Wikipedia

Copra

(Redirected from Kopra)
For the superhero series Copra, see Michel Fiffe.
"Kopra" redirects here. For the name, see Kopra (surname).
For the venomous snake, see Cobra.

Copra (from Malayalam: കൊപ്ര, Koppara/Kopra; Kannada: ಕೊಬ್ಬರಿ, Kobbari; Telugu: కొబ్బరి, Kobbari; Tamil: கொப்பரை, Kopparai) is the dried, white flesh of the coconut from which coconut oil is extracted.[1] Traditionally, the coconuts are sun-dried, especially for export, before the oil, also known as copra oil, is pressed out. The oil extracted from copra is rich in lauric acid, making it an important commodity in the preparation of lauryl alcohol, soaps, fatty acids, cosmetics, etc. and thus a lucrative product for many coconut-producing countries. The palatable oil cake, known as copra cake, obtained as a residue in the production of copra oil is used in animal feeds. The ground cake is known as coconut or copra meal.[2]

Coconuts sun-dried in Kozhikode, Kerala, India for the production of copra

Production

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coconut meat, raw (fresh copra)
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy354 kcal (1,480 kJ)
24.23 (not the same as source listed)
Sugars6.23
Dietary fiber9
33.49
3.33 g
Vitamins and minerals
VitaminsQuantity
%DV†
Thiamine (B1)
6%
0.066 mg
Riboflavin (B2)
2%
0.02 mg
Niacin (B3)
3%
0.54 mg
Pantothenic acid (B5)
20%
1.014 mg
Vitamin B6
3%
0.05 mg
Vitamin C
4%
3.3 mg
MineralsQuantity
%DV†
Calcium
1%
14 mg
Iron
14%
2.43 mg
Magnesium
8%
32 mg
Phosphorus
9%
113 mg
Potassium
12%
356 mg
Zinc
10%
1.1 mg
Other constituentsQuantity
Water47
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[3] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[4]

Copra has traditionally been grated and ground, then boiled in water to extract coconut oil. It was used by Pacific island cultures and became a valuable commercial product for merchants in the South Seas and South Asia in the 1860s. Nowadays, coconut oil (70%) is extracted by crushing copra; the by-product is known as copra cake or copra meal (30%).

The coconut cake which remains after the oil is extracted is 18–25% protein, but contains so much dietary fiber it cannot be eaten in large quantities by humans. Instead, it is normally fed to ruminants.[5]

 
Copra kiln drying in La Digue (Seychelles).
 
Crushing copra in La Digue (Seychelles).

The production of copra – removing the shell, breaking it up, drying – is usually done where the coconut palms grow. Copra can be made by smoke drying, sun drying, or kiln drying. Hybrid solar drying systems can also be used for a continuous drying process. In a hybrid solar drying system, solar energy is utilized during daylight and energy from burning biomass is used when sunlight is not sufficient or during night time.[6] Sun drying requires little more than racks and sufficient sunlight. Halved nuts are drained of water, and left with the meat facing the sky; they can be washed to remove mold-creating contaminants. After two days the meat can be removed from the shell with ease, and the drying process is complete after three to five more days (up to seven in total). Sun drying is often combined with kiln drying, eight hours of exposure to sunlight means the time spent in a kiln can be reduced by a day and the hot air the shells are exposed to in the kiln is more easily able to remove the remaining moisture. This process can also be done in reverse order: partially drying the copra in the kiln, and finishing the process with sunlight. Starting with sun drying requires careful inspection to avoid contamination with mold while starting with kiln-drying can harden the meat and prevent it from drying out completely in the sun.

In India, small but whole coconuts can be dried over the course of eight months to a year, and the meat inside removed and sold as a whole ball. Meat prepared in this fashion is sweet, soft, oily and is cream-coloured instead of being white. Coconut meat can be dried using direct heat and smoke from a fire, using simple racks to suspend the coconut over the fire. The smoke residue can help preserve the half-dried meat but the process overall suffers from unpredictable results and the risk of fires.[7]

While there are some large plantations with integrated operations, copra remains primarily a smallholder crop. In former years copra was collected by traders going from island to island and port to port in the Pacific Ocean but South Pacific production is now much diminished, with the exception of Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu.[8]

Economics

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Copra production begins on coconut plantations. Coconut trees are generally spaced 9 m (30 ft) apart, allowing a density of 100–160 coconut trees per hectare. A standard tree bears around 50–80 nuts a year, and average earnings in Vanuatu (1999) were US$0.20 per kg (one kg equals 8 nuts)—so a farmer could earn approximately US$120 to US$320 yearly for each planted hectare. Copra has since more than doubled in price, and was quoted at US$540 per ton in the Philippines on a CIF Rotterdam basis (US$0.54 per kg) by the Financial Times on 9 November 2012.

