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Dan Kaminsky

(Redirected from Kaminsky Flaw)
"Daniel Kaminsky" redirects here. For the actor and singer born David Daniel Kaminsky, see Danny Kaye.

Daniel Kaminsky (February 7, 1979 – April 23, 2021) was an American computer security researcher. He was a co-founder and chief scientist of Human Security (formerly White Ops), a computer security company. He previously worked for Cisco, Avaya, and IOActive, where he was the director of penetration testing.[2][3] The New York Times labeled Kaminsky an "Internet security savior" and "a digital Paul Revere".[1]

Dan Kaminsky
Kaminsky in 2007
Born
Daniel Kaminsky

(1979-02-07)February 7, 1979
San Francisco, California, U.S.
DiedApril 23, 2021(2021-04-23) (aged 42)
San Francisco, California, U.S.
Alma materSanta Clara University[1]
OccupationComputer security researcher
Known forDiscovering the 2008 DNS cache poisoning vulnerability
Websitedankaminsky.com

Kaminsky was known among computer security experts for his work on DNS cache poisoning, for showing that the Sony rootkit had infected at least 568,000 computers,[4] and for his talks at the Black Hat Briefings.[3] On June 16, 2010, he was named by ICANN as one of the Trusted Community Representatives for the DNSSEC root.[5]

Early life

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Daniel Kaminsky was born in San Francisco on February 7, 1979, to Marshall Kaminsky and Trudy Maurer. His mother told The New York Times that after his father bought him a RadioShack computer at age four, Kaminsky had taught himself to code by age five. At 11, his mother received a call from a government security administrator who told her that Kaminsky had used penetration testing to intrude into military computers, and that the family's Internet would be cut off. His mother responded by saying if their access was cut, she would take out an advertisement in the San Francisco Chronicle to publicize the fact that an 11-year-old could break military computer security. Instead, a three-day Internet "timeout" for Kaminsky was negotiated. In 2008, after Kaminsky found and coordinated a fix for a fundamental DNS flaw, he was approached by the administrator, who thanked him and asked to be introduced to his mother.[1]

Kaminsky attended St. Ignatius College Preparatory and Santa Clara University.[6] After graduating from college, he worked for Cisco, Avaya, and IOActive, before founding his own firm White Ops (later renamed Human Security).[1]

Career

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Sony rootkit

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Kaminsky in 2014

During the Sony BMG copy protection rootkit scandal, where Sony BMG was found to be covertly installing anti-piracy software onto PCs, Kaminsky used DNS cache snooping to discover whether servers had recently contacted any of the domains accessed by the Sony rootkit. He used this technique to estimate that there were at least 568,000 networks that had computers with the rootkit.[4] Kaminsky then used his research to bring more awareness to the issue while Sony executives were trying to play it down.[1]

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In April 2008, Kaminsky realized a growing practice among ISPs potentially represented a security vulnerability.[7] Various ISPs have experimented with intercepting return messages of non-existent domain names and replacing them with advertising content. This could allow hackers to set up phishing schemes by attacking the server responsible for the advertisements and linking to non-existent subdomains of the targeted websites. Kaminsky demonstrated this process by setting up Rickrolls on Facebook and PayPal.[2][8] While the vulnerability used initially depended in part on the fact that Earthlink was using Barefruit to provide its advertising, Kaminsky was able to generalize the vulnerability to attack Verizon by attacking its ad provider, Paxfire.[9]

Kaminsky went public after working with the ad networks in question to eliminate the immediate cross-site scripting vulnerability.[10]

Flaw in DNS

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In 2008, Kaminsky discovered a fundamental flaw in the Domain Name System (DNS) protocol that could allow attackers to easily perform cache poisoning attacks on most nameservers[11][12] (djbdns, PowerDNS, MaraDNS, Secure64 and Unbound were not vulnerable).[13][14][15][16] With most Internet-based applications depending on DNS to locate their peers, a wide range of attacks became feasible, including website impersonation, email interception, and authentication bypass via the "Forgot My Password" feature on many popular websites.[17][18] After discovering the problem, Kaminsky initially contacted Paul Vixie, who described the severity of the issue as meaning "everything in the digital universe was going to have to get patched." Kaminsky then alerted the Department of Homeland Security and executives at Cisco and Microsoft to work on a fix.[1]

