The Kickapoo Traditional Tribe of Texas, based in Eagle Pass, is a federally recognized tribe that uses revenue from its gaming and business operations to provide housing, education, and social services to its members. The tribe has been held as a model for other Native American tribes seeking to lift their members out of poverty, because they were living under the international bridge over the Rio Grande as recently as the 1980s.[2]
 | |
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| 960 | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
 United States ( Texas) | |
| Languages | |
| English, Kickapoo[1] | |
| Religion | |
| traditional tribal religion | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| other Kickapoo people and Meskwaki, Sauk, and Shawnee people[2] |
Kickapoo Indian Reservation | |
|---|---|
_Reservation_Locator_Map.svg) Location in Texas | |
| Tribe | Kickapoo Traditional Tribe of Texas |
| Country | United States |
| State | Texas |
| County | Maverick |
| Headquarters | Rosita South |
| Government | |
| • Body | Tribal Council |
| • Chairman | Juan Garza Jr. |
| • Secretary | Freddy Hernandez Sr. |
| • Treasurer | David Treviño |
| Population (2017)[4] | |
| • Total | 416 |
| Website | kickapootexas.org |
They are one of three federally recognized tribes in Texas.[5]
Reservation
editThe Kickapoo Indian Reservation of Texas is located at 28°36′37″N 100°26′19″W / 28.61028°N 100.43861°W on the Rio Grande on the U.S.-Mexico border in western Maverick County, just south of the city of Eagle Pass, as part of the community of Rosita South. It has a land area of 120 acres (48 ha). About 960 tribal members are living on the Eagle Pass reservation and tribal lands in Nacimiento, Mexico, where the tribe often holds ceremonies. Tribal members must be at least one-fourth Kickapoo.
Government
editThe Texas Kickapoos adopted their constitution in 1989. They are governed by the Traditional Council, made up of five members elected by secret ballot. The current council chairman is Estavio Elizondo Sr., Menikapah.[6]
Language
editMany tribal members speak English, Spanish, and the Kickapoo language,[citation needed] which is a Fox language and part of the Algonquian language family. They also use Kickapoo whistled speech.
Economic development
editTribal enterprises include the Kickapoo Lucky Eagle Casino Hotel, which provides Class II gaming, the Lucky Eagle Convenience Store, Kickapoo Empire, which is an 8A business, a pecan farm, ranches located in both the U.S. and Mexico, a gas station in Múzquiz, Coahuila, Mexico, with PEMEX, and other businesses in Maverick County. Tribal members receive educational, housing, wellness, and other social services from the tribe.[7]
History
editThe Texas Kickapoo's history is intertwined with that of Texas. According to the Handbook of Texas, the tribe settled in Texas in the early 1800s at the invitation of the Spanish government, which was hoping native tribes would provide a buffer against American settlement in the region. By 1839, however, most Kickapoos had left Texas for Mexico or Indian Territory as a treaty proposed by Sam Houston was never ratified. The tribe was granted land in Nacimiento, Coahuila, by the Mexican government in 1852. Tribal members returned to Texas periodically and over the years became seasonal migrant farmers in the U.S. The tribe was officially recognized by the Texas Indian Commission under Senate Bill 168, 65th Legislature, Regular Session, in 1977. In 1982, they were recognized as an official subgroup of the Oklahoma Kickapoo Indian Tribe, enabling them to acquire their own reservation, under control of the Bureau of Indian Affairs instead of the state of Texas. In 1985, the tribe was granted a government-to-government relationship with the U.S. federal government, which granted them the 118 acres in Eagle Pass they occupy today and have maintained the relationship continuously.
References
edit- ^ "Kickapoo." Ethnologue. Retrieved 12 Sept 2013.
- ^ a b Priztker 420
- ^ "Tribal Council". Retrieved 24 July 2019.
- ^ 2013-2017 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates. "My Tribal Area". United States Census Bureau.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "Federally recognized tribes: Texas". National Conference of State Legislatures. Archived from the original on 25 October 2022. Retrieved 1 May 2022.
- ^ "Tribal Directory." National Congress of American Indians. Retrieved 25 Oct 2017.
- ^ "Kickapoo Lucky Eagle Casino." Retrieved 7 Nov 2017.
Further reading
edit- Miller, Tom. On the Border: Portraits of America's Southwestern Frontier. 2000. ISBN 978-0595143344.
- Pritzker, Barry M. A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. ISBN 978-0-19-513877-1
External links
edit- Kickapoo Traditional Tribe of Texas, official website
- Constitution of the Kickapoo Traditional Tribe of Texas Preamble
- Kickapoo Indians, Texas State Historical Association