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Jubilee Line Extension

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51°30′32″N 0°08′28″W / 51.509°N 0.141°W / 51.509; -0.141

Entrance to the Canary Wharf station

The Jubilee Line Extension (JLE) is the extension of the London Underground Jubilee line from Green Park to Stratford through south and east London. An eastward extension of the line was first proposed in the 1970s. As part of the development of London Docklands, the line was extended to serve Canary Wharf and other areas of south and east London. Construction began in 1993, and it opened in stages from May to December 1999, at a cost of £3.5 billion.

The 11 new stations were designed to be "future-proof", with wide passageways, large quantities of escalators and lifts, and emergency exits. The stations were the first on the Underground to have platform edge doors, and were built to have step free access throughout. Each of the stations was designed by a different architect, and the overall design of the project was led by Roland Paoletti. The stations have subsequently been praised as exemplary pieces of 20th-century architecture. The project was the single largest addition to the Underground in 25 years.

Stations

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The extension diverges just east of Green Park, eastward to:

Station London borough Infrastructure Architects[1]
Westminster Westminster new ticket hall and two additional deep-level platforms Hopkins Architects
Waterloo Lambeth new ticket hall and two additional deep-level platforms JLE Project Architects
Southwark Southwark new station with two deep-level platforms MacCormac, Jamieson, Prichard
London Bridge new ticket hall and two additional deep-level platforms Weston Williamson and JLE Project Architects
Bermondsey new station with two deep-level platforms Ian Ritchie
Canada Water new station with two deep-level platforms and two new sub-surface platforms on East London Line JLE Project Architects and Heron Associates
new bus station Eva Jiřičná
Canary Wharf Tower Hamlets new station with two deep-level platforms Foster + Partners
North Greenwich Greenwich new station with three deep-level platforms Alsop, Lyall and Störmer
new bus station Foster + Partners
Canning Town Newham new station with two surface platforms, two new elevated platforms for the DLR and two surface platforms for the North London line, new bus station Troughton McAslan
West Ham new station building with two additional surface platforms Van Heyningen and Haward Architects
Stratford new station building and plaza WilkinsonEyre
three additional surface platforms and train crew building Troughton McAslan

Before the extension, the Jubilee line terminated at Charing Cross. The section between Charing Cross and Green Park, which diverges to the northwest, is now unused for passenger services but is maintained for emergency use. The abandoned platforms are occasionally rented out by TfL as a film set e.g. Skyfall, Thor: The Dark World and Woman in Black II.[2]

Planning

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Original 1970s plans

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The Jubilee line between Baker Street and Charing Cross was intended to be the first phase of the Fleet Line (as the Jubilee line was originally called).[3] In the first version of the Fleet Line Extension plan, the line ran from Charing Cross via Aldwych and Ludgate Circus to Fenchurch Street station, then via tunnel under the River Thames to connect to the East London line north of Surrey Docks (now Surrey Quays) from where it would take over Underground services to New Cross Gate and New Cross with tunnels continuing from the latter to Lewisham.[a] In anticipation of this, the tunnels of the first phase of the line continued eastward from Charing Cross under Strand almost as far as Aldwych.

This plan was modified shortly before the Jubilee line opened in 1979. Under the new plan (known for planning purposes as the River Line), it would run to Fenchurch Street as before and continue via the Isle of Dogs, Royal Docks and Woolwich Arsenal to the "new town" at Thamesmead. A branch from Silvertown to Beckton would have provided a link to a new depot.[b] This route is not dissimilar to the Crossrail route through the Docklands.

Jubilee Line Extension

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Plans to extend the line were revived in the late 1980s, prompted by the proposed development of London Docklands and Canary Wharf, which substantially increased the predicted numbers of jobs in the Isle of Dogs and required a transport network with much greater capacity than provided by the Docklands Light Railway (DLR). Initially, Olympia and York, the developers of Canary Wharf, proposed building a dedicated 'Waterloo and Greenwich Railway' from Waterloo through London Bridge to Canary Wharf and then to Westcombe Park in Greenwich, costing £400 million. However, London Transport resisted this, preferring to wait for the results of studies into new railway construction. One of these, the East London Railway Study, recommended an extension of the Jubilee line from Green Park to Westminster, then following the route of the Waterloo and Greenwich Railway, continuing to Stratford via Canning Town alongside the North London Line. This option was adopted, with an estimated cost of £2.1 billion to which Olympia and York would make a £400 million contribution, the original cost estimate of the Waterloo and Greenwich Railway.[6] In the end it cost £3.5bn, partly because of huge cost overruns during construction. Where initially the developers were to pay for a large part of the extension, their final contribution was less than 5%.[7]

The extension was authorised in 1990. A station was originally planned at Blackwall, but this was replaced by diverting the line between Canary Wharf and Stratford underneath the Thames to serve the Greenwich peninsula at North Greenwich station. Plans for the Millennium Dome did not yet exist, and this diversion was made to provide for a planned housing development on the site of disused gasworks. British Gas plc contributed £25 million to the scheme.[8] The stations at Southwark and Bermondsey were not initially certain.[9]

The project also required the construction of a new depot to serve the extended line, given the increased number of trains could not be accommodated at the existing Neasden Depot - hence a site at Stratford Market was chosen.[6][10] 59 1996 Stock trains were ordered as part of the extension, following cancellation of the plan to heavily refurbish the original 1983 stock trains.[11]

Main works were authorised by the London Underground Act 1992,[12] with additional works allowed by the London Underground (Jubilee) Act 1993.[13] In May 1992, Olympia and York (the developers of Canary Wharf) went into administration following the early 1990s recession. This caused a delay to the project, as the Treasury did not wish to proceed without private sector investment.[14] In September 1993, the financial restricting of Canary Wharf was completed, and it was agreed that the £400 million contribution would be maintained.[15] In October 1993, Secretary of State for Transport John MacGregor gave the go ahead for the project.[16] Contracts to build the project were awarded soon after, at a cost of around £1.2 billion.[14][15]

Construction

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Structural columns at Westminster

Construction of the project officially began on 8 December 1993, with a ceremony at Canary Wharf attended by Prime Minister John Major.[17][18] Construction was expected to take 53 months, with an opening date of May 1998.[19] Tunnelling began in August 1994 at North Greenwich.[15] By August 1996, all tunnelling work had been completed.[15]

Tunnelling had been delayed after a collapse during the Heathrow Express project in October 1994, which used the same New Austrian Tunnelling method.[20] Indeed, construction under Westminster had caused the Elizabeth Tower to tilt slightly.[21] Other delays subsequently affected the project, including wildcat strikes by electricians and changes to the designs of the stations.[22][23] The extension was supposed to have moving block signalling, designed by Westinghouse, in order to reach 36 trains per hour at peak times. As design of this overran, this was postponed in favour of more traditional signalling.[24] Twelve years later these features were completed, allowing for up to 33 trains per hour.[25] By November 1997, a September 1998 date was planned.[26][27]

The new Stratford Market Depot was completed in March 1998 - allowing for testing and commissioning of the new 1996 Stock trains, as well as the testing of the new extension itself.[28][29] By June 1998, opening was planned in Spring 1999.[30] By November 1998, a phased opening throughout 1999 was being considered.[31][32] By February 1999, the cost of the extension had increased to a total of £3.3 billion.[33]

Opening

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The first phase of the extension from Stratford to North Greenwich was opened by the Deputy Prime Minister John Prescott on 14 May 1999.[34] There was concern that the entire line would not be open in time for the Millennium Dome, which would open on 1 January 2000.[34] The second phase between North Greenwich and Bermondsey opened on 24 September 1999.[35] The extension was linked to the rest of the Jubilee line with the opening of the final phase on 20 November 1999.[36] Westminster – complicated by the interface with the subsurface platforms, which remained in operation during construction – opened on 22 December 1999, shortly before the Millennium Dome deadline.[15][37] The final construction cost of the extension was £3.5 billion.[38]

In March 2005, a criminal trial regarding corruption and insider information during the construction of the extension collapsed, after 21 months and a cost of £60m.[39]

Design

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Platforms at Southwark, showing platform edge doors

The design of the extension is radically different from anything else on the London Underground.[40] Stations are characterised by cavernous, stark interiors lined with polished metal panels and moulded concrete walls and columns. Canary Wharf has been compared to a cathedral, with it being said that the neighbouring One Canada Square, if laid on its side, could fit in the station with room to spare. Westminster has a dramatic vertical void nearly 40 m (130 ft) deep.

The size of the stations was a response to safety concerns—overcrowding and a lack of exits had been significant factors in the 1987 King's Cross disaster—and an attempt to "future-proof" stations by designing from the start for a high use.[41] Most platforms and halls are full only in a busy rush hour,[14] all provide step-free access, platforms have emergency exits at both ends, ventilation, as well as fireproof lifts.[25] To ensure passenger flow, a large quantity of escalators (at least three per station)[25] were installed, totalling 115 over the entire extension, increasing the total number of escalators over the entire Underground network by almost half.[42]

The extension was also built with a wider tunnel diameter of 4.35 m allowing a passenger walkway used for emergency purposes; unfortunately wider trains are not possible due to the narrower tunnel dimension northwards of Green Park.[42]

A number of leading architects were employed to design the stations, overseen by Roland Paoletti and a small team of in-house JLE Architects.[40][43] It was decided from the outset that although each station would be designed as an individual entity, they would be linked by a common design philosophy and functional elements.[44] Spaciousness was the most noticeable, along with the shared theme of grey and silver polished metal and concrete interiors. More subtly, many stations were designed to admit as much natural light as possible. At Bermondsey and to a lesser extent at Canada Water and Southwark, rotundas and shafts allow daylight to reach, or nearly reach, the platforms.[14]

The platforms saw another innovation: full-height platform edge doors, to improve airflow, prevent people from jumping or falling onto the track,[14] prevent litter depositing upon the track and stop dirt circulating around the network, amongst other features.[42] These are the first doors to be installed on a commercial railway in Great Britain.[42]

Reception

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Upon opening, the Jubilee Line Extension was widely welcomed, with praise for the architecture, accessibility and expansion of the Tube to south-east and east London.[45][46][47] Many of the new stations subsequently received individual awards and commendations for their architecture, including Westminster and Canary Wharf being jointly awarded the 2000 Civic Trust Building of the Year.[1] The Royal Fine Art Commission named the extension as a whole their Millennium Building of the Year, with the chair of the judging panel calling it "comparable to the achievement of Haussmann when he constructed the great boulevards of Paris".[47]

For his work on the project, Roland Paoletti received the RIBA/Arts Council Award for "Client of the Year" 1999 and was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2000 New Year Honours for "services to Architecture".[48][49] The Architectural Review called him "the Medici of London Transport".[50]

Legacy

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Since the opening of the extension in 1999, areas along the line such as Canary Wharf, the Greenwich Peninsula and Stratford have seen substantial commercial and residential development. Canary Wharf has become London's second financial district, rivalling the City of London.[51] Research by KPMG and Savills for Transport for London (TfL) indicated that the extension led to increases in land value along the line of around 50%.[52] During October 2004, TfL published a report showing "substantial benefits" as a result of the extension, including development of the Canary Wharf financial district, reduced travel time for residents along the line and improved modal share.[53] As part of the development of the Crossrail project, TfL estimated that agglomeration benefits as a result of the JLE led to a benefit–cost ratio of around 3, an increase from 1.56 calculated in 1989.[51]

The extension has proved extremely successful in relieving congestion on the DLR and in opening up access to parts of east London with formerly poor transport links.[14] As such it allowed (theoretically - barring peak/off-peak timetable restrictions i.e. to Chesham or Mill Hill East etc.) access to all other London Underground stations with only a single change.[42]

The Jubilee line was considered an essential part of the public transport network for the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games, allowing access to major venues in Stratford and the Royal Docks.[54][55] As of 2019, ridership on the line has increased substantially since the extension opened, becoming the 3rd busiest Underground line, with the Jubilee line having four of the 10 busiest stations.[56][57]

The stations themselves have subsequently been praised as exemplary pieces of 20th century architecture,[58][59] with Canary Wharf was voted as the "most loved" tube station in London in 2013,[60] and Westminster was selected by Londoners as one of 10 favourite transport design icons in 2015.[61]

Notes and references

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Notes

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  1. ^ Stations were to be provided at Aldwych, Ludgate Circus, Cannon Street, Fenchurch Street, Surrey Docks, New Cross, New Cross Gate and Lewisham.[4]
  2. ^ Parliamentary approval was granted for stations at St Katharine Docks, Wapping, Surrey Docks North, Millwall, North Greenwich, Custom House, Silvertown, Woolwich Arsenal and Beckton. Further stations at Thamesmead West and Thamesmead Central were planned if the line was continued beyond Woolwich.[5]

References

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  1. ^ a b Bennett, David (2004). Architecture of the Jubilee Line Extension. London: Thomas Telford. ISBN 0727730886. OCLC 51870430.
  2. ^ london75 (14 April 2015). "Filming on the London Underground". Insider London. Retrieved 10 October 2018.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ Wolmar, Christian (2005) [2004]. The Subterranean Railway: How the London Underground Was Built and How It Changed the City Forever. Atlantic Books. p. 308. ISBN 1-84354-023-1.
  4. ^ Horne, Mike (2000). The Jubilee Line. Capital Transport. p. 36. ISBN 1-85414-220-8.
  5. ^ Horne, Mike (2000). The Jubilee Line. Capital Transport. pp. 50–52. ISBN 1-85414-220-8.
  6. ^ a b Mitchell, Bob, C. Eng. (2003). Jubilee Line extension : from concept to completion. London: Thomas Telford. ISBN 0-7277-3028-2. OCLC 51945284.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ "LRB · James Meek · Crocodile's Breath". Lrb.co.uk. Retrieved 22 June 2010.
  8. ^ "Jubilee Line Extension". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 18 May 1992. Retrieved 22 June 2010.
  9. ^ "London Underground Bill (By Order)". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 12 July 1990.
  10. ^ Bennett, David (2004). Architecture of the Jubilee Line Extension. Institution of Civil Engineers. ISBN 978-0-7277-4577-4. OCLC 935052993.
  11. ^ Mitchell, Bob (2003). Jubilee Line extension : from concept to completion. London: Thomas Telford. ISBN 0-7277-3028-2. OCLC 51945284.
  12. ^ "London Underground Act 1992 (c. iii) (c. 3)". Opsi.gov.uk. Retrieved 22 June 2010.
  13. ^ "London Underground (Jubilee) Act 1993 (c. ix) (c. 9)". England-legislation.hmso.gov.uk. Retrieved 22 June 2010.
  14. ^ a b c d e f "UK Jubilee Line Extension (JLE)" (PDF). omegacentre.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk. Bartlett School of Planning. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
  15. ^ a b c d e Mitchell, Bob (2003). Jubilee Line Extension: From Concept to Completion. London: Thomas Telford Publishing. pp. 324–236. ISBN 0727730282.
  16. ^ Mitchell, Bob (2003). Jubilee Line Extension: From Concept to Completion. London: Thomas Telford Publishing. p. 48. ISBN 0727730282.
  17. ^ Mitchell, Bob (2003). Jubilee Line Extension: From Concept to Completion. London: Thomas Telford Publishing. p. 49. ISBN 0727730282.
  18. ^ "Mr Major's Comments at Jubilee Line Extension Inaugural Ceremony – 8 December 1993 – The Rt. Hon. Sir John Major KG CH". johnmajorarchive.org.uk. 8 December 1993. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
  19. ^ "Jubilee Line Extension". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 28 June 1993.
  20. ^ "Record fine after tunnel collapse". BBC News. 15 February 1999.
  21. ^ "The Jubilee Line Is 40 Years Old... Here Are Some Awesome Vintage Photos". Londonist. 19 April 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  22. ^ "Where the JLE went wrong". Construction News. 4 February 1999. Retrieved 28 September 2023.
  23. ^ Horsnell, Michael (19 November 1998). "Sabotage holds up the millennium line". The Times. p. 1.
  24. ^ "Moving block signals finally go ahead on Jubilee Line". New Civil Engineer. 3 October 2003.
  25. ^ a b c Green, Oliver (2012). The Tube: Station to Station on the London Underground. Botley, Oxford: Shire Publications Ltd. pp. 55–59, 109–115. ISBN 978-0-74781-227-2.
  26. ^ "Jubilee Line Extension". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 10 November 1997.
  27. ^ "New opening date for the Jubilee Line extension" (Press release). London Transport. 27 March 1997. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
  28. ^ "LUL Stratford Market Depot" (PDF). Structural Steel Design Awards. 1998. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
  29. ^ "Stratford Market Depot | AJ Buildings Library". www.ajbuildingslibrary.co.uk. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
  30. ^ "Jubilee Line Extension". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 9 June 1998.
  31. ^ "Jubilee Line Extension: Westminster Station". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 27 April 1998.
  32. ^ "Jubilee Line Extension". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 27 November 1998.
