Liberian Kreyol (also known as Kolokwa or Liberian Kolokwa English) is an Atlantic English-based creole language spoken in Liberia.[1] It was spoken by 1,500,000 people as a second language at the 1984 census which accounted for about 70% of the population at the time. It is historically and linguistically related to Merico, a creole spoken in Liberia, but it is grammatically distinct from it. There are regional dialects such as the Kru and Kpelleh kolokwa English used by the Kru fishermen.[2]
| Kolokwa English | |
|---|---|
| Region | Liberia |
| Ethnicity | Americo-Liberians |
| Speakers | Native: 100,000 (2015)[1] L2: 5 million (2021)[1] |
English Creole
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | lir |
| Glottolog | libe1240 |
Liberian Kolokwa Language developed from Liberian Interior Pidgin English, the Liberian version of West African vernacular English, though it has been significantly influenced by Liberian Settler English, itself based on American English, particularly African-American Vernacular English and Southern American English. Its phonology owes much to the indigenous Languages of Liberia.[3] It has been analyzed[by whom?] having a post-creole continuum. As such, rather than being a pidgin wholly distinct from English, it is a range of varieties that extend from the highly pidginized to one that shows many similarities to English as spoken elsewhere in West Africa.
Kolokwa[4] originated in Liberia among the Settlers, the free English-speaking African Americans from the Southern United States who emigrated to Liberia between 1819 and 1860. It has since borrowed some words from French and from other West African languages.
Kreyol is spoken mostly as an intertribal lingua franca in the interior of Liberia.[2]
Grammatical features
editKreyol uses no for negation, bi (be) as the copula, fɔ for "to" in verbal infinitives.[2]
See also
edit- Liberian English
- Krio language, an English-based creole spoken in Sierra Leone
- Nigerian Pidgin
References
edit- ^ a b c Kolokwa English at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- ^ a b c Joey Lee Dillard (1975), Perspectives on black English. 391 pages. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 90-279-7811-5, ISBN 978-90-279-7811-0. Online version accessed on 2009-08-10.
- ^ Contributor, Guest. "Kolokwa: Liberianizing English". www.liberianobserver.com. Retrieved 2023-04-17.
{{cite web}}:|last=has generic name (help) - ^ "Words R Us - Liberian English (lir)". www.wordsrus.info. Retrieved 2023-04-17.
