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James M. Cox

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James Middleton Cox (born James Monroe Cox; March 31, 1870 – July 15, 1957) was an American businessman and politician who served as the 46th and 48th governor of Ohio, and a two-term U.S. Representative from Ohio. As the Democratic nominee for President of the United States at the 1920 presidential election, he lost in a landslide to fellow Ohioan Warren G. Harding. His running mate was future president Franklin D. Roosevelt. He founded the chain of newspapers that continues today as Cox Enterprises, a media conglomerate.

James Cox
Cox c. 1920
46th and 48th Governor of Ohio
In office
January 8, 1917 – January 10, 1921
LieutenantEarl D. Bloom
Clarence J. Brown
Preceded byFrank B. Willis
Succeeded byHarry L. Davis
In office
January 13, 1913 – January 11, 1915
LieutenantW. A. Greenlund
Preceded byJudson Harmon
Succeeded byFrank B. Willis
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Ohio's 3rd district
In office
March 4, 1909 – January 12, 1913
Preceded byJ. Eugene Harding
Succeeded byWarren Gard
Personal details
Born
James Monroe Cox[1]

(1870-03-31)March 31, 1870
Jacksonburg, Ohio, U.S.
DiedJuly 15, 1957(1957-07-15) (aged 87)
Kettering, Ohio, U.S.
Resting placeWoodland Cemetery and Arboretum
Political partyDemocratic
Spouse(s)Mayme Simpson Harding
Margaretta Parker Blair
Children6, including James, Anne, and Barbara
Signature
James M. Cox's voice
Recorded 1920

Born and raised in Ohio, Cox began his career as a newspaper copy reader before becoming an assistant to Congressman Paul J. Sorg. As owner of the Dayton Daily News, Cox introduced several innovations and crusaded against the local Republican Party boss. He served in the United States House of Representatives from 1909 to 1913 before being elected as Governor of Ohio. As governor, Cox introduced a series of progressive reforms and supported Woodrow Wilson's handling of World War I and its aftermath.

He was chosen as the Democratic nominee for president on the forty-fourth ballot of the 1920 Democratic National Convention. Running on a ticket with future President Franklin D. Roosevelt as his vice presidential running mate, Cox suffered the worst popular vote defeat (a 26.17% margin) since the unopposed re-election of James Monroe in 1820.

Cox retired from public office after the 1920 presidential election to focus on his media conglomerate, which expanded into several cities. By 1939, his media empire extended from Dayton to Miami. He remained active in politics, supporting Roosevelt's campaigns and attending the 1933 London Economic Conference.

Early life and career

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Cox was born on a farm near the tiny Butler County, Ohio, village of Jacksonburg, the youngest son of Gilbert Cox and Eliza (née Andrew); he had six siblings.[2] Cox was named James Monroe Cox at birth; he was later known as James Middleton Cox, possibly because he spent part of his early years in Middletown, Ohio.[3][4] Cox was educated in a one-room school until the age sixteen.[5] After his parents divorced, he moved with his mother in 1886 to Middletown, where he started a journalistic apprenticeship at the Middletown Weekly Signal published by John Q. Baker.

In 1892 Cox received a job at the Cincinnati Enquirer as a copy reader on the telegraph desk, and later started to report on spot news including the railroad news. In 1894, Cox became an assistant to Middletown businessman Paul J. Sorg who was elected to U.S. Congress, and spent three formative years in Washington, D.C. Sorg helped Cox to acquire the struggling Dayton Evening News, and Cox, after renaming it into the Dayton Daily News, turned it by 1900 into a successful afternoon newspaper outperforming competing ventures. He refocused local news, increased national, international and sports news coverage based on Associated Press wire service, published timely market quotes with stock-exchange, grain and livestock tables, and introduced several innovations including photo-journalistic approach to news coverage, suburban columns, book serializations and McClure's Saturday magazine supplement inserts, among others. Cox started a crusade against Dayton's Republican boss, Joseph E. Lowes, who used his political clout to profit from government deals. He also confronted John H. Patterson, president of Dayton's National Cash Register Co., revealing facts of antitrust violations and bribery.[6] In 1905, foretelling his future media conglomerate, Cox acquired the Springfield Press-Republic published in Springfield, Ohio, and renamed it, the Springfield Daily News.