Kaminsky worked with DNS vendors in secret to develop a patch to make exploiting the vulnerability more difficult, releasing it on July 8, 2008.[19]

Kaminsky had intended not to publicize details of the attack until 30 days after the release of the patch, but details were leaked on July 21, 2008.[20] The information was quickly pulled down, but not before it had been mirrored by others.[21] He later presented his findings at the Black Hat Briefings, at which he wore both a suit and rollerskates.[1]

Kaminsky received a substantial amount of mainstream press after disclosing this vulnerability,[22] but experienced some backlash from the computer security community for not immediately disclosing his attack.[23] When a reporter asked him why he had not used the DNS flaw for his own financial benefit, Kaminsky responded that he felt it would be morally wrong, and he did not wish for his mother to visit him in prison.[1]

The actual vulnerability was related to DNS only having 65,536 possible transaction IDs, a number small enough to simply guess given enough opportunities. Dan Bernstein, author of djbdns, had reported this as early as 1999.[24] djbdns dealt with the issue using Source Port Randomization, in which the UDP port was used as a second transaction identifier, thus raising the possible ID count into the billions. Other more popular name server implementations left the issue unresolved due to concerns about performance and stability, as many operating system kernels simply weren't designed to cycle through thousands of network sockets a second. Instead, other implementers assumed that DNS's time to live (TTL) field would limit a guesser to only a few attempts a day.[25]

Kaminsky's attack bypassed this TTL defense by targeting "sibling" names like "83.example.com" instead of "www.example.com" directly. Because the name was unique, it had no entry in the cache, and thus no TTL. But because the name was a sibling, the transaction-ID guessing spoofed response could not only include information for itself, but for the target as well. By using many "sibling" names in a row, he could induce a DNS server to make many requests at once. This tactic provided enough opportunities to guess the transaction ID to successfully spoof a reply in a reasonable amount of time.[26]

To fix this issue, all major DNS servers implemented Source Port Randomization, as djbdns and PowerDNS had done before. This fix makes the attack up to 65,536 times harder. An attacker willing to send billions of packets can still corrupt names.[24] DNSSEC, which Kaminsky spoke in favor of, has since been widely (but not universally) deployed, bringing cryptographic assurance to results provided by DNS.[27]

Automated detection of Conficker

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On March 27, 2009, Kaminsky discovered that Conficker-infected hosts have a detectable signature when scanned remotely.[28] Signature updates for a number of network scanning applications are now available, including NMap[29] and Nessus.[30]

Flaws in Internet X.509 infrastructure

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In 2009, in cooperation with Meredith L. Patterson and Len Sassaman, Kaminsky discovered numerous flaws in the SSL protocol. These include the use of the weak MD2 hash function by Verisign in one of their root certificates and errors in the certificate parsers in a number of Web browsers that allow attackers to successfully request certificates for sites they do not control.[31][32]

Attack by "Zero for 0wned"

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On July 28, 2009, Kaminsky, along with several other high-profile security consultants, experienced the publication of their personal email and server data by hackers associated with the "Zero for 0wned" online magazine.[33][34][35] The attack appeared to be designed to coincide with Kaminsky's appearance at the Black Hat Briefings.[36]

Interpolique

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In June 2010, Kaminsky released Interpolique,[37][38] a beta framework for addressing injection attacks such as SQL injection and cross-site scripting in a manner comfortable to developers.[39]

Personal life and death

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Kaminsky in 2012, wearing an ironic T-shirt depicting a pseudoisochromatic plate reading "I ♥ Color". Kaminsky developed an app helping people with color blindness, inspired by a friend of his with the disorder.[1]

The New York Times wrote that "in a community known for its biting, sometimes misogynistic discourse on Twitter, Mr. Kaminsky stood out for his empathy." He was known for regularly paying for hotels or travel bills for other people going to Black Hat, and once paid for a plane ticket for a friend of his after she had broken up with her boyfriend; the pair later married. At various points in his career, Kaminsky shifted his focus to work on projects related to his friends' and family's health, developing an app that helps colorblind people, working on hearing aid technology, and developing telemedicine tools related to AIDS among refugees for Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH). According to his mother, "he did things because they were the right thing to do, not because they would elicit financial gain."[1]