  33. ^ Harper, Keith (16 February 1999). "Jubilee line cost races towards record books at £330m a mile". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  34. ^ a b "Prescott launches Dome tube link". BBC News. 14 May 1999. Retrieved 24 March 2023.
  35. ^ Horne, Mike (2000). The Jubilee Line. Capital Transport. p. 80. ISBN 1-85414-220-8.
  36. ^ "Jubilee Line finally opens". BBC News. 20 November 1999. Retrieved 24 March 2023.
  37. ^ "Jubilee line facts". Transport for London. Archived from the original on 12 February 2008.
  38. ^ "London Underground Jubilee Line". Railway Technology. Retrieved 28 September 2023. Costing a total of £3.5bn when completed,
  39. ^ "£60m fraud case collapse probed". BBC News. 23 March 2005. Retrieved 24 March 2023.
  40. ^ a b "Architecture: It goes far beyond Canary Wharf: There are compelling". The Independent. 20 October 1992. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
  41. ^ Green, Oliver (2012). The Tube:Station to Station on the London Underground. Botley, Oxford: Shire Publications Ltd. pp. 57, 114. ISBN 978-0-74781-227-2.
  42. ^ a b c d e Glover, John (2010). London's Underground (11th ed.). Hersham: Ian Allan Publishing Ltd. pp. 127–131. ISBN 978-0-7110-3429-7.
  43. ^ Wu, Sui-Te (January 2014). "Roland Paoletti (1931–2013)". RIBA. Retrieved 24 March 2023.
  44. ^ Williamson, Chris (20 November 2019). "Happy birthday, Jubilee Line Extension". RIBA. Retrieved 24 March 2023. He wanted each architect to choose or design their own components for cladding, seating, lighting and finishes
  45. ^ Glancey, Jonathan (29 January 2000). "East meets West". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
  46. ^ Saint, Andrew (20 January 2000). "Andrew Saint · Diary: The Jubilee Line Extension". London Review of Books. Vol. 22, no. 2. ISSN 0260-9592. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
  47. ^ a b Davies, Hugh (12 June 2000). "'Brilliant' Jubilee Line wins Millennium award". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
  48. ^ Mitchell, Bob (2003). Jubilee Line Extension: From Concept to Completion. London: Thomas Telford Publishing. pp. 355–356. ISBN 0727730282.
  49. ^ "New Years Honours List — United Kingdom". The London Gazette (55710 (Supplement No. 1) ed.). 31 December 1999. p. 10. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
  50. ^ "Roland Paoletti – Obituary". The Daily Telegraph. 19 November 2013. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
  51. ^ a b Schabas, Michael (26 January 2017). "The Jubilee Line Extension". www.modernrailways.com. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
  52. ^ "Land value capture" (PDF). London.gov.uk. Transport for London. February 2017. p. 7.
  53. ^ "TfL Publishes Report into Impacts of Jubilee Line Extension". Transport for London. 25 October 2004. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
  54. ^ "London 2012 Olympics: Do we love the Jubilee Line?". BBC News. 31 January 2012. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
  55. ^ "The London 2012 Games transport legacy: one year on". Transport for London. 19 July 2013. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
  56. ^ May, Jack (5 February 2023). "Which London Tube line is the busiest?". City Monitor. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
  57. ^ "Station Usage Data" (XLSX). Usage Statistics for London Stations, 2019. Transport for London. 23 September 2020. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
  58. ^ "Elizabeth Line "more mannered" than Jubilee predecessor says head of architecture". Dezeen. 10 May 2022. Archived from the original on 8 August 2022. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
  59. ^ Dickinson, Greg (15 January 2024). "The best and worst London Underground lines (according to science)". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
  60. ^ "Londoners say Bank Tube station is capital's worst". BBC News. 23 April 2013. Retrieved 24 March 2023. Canary Wharf, designed by Lord Foster, was voted Londoners' favourite stop
  61. ^ "London's top design icons revealed". ITV News. 4 November 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2023.

Further reading

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