known as "Lok kabi Ratna". His notable Sambalpuri works are Lokgeet, Samparda, Krushnaguru, Mahasati Urmila, Tara Mandodari, Achhia, Bacchhar, Siri Somalai, Veer Surendra Sai, Karamsani, Rasia Kavi, Prem Paechan.[24] His works has been compiled into "Lokakabi Haladhar Granthabali"[25] and "Surata". He was awarded the Padma Shri in 2016.[26][27]
- Prafulla Kumar Tripathy, compiled the Sambalpuri-Odia Dictionary- Samalpuri Odia Shabdakosha (2001).[28]
- Hema Chandra Acharya, wrote Ram Raha (2001), the Sambalpuri version of the Ramayana.[29]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Sambalpuri". Ethnologue.
- ^ Bulletin of the Anthropological Survey of India. Director, Anthropological Survey of India, Indian Museum. 1979.
- ^ Chitrasen Pasayat (1998). Tribe, Caste, and Folk Culture. Rawat Publications. ISBN 9788170334576.
- ^ Subodh Kapoor (2002). The Indian Encyclopaedia: La Behmen-Maheya. Cosmo Publications. pp. 4240–. ISBN 978-81-7755-271-3.
- ^ Sambalpuri language at Ethnologue (21st ed., 2018)
- ^ Dash 1990, pp. 4–5.
- ^ G. Sahu 2001, pp. 7–8.
- ^ G.K. Sahu 2002, pp. 1–2.
- ^ Patel (n.d.) cited in Mathai & Kelsall (2013, p. 3)
- ^ Mathai & Kelsall 2013, pp. 4–6. The precise figures are 75–76%. This was based on comparisons of 210-item wordlists.
- ^ a b Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. "C-16: Population by mother tongue, India – 2011". Retrieved 14 October 2022.
- ^ Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. "C-16: Population by mother tongue, Odisha – 2011". Retrieved 16 December 2022.
- ^ Pabitra Mohan Nayak (2011), Inscriptions of Orissa: With Special Reference to Subarnapur, Readworthy, pp. 1, 14, 19, ISBN 9789350181089, retrieved 14 March 2021
- ^ Ashok kumar Patnaik (December 2009), The Mirror Reflection of Sambalpur State through the Courtly Chronicle called Kosalananda Kavyam, Odisha History Congress, p. 237, retrieved 12 March 2021
- ^ Mathai & Kelsall 2013, p. 3.
- ^ Untitled-13 Archived 17 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Mahapatra, B.P. (2002). Linguistic Survey of India: Orissa (PDF). Kolkata, India: Language Division, Office of the Registrar General. p. 67,68. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
- ^ a b Tripathī, Kunjabihari (1962). The Evolution of Oriya Language and Script. Utkal University. p. 216. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
- ^ Dash, Suhasini (2019), Phonological Variations between Odia and Sambalpuri Optimality Theoretic Approach (PDF)
- ^ Plea to include Kosli in 8th Schedule of Constitution
- ^ Memorandum for Inclusion of Kosli Language in the 8th Schedule of the Indian Constitution
- ^ "Satya Narayan Bohidar". Open Library.
- ^ Panigrahi, Nil Madhab, "Mahabharat Katha", Lark books, Bhubaneswar, 1996, ISBN 81-7375-023-8.
- ^ Sudeep Kumar Guru (25 September 2010). "Poetry makes him known as new GangadharMeher". The Telegraph (India). Ananda Publishers. Archived from the original on 24 November 2010. Retrieved 4 November 2010.
- ^ Nag, Haldhar, "Lokakabi Haladhar Granthabali", compiler – Dwarikanath Nayak, Bidya Prakashan, Cuttack, 2000, ISBN 81-7703-009-4 (Five PhD theses on this class III-dropout poet)
- ^ 5 PhD theses on this class III-dropout poet
- ^ "Translation takes Nag's poems to more readers". www.telegraphindia.com. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
- ^ "Prafulla Kumar Tripathy". Odia Sahitya.
- ^ Hema Chandra Acharya. "Ram Raha". Archive.org.
Bibliography
edit- Dash, Ashok Kumar (1990). Evolution of Sambalpuri language and its morphology (Thesis). Sambalpur University. hdl:10603/187859.
- Mathai, Eldose K.; Kelsall, Juliana (2013). Sambalpuri of Orissa, India: A Brief Sociolinguistic Survey (Report). SIL Electronic Survey Reports.
- Patel, Kunjaban (n.d.). A Sambalpuri phonetic reader (Thesis). Sambalpur University.
- Sahu, Gobardhan (2001). Generative phonology of Sambalpuri: a study (revised) (PhD). Sambalpur University. hdl:10603/187791.
- Sahu, Gopal Krishna (2002). A derivational morphology of Sambalpuri (Thesis). Sambalpur University. hdl:10603/187186.
External links and further reading
edit- Biswal, Tuna (2010). "Politics of Sambalpuri or Kosali as a dialect of Oriy in Orissa" (PDF). Language in India. 10 (11).
- Registered newspapers and magazines published in Kosli language
- Datta, S.P. (2002). "Sambalpuri dialect". Linguistic survey of India: special studies: Orissa. Special studies / Linguistic Survey of India. Kolkata: Language Division, Office of the Registrar General, India. pp. 67–93.