Kaminsky was also an outspoken privacy rights advocate. During the FBI–Apple encryption dispute, he criticized comments by then-FBI director James Comey, saying "what is the policy of the United States right now? Is it to make things more secure or to make them less secure?" In a 2016 interview, Kaminsky said, "the Internet was never designed to be secure. The Internet was designed to move pictures of cats ... We didn’t think you’d be moving trillions of dollars onto this. What are we going to do? And here’s the answer: Some of us got to go out and fix it."[1]

Kaminsky died on April 23, 2021, of diabetic ketoacidosis at his home in San Francisco.[40][41] He had been frequently hospitalized for the disease in prior years. After his death, he received tributes from the Electronic Frontier Foundation, which called him a "friend of freedom and embodiment of the true hacker spirit", and from Jeff Moss, who said Kaminsky should be in the Internet Hall of Fame.[1] On December 14, 2021, that wish came to fruition.[42]

Works

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  • Russell, Ryan (2000). Hack proofing your network : internet tradecraft (1 ed.). Rockland, MA: Syngress. ISBN 1-928994-15-6.

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Perlroth, Nicole (April 27, 2021). "Daniel Kaminsky, Internet Security Savior, Dies at 42". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 29, 2021. Retrieved April 27, 2021.
  2. ^ a b Singel, Ryan (April 19, 2008). "ISPs' Error Page Ads Let Hackers Hijack Entire Web, Researcher Discloses". Wired. Retrieved May 19, 2008.
  3. ^ a b Mimoso, Michael S. (April 14, 2008). "Kaminsky on DNS rebinding attacks, hacking techniques". Search Security. Retrieved May 19, 2008.
  4. ^ a b Norton, Quinn (November 15, 2005). "Sony Numbers Add Up to Trouble". Wired. Archived from the original on April 23, 2008. Retrieved May 19, 2008.
  5. ^ "IANA — DNSSEC Project Archive - Launch TCR Selection". www.iana.org.
  6. ^ "GENESIS, The St. Ignatius College Preparatory Magazine" (PDF). Spring 2022.
  7. ^ Davis, Joshua (November 24, 2008). "Secret Geek A-Team Hacks Back, Defends Worldwide Web". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved May 1, 2021.
  8. ^ McFeters, Nathan (April 21, 2008). "ToorCon Seattle 2008: Nuke plants, non-existent sub domain attacks, muffin diving, and Guitar Hero | Zero Day". ZDNet. Archived from the original on August 1, 2008. Retrieved January 25, 2013.
  9. ^ Krebs, Brian (April 30, 2008). "More Trouble With Ads on ISPs' Error Pages". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on May 3, 2011. Retrieved May 19, 2008.
  10. ^ McMillan, Robert (April 19, 2008). "EarthLink redirect service poses security risk, expert says". InfoWorld.
  11. ^ "CERT Vulnerability Note VU#800113: Multiple DNS implementations vulnerable to cache poisoning". United States Computer Emergency Readiness Team. July 8, 2008. Retrieved November 27, 2008.
  12. ^ Messmer, Ellen (July 8, 2008). "Major DNS flaw could disrupt the Internet". Network World. Archived from the original on February 13, 2009. Retrieved June 14, 2021. "We worked with vendors on a coordinated patch," said Kaminsky, noting this is the first time such a coordinated multi-vendor synchronized patch release has ever been carried out. Microsoft, Sun, ISC's DNS Bind, and Cisco have readied DNS patches, said Kamisnky. "The patch was selected to be as non-disruptive as possible." ... Lack of an applied patch in the ISP infrastructure would mean "they could go after your ISP or Google and re-direct them pretty much wherever they wanted." Both current and older versions of DNS may be vulnerable, Kaminsky says, and patches may not be available for older DNS software. He says Yahoo was vulnerable because it uses an older version of BIND but had committed to upgrading to BIND 9.0.
  13. ^ Mogull, Rich (July 8, 2008). "Dan Kaminsky Discovers Fundamental Issue In DNS: Massive Multivendor Patch Released". securosis. Archived from the original on July 11, 2008. Retrieved June 14, 2021.
  14. ^ "Network Security podcast – Episode 7". hw.libsyn.com. Archived from the original on January 29, 2011. Retrieved January 12, 2022.
  15. ^ "Securosispublications - Article" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 27, 2008.
  16. ^ "Dan Kaminsky Discovers Fundamental Issue In DNS: Massive Multivendor Patch Released (Securosis.com) [LWN.net]". lwn.net.
  17. ^ "An Astonishing Collaboration". DoxPara Research. July 9, 2008. Archived from the original on July 14, 2008. Retrieved June 14, 2021.
  18. ^ "Ow My Toe". DoxPara Research. July 11, 2008. Archived from the original on July 15, 2008. Retrieved June 14, 2021.
  19. ^ Vixie, Paul (July 14, 2008). "Not a Guessing Game". Circleid.com. Retrieved January 25, 2013.
  20. ^ "Kaminsky's DNS Issue Accidentally Leaked?". Invisible Denizen blog. July 21, 2008. Retrieved July 30, 2008.
  21. ^ "DNS bug leaks by matasano". beezari's LiveJournal. July 22, 2008. Archived from the original on September 17, 2008. Retrieved July 30, 2008.
  22. ^ Lathrop, Daniel; Shukovsky, Paul (August 3, 2008). "Seattle security expert helped uncover major design flaw on Internet". Seattle Post-Intelligencer.
  23. ^ "Pwnie Awards 2008". pwnies.com. Archived from the original on May 6, 2021. Retrieved April 28, 2021.
  24. ^ a b "DNS forgery". Cr.yp.to. Retrieved January 25, 2013.
  25. ^ "Measures to prevent DNS spoofing". Ds9a.nl. November 2, 2006. Retrieved January 25, 2013.
  26. ^ Rashid, Fahmida Y. (April 23, 2018). "Hacker History: How Dan Kaminsky Almost Broke the Internet". Duo.com. Retrieved April 28, 2021.
  27. ^ Kaminsky, Dan. "DNS 2008 and the new (old) nature of critical infrastructure" (PDF). blackhat.com. Retrieved April 30, 2021.
  28. ^ Goodin, Dan (March 30, 2009). "Busted! Conficker's tell-tale heart uncovered". The Register. Retrieved March 31, 2009.
  29. ^ Bowes, Ronald (March 30, 2009). Scanning for Conficker with Nmap. Skullsecurity.org. Archived from the original on April 2, 2009. Retrieved March 31, 2009.
  30. ^ Asadoorian, Paul (April 1, 2009). Updated Conficker Detection Plugin Released. Tenable Security. Archived from the original on September 26, 2010. Retrieved April 2, 2009.
  31. ^ Rodney (August 2, 2009). "Dan Kaminsky Feels a disturbance in The Internet". SemiAccurate. Retrieved January 25, 2013.
  32. ^ Goodin, Dan (July 30, 2009). "Wildcard certificate spoofs web authentication". The Register.
  33. ^ Ries, Ulie (July 31, 2009). "Crackers publish hackers' private data". heise online. Retrieved July 31, 2009.
  34. ^ Goodin, Dan (July 29, 2009). "Security elite pwned on Black Hat eve". The Register. Retrieved July 31, 2009.
  35. ^ Zetter, Kim (July 29, 2009). "Real Black Hats Hack Security Experts on Eve of Conference". Wired.com. Retrieved July 31, 2009.
  36. ^ Constantin, Lucian (July 30, 2009). "Security Gurus 0wned by Black Hats". Softpedia. Retrieved April 28, 2021.
  37. ^ "Interpolique Home Page". Archived from the original on June 18, 2010.
  38. ^ "Kaminsky Issues Developer Tool To Kill Injection Bugs". Dark Reading. June 14, 2010.
  39. ^ Walker, James (April 26, 2021). "Dan Kaminsky: Tributes pour in for security researcher who died after short illness". The Daily Swig. Retrieved April 28, 2021.
  40. ^ "Security Researcher Dan Kaminsky Passes Away". Security Week. Wired Business Media. April 24, 2021. The cybersecurity world woke up Saturday to news of the sudden passing of Dan Kaminsky, a celebrated hacker who is widely credited with pioneering research work on DNS security.
  41. ^ "Security Researcher Dan Kaminsky Has Died". CircleID. April 24, 2021. Retrieved April 24, 2021.
  42. ^ "INTERNET HALL of FAME - Dan Kaminsky". Internet Hall of Fame. ISOC. December 14, 2021.
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