Congress

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In 1908, he ran for Congress as a Democrat and was elected. Cox represented Ohio in the United States House of Representatives for two terms from 1909 to 1913, and resigned after winning election as Governor of Ohio.[5]

Governor of Ohio

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Cox won the 1912 election for Governor of Ohio, in a three-way race gaining 41.5% of the vote. Cox served three terms; after winning the 1912 election, he served from 1913 to 1915; he lost reelection in 1914, but won the 1916 and 1918 elections, and served from 1917 to 1921. He presided over a wide range of measures[7] such as laying the foundation of Ohio's unified highway system, creating a no fault workers' compensation system and restricting child labor.[8] He introduced direct primaries and municipal home rule, started educational and prison reforms, and streamlined the budget and tax processes.[9]

During World War I, Cox encouraged voluntary cooperation between business, labor, and government bodies. In 1918, he welcomed constitutional amendments for Prohibition and women's suffrage.[5] Cox supported the internationalist policies of Woodrow Wilson and reluctantly supported U.S. entry into the League of Nations.[10][11]

In 1919, shortly after the Great War ended, Governor Cox backed the Ake Law, introduced by H. Ross Ake, which banned the German language from being taught until the eighth grade, even in private schools. Cox claimed that teaching German was "a distinct menace to Americanism, and part of a plot formed by the German government to make the school children loyal to it."[12] Legislation restricting the teaching of foreign languages was declared unconstitutional in Meyer v. Nebraska.

Bid for presidency

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Cox/Roosevelt electoral poster
 
Roosevelt (left) and Cox (right) at a campaign appearance in Washington, D.C., 1920

A capable and well-liked progressive reformer,[13] Cox was nominated for the presidency by the Democratic Party at the 1920 Democratic convention in San Francisco defeating A. Mitchell Palmer and William Gibbs McAdoo on the 44th ballot.[14]

Cox conducted an activist campaign visiting 36 states and delivering 394 speeches mainly focusing on domestic issues, to the displeasure of the Wilsonians, who pictured the election "as a referendum on the League of Nations."[5] To fight unemployment and inflation, he suggested simultaneously lowering income and business profits taxes. He promised to introduce national collective bargaining legislation and pledged his support to the Volstead Act. Cox spoke in support of Americanization to increase the immigrant population's loyalty to the United States.

Despite all of his efforts, Cox was defeated in the 1920 presidential election by a fellow Ohioan and newspaperman, U.S. Senator Warren G. Harding of Marion. The public had grown weary of the turmoil of the Wilson years and eagerly accepted Harding's call for a "return to normalcy." Cox's running mate was future president, then-Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin D. Roosevelt. One of the better-known analyses of the 1920 election is in Irving Stone's book about defeated presidential candidates, They Also Ran. Stone rated Cox as superior in every way over Harding and claimed that Cox would have made a much better president. Stone argued that there was never a stronger case in the history of American presidential elections for the proposition that the better man lost. Of the four men on both tickets, all but Cox would ultimately become president: Harding won and was succeeded by his running mate, Calvin Coolidge, after Harding died in office, and Roosevelt would be elected president in 1932. Cox would, however, outlive all three men by several years.

 
Cox with FDR in Dayton, Ohio during 1920 presidential campaign

During the campaign, Cox recorded several times for The Nation's Forum, a record label that made voice recordings of American political and civic leaders in 1918–1920.[15][16] Among them was the campaign speech now preserved at the Library of Congress that accused the Republicans of failing to acknowledge that Wilson's successful prosecution of the Great War had, according to Cox, "saved civilization."[17]

Later years and death

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After stepping down from public service, he concentrated on building a large media conglomerate, Cox Enterprises. In 1923 he acquired the Miami Daily News and the Canton Daily News. In December 1939, he purchased the Atlanta Georgian and Journal, just a week before that city hosted the premiere of Gone with the Wind.[18]: 389  This deal included radio station WSB, which joined his previous holdings, WHIO in Dayton and WIOD in Miami, to give him, "'air' from the Great Lakes on the north to Latin America on the south."[18]: 387 

He continued to be involved in politics, and in 1932, 1936, 1940, and 1944, Cox supported and campaigned for the presidential candidacies of his former running mate Franklin D. Roosevelt, unlike the other losing Democratic presidential candidates of the time John W. Davis and Al Smith. In 1933, Cox was appointed by Roosevelt to the U.S. delegation to the failed London Economic Conference.[19]

When he was seventy-six, Cox published his memoir, Journey through My Years (1946).

In 1915, Cox built a home near those of industrialists Charles Kettering and Edward Deeds in what later became Kettering, Ohio, where he lived for four decades. It was constructed in the classical French-Renaissance style with six bedrooms, six bathrooms, two tennis courts, a billiards room and an in-ground swimming pool.[20] Cox named the home Trailsend.

Death

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Cox died at Trailsend on July 15, 1957, after a series of strokes.[21] He is interred in the Woodland Cemetery and Arboretum, Dayton, Ohio.

Election history

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President of the United States, 1920

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Electoral results
Presidential candidate Party Home state Popular vote Electoral
vote 		Running mate
Count Percentage Vice-presidential candidate Home state Electoral vote
Warren G. Harding Republican Ohio 16,144,093 60.32% 404 Calvin Coolidge Massachusetts 404
James M. Cox Democratic Ohio 9,139,661 34.15% 127 Franklin D. Roosevelt New York 127
Eugene V. Debs Socialist Indiana 913,693 3.41% 0 Seymour Stedman Illinois 0
Parley P. Christensen Farmer-Labor Illinois 265,398 0.99% 0 Max S. Hayes Ohio 0
Aaron S. Watkins Prohibition Indiana 188,787 0.71% 0 D. Leigh Colvin New York 0
James E. Ferguson American Texas 47,968 0.18% 0 William J. Hough New York 0
William Wesley Cox Socialist Labor Missouri 31,084 0.12% 0 August Gillhaus New York 0
Robert Colvin Macauley Single Tax Pennsylvania 5,750 0.02% 0 Richard C. Barnum Ohio 0
Other 28,746 0.11% — Other —
Total 26,765,180 100% 531 531
Needed to win 266 266

Source (Popular Vote): Leip, David. "1920 Presidential Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved September 11, 2012.

Source (Electoral Vote): "Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996". National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved July 31, 2005.

Governor of Ohio

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Year Democratic Republican Others
1918[22] James M. Cox : 486,403 Frank B. Willis : 474,459  
1916[23] James M. Cox : 568,218 Frank B. Willis : 561,602 Tom Clifford : 36,908
John H. Dickason : 7,347
1914[24] James M. Cox : 493,804 Frank B. Willis : 523,074 James R. Garfield (Progressive) : 60,904
Scott Wilkins (Socialist) : 51,441
1912[22] James M. Cox : 439,323 Robert B. Brown : 272,500  

United States House of Representatives

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Ohio's 3rd Congressional District

1910

  • James M. Cox (D), 31,539
  • George R. Young (R), 18,730
  • Harmon Evans (Socialist), 6,275
  • Richard E. O'Byrne (Prohibition), 286[25]

1908

  • James M. Cox (D), 32,534 votes
  • William G. Frizell (R), 12,593
  • J. Eugene Harding (Independent), 19,306
  • Howard H. Caldwell (Socialist), 2,943
  • Henry A. Thompson (Prohibition), 267[26]

Family

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Cox was married twice. His first marriage to Mayme Simpson Harding lasted from 1893 to 1912, and ended in divorce.[5] He married Margaretta Parker Blair in 1917 and she survived him.[5][27] Cox had six children, three by Mayme Harding, sons James McMahon and John William and a daughter Helen Harding,[28][29][30] a son who died in infancy, and two daughters by Margaretta Blair: Anne Cox Chambers and Barbara Cox Anthony.[5][27] His son James M. Cox Jr., who took over the business after his death, was chairman of Cox Enterprises, Cox Communications, and Cox Media Group in Atlanta.[28][31] His daughter Helen died in 1921 and her husband Daniel Joseph Mahoney was president of Cox Newspapers. His descendants through Chambers and Anthony, including billionaires Blair Parry-Okeden, James C. Kennedy, James Cox Chambers, Katharine Rayner and Margaretta Taylor, are major shareholders in Cox Enterprises.

Legacy

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Cox practiced a variety of trades throughout his life, being a farmer, reporter, Congressional staff member, newspaper publisher and editor, politician, elected official and finally, a regional media magnate.[32]

In Ohio, Cox is remembered as a crusading publisher of the Dayton Daily News and progressive governor; the newspaