Jola (Joola) or Diola is a dialect continuum spoken in Senegal, the Gambia, and Guinea-Bissau. It belongs to the Bak branch of the Niger–Congo language family.
| Jola | |
|---|---|
| Diola | |
| Geographic distribution | The Gambia, Senegal (esp. Casamance) and Guinea-Bissau |
| Linguistic classification | Niger–Congo?
|
| Subdivisions |
|
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | nucl1345 (Nuclear Jola)bayo1255 (Bayot) |
Name
editThe name Jola is an exonym, and may be from the Mandinka word joolaa 'one who pays back'.[1] There is no widespread endonym used by all of the Jola speakers.
Languages
editThe primary branches of Jola proper and to some extent Central Jola are not mutually intelligible. The main varieties are:
- Bayot
- Jola proper
- Kwatay (Kuwaataay), spoken along the coast south of the Casamance River.
- Karon–Mlomp
- Karon, spoken along the coast of Casamance south of Diouloulou.
- Mlomp
- Central Jola
- Jola-Fonyi (Kujamatay), spoken around Bignona. The official standard.
- Bandial, spoken in a small area south of the Casamance River.
- Gusilay, spoken in the village of Thionck Essyl.
- Jola-Felupe (Ediamat), spoken in a handful of villages south of Oussouye in Oussouye Department. Kerak may be a dialect.
- (Jola) Kasa, spoken around Oussouye.
Bayot
editBayot, spoken around Ziguinchor, is grammatically Jola, apart from a non-Jola pronominal system. However, perhaps half its vocabulary is non-Jola and even non-Atlantic. It may therefore be a language isolate with substantial Jola borrowing (relexification). In any case, Bayot is clearly distinct from (other) Jola languages.
Reconstruction
editSome Proto-Joola reconstructions of stable lexical roots by Segerer (2016) are:[2]
| Gloss | Proto-Joola |
|---|---|
| to take | *-ŋar |
| to speak | *-lɔb |
| rain | *-lʊb |
| belly | *-ar |
| eye | *-kil |
| knee | *-juul |
| nose | *-ɲend |
| fat | *-tɔf |
| to die | *-kɛt |
| liver | *-iɲ |
| to bite | *-rʊm |
| mouth | *-tum |
References
edit- ^ Wilson, William André Auquier. 2007. Guinea Languages of the Atlantic group: description and internal classification. (Schriften zur Afrikanistik, 12.) Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
- ^ Segerer, Guillaume. 2016. The unusually unstable basic vocabulary of the Joola languages. Towards Proto-Niger-Congo: Comparison and Reconstruction, 2nd International Congress. Paris, September 1-3, 2016.