In 2017 the value of global exports of copra was $145-146 Million. The largest exporter was Papua New Guinea with 35% of the global total, followed by Indonesia (20%), Solomon Islands (13%) and Vanuatu (12%). The largest importer of copra is the Philippines, which imports $93.4 Million or 64% of the global total.[8] A very large number of small farmers and tree owners produce copra, which is a vital part of their income.

Aflatoxin susceptibility

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Copra is highly susceptible to the growth of molds and their production of aflatoxins if not dried properly. Aflatoxins can be highly toxic, and are among the most potent known natural carcinogens, particularly affecting the liver.[9][10] Aflatoxins in copra cake, fed to animals, can be passed on to milk or meat from livestock, leading to human illnesses.[11][12]

Animal feed

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Copra meal is used as fodder for horses and cattle. Its high oil and protein levels are fattening for stock.[13][14] The protein in copra meal has been heat treated and provides a source of high-quality protein for cattle, sheep and deer, because it does not break down in the rumen.

Coconut oil can be extracted using either mechanical expellers or solvents (hexane). Mechanically expelled copra meal is of higher feeding value, because it contains typically 8–12% oil, whereas the solvent-extracted copra meal contains only 2–4% oil. Premium quality copra meal can also contain 20–22% crude protein, and <20ppb aflatoxin.[15]

High-quality copra meal contains <12% non-structural carbohydrate (NSC),[16] which makes it well suited for feeding to horses that are prone to ulcers, insulin resistance, colic, tying up, and acidosis.[17]

Shipment

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Copra has been classed with dangerous goods due to its spontaneously combustive nature.[18] It is identified as a Division 4.2 substance.

References

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  1. ^ Ehrilch, Eugene, ed. (1982). Oxford American Dictionary.
  2. ^ Gove, Philip B., ed. (1961). Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. G. & C. Merriam.
  3. ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  4. ^ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). "Chapter 4: Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy". In Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). pp. 120–121. doi:10.17226/25353. ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154. Retrieved 5 December 2024.
  5. ^ Grimwood, BE; Ashman, F; Dendy, DAV; Jarman, CG; Little, ECS; Timmins, WH (1975). Coconut Palm Products – Their processing in developing countries. Rome: FAO. p. 193. ISBN 978-92-5-100853-9.
  6. ^ "Hybrid Solar Dryer for Copra". Copra Indonesia.
  7. ^ Grimwood et al., 1975, p. 49–56.
  8. ^ a b Simoes, AJG; Hidalgo, CA. "OEC: The Observatory of Economic Complexity". oec.world. The Observatory of Economic Complexity. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  9. ^ Tosun, Halil; Arslan, Recep (2013). "Determination of Aflatoxin B1 Levels in Organic Spices and Herbs". The Scientific World Journal. 2013: 874093. doi:10.1155/2013/874093. PMC 3677655. PMID 23766719.
  10. ^ Liu, Yan; Wu, Felicia (June 2010). "Global Burden of Aflatoxin-Induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Risk Assessment". Environmental Health Perspectives. 118 (6): 818–824. Bibcode:2010EnvHP.118..818L. doi:10.1289/ehp.0901388. PMC 2898859. PMID 20172840.
  11. ^ Fratamico PM, Bhunia AK, Smith JL (2008). Foodborne Pathogens: Microbiology and Molecular Biology. Norofolk, UK: Horizon Scientific Press. ISBN 978-1-898486-52-7.
  12. ^ Pradeepkiran JA (December 2018). "Analysis of aflatoxin B1 in contaminated feed, media, and serum samples of Cyprinus carpio L. by high-performance liquid chromatography". Food Quality and Safety. 2 (4): 199–204. doi:10.1093/fqsafe/fyy013.
  13. ^ "Cocos nucifera". Fao.org. Archived from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 28 November 2012.
  14. ^ "AFRIS – Animal feed Resources Information System". Fao.org. Archived from the original on 22 November 2012. Retrieved 28 November 2012.
  15. ^ "Nutrient Specs – Stance Equine". Stanceglobal.com.au. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2012.
  16. ^ [1] Archived 26 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  17. ^ "CoolStance Benefits – Stance Equine". Stanceglobal.com.au. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2012.
  18. ^ "Copra". Tis-gdv.de. Retrieved 28 November 2012.
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