Kenneth Charles Knowlton (June 6, 1931 – June 16, 2022) was an American computer graphics pioneer, artist, mosaicist and portraitist. In 1963, while working at Bell Labs, he developed the BEFLIX programming language for creating bitmap computer-produced movies. In 1966, also at Bell Labs, he and Leon Harmon created the computer artwork Computer Nude (Studies in Perception I).
Ken Knowlton | |
|---|---|
 Knowlton in 2007 | |
| Born | Kenneth Charles Knowlton June 6, 1931 Springville, New York, U.S. |
| Died | June 16, 2022 (aged 91) Sarasota, Florida, U.S. |
| Spouses |
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| Children | 5 |
| Academic background | |
| Education | Cornell University (BS, MS) Massachusetts Institute of Technology (PhD) |
| Doctoral advisor | Victor Yngve |
| Academic work | |
| Discipline | Engineering Art |
| Sub-discipline | Computer engineering Computer graphics |
Early life and education
editKenneth Charles Knowlton was born to Frank and Eva (Reith) Knowlton in Springville, New York, on June 6, 1931. He completed high school one year early, then entered Cornell University to study engineering physics. After finishing his undergraduate degree, he continued to a master's degree.[1] He completed his M.S. in 1955; the title of his thesis was "X-Ray Microscopy with a Modified RCA Electron Microscope."[2]
In 1962, Knowlton earned his Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1962 under the supervision of Victor Yngve. His thesis was titled "Sentence Parsing with a Self-Organizing Heuristic Program".[3]
Career
editIn 1963, Knowlton developed the BEFLIX (Bell Flicks) programming language for bitmap computer-produced movies, created using an IBM 7094 computer and a Stromberg-Carlson 4020 microfilm recorder. Each frame contained eight shades of grey and a resolution of 252 x 184. Knowlton worked with artists, including Stan VanDerBeek and Lillian Schwartz. He and VanDerBeek created the Poem Field animations. Knowlton also created another programming language named EXPLOR (EXplicit Patterns, Local Operations and Randomness).[4][5][6]
In 1966, he prepared an animated film as an introduction to the Bell Telephone Laboratories' Low-Level Linked List Language (L6).[7]
In 1966, Knowlton and Leon Harmon were experimenting with photomosaics, creating large prints from collections of small symbols or images. In Computer Nude (Studies in Perception I) they created an image of a reclining nude (choreographer Deborah Hay),[8] by scanning a photograph with a camera and converting the analog voltages to binary numbers, which were assigned typographic symbols based on halftone densities. It was printed in The New York Times on October 11, 1967, as the first full frontal nude published in the paper, and exhibited at one of the earliest computer art exhibitions, The Machine as Seen at the End of the Mechanical Age, held at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City from November 25, 1968, through February 9, 1969.[1][4][9][10] The artwork in Studies in Perception also launched Robert Rauschenberg's Experiments in Art and Technology (E.A.T.).[1] In 1969, Knowlton and Harmon continued the series with Gulls (Studies in Perception II)[11] and Gargoyle (Studies in Perception III).[12]
Knowlton's work had been previously exhibited at Cybernetic Serendipity, an exhibition held at the Institute of Contemporary Arts in London from August 2 to October 20, 1968.[13]
Knowlton co-invented Ji Ga Zo with Mark Setteducati, released in the United States on March 30, 2011. Ji Ga Zo is a puzzle in which the user assembles a mosaic from 300 shaded pieces to form a digitized image from the user's own photograph.[1]
Technology historian Jim Boulton worked with Knowlton to reconstruct the algorithm used to generate Studies in Perception I, which was used to make a remastered version of the original work in 2016. As a fundraiser for Rhizome, Knowlton and Boulton used the algorithm in 2022 to generate a portrait of E.A.T. director Julie Martin, Studies in Perception IV: Julie Martin.[8]
Personal life and death
editKnowlton had three sons and two daughters from his first marriage to Roberta Behrens, which ended in divorce.[1] His second wife, Barbara Bean, died before him.[1] He died at a hospice facility in Sarasota, Florida, on June 16, 2022, ten days after his 91st birthday.[1]
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g Metz, Cade (June 24, 2022). "Ken Knowlton, a Father of Computer Art and Animation, Dies at 91". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 25, 2022.
- ^ Knowlton, Kenneth Charles (1955). X-ray microscopy with a modified RCA electron microscope (MS). Cornell University. OCLC 63372888.
- ^ Knowlton, Kenneth C. (1962). Sentence parsing with a self-organizing heuristic program (PhD). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. LCCN 74203890. OCLC 05145544.
- ^ a b Ken Knowlton. "Mosaic Portraits: New Methods and Strategies" (PDF). PAGE 59 (Winter 2004/2005). Computer Arts Society. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 26, 2007.
- ^ Stills from Pixillation (1963), by Knowlton & Lillian Schwartz, programmed in BEFLIX Archived June 29, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "A Critical History of Computer Graphics and Animation: CGI Family Tree: Bell Labs". Archived from the original on September 6, 2006. Retrieved March 8, 2007.
- ^ Raphael, Bertram (1966). "R66-52 A Programmer's Description of LLLLLL, Bell Telephone Laboratories Low Level Linked List Language". IEEE Transactions on Electronic Computers. EC-15 (4). IEEE: 681–682. doi:10.1109/PGEC.1966.264430. ISSN 0367-7508.
- ^ a b Connor, Michael (May 27, 2022). "Studies in Perception IV: Julie Martin". Rhizome. Retrieved July 2, 2022.
- ^ Studies in Perception I (1966), by Knowlton & Leon Harmon Archived June 29, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ A Critical History of Computer Graphics and Animation: Bell Labs Archived September 6, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Studies in Perception II – Gulls | Database of Digital Art". dada.compart-bremen.de. Retrieved July 2, 2022.
- ^ "Studies in Perception III – Gargoyle | Database of Digital Art". dada.compart-bremen.de. Retrieved July 2, 2022.
- ^ Brent MacGregor. "Cybernetic Serendipity Revisited" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 10, 2006.
External links
edit- KenKnowlton.com Dr. Knowlton's Personal site: general information, writings etc.
- Knowlton Mosaics Ken Knowlton Artworks
- Ken Knowlton bio, "Bell Labs & the Origins of the Multimedia Artist", 1998
- Portrait of the Artist as a Young Scientist, by Ken Knowlton, Digital Art Guild, 2004
- Still from Poem Fields (1964), by Knowlton & Stan Vanderbeek
- Images of Studies in Perception 1 and Studies in Perception: Gargoyle; image of frame from Poem Field
- Images created with patterns from a printer, by Michael Noll and Ken Knowlton of Bell Labs in New Jersey
- List of works held by the Victoria and Albert Museum
Further reading
edit- Reichardt, Jasia. Cybernetic Serendipity: the Computer and the Arts. London: Studio international, 1968. New York: Praeger, 1969. OCLC 13140
- Hultén, K.G. Pontus. The Machine as Seen at the End of Mechanical Age. New York: Museum of Modern Art, 1968. OCLC 166480 OCLC 5561448
- Anderson, S.E., and John Halas. Computer Animation. New York: Hastings House, 1974. OCLC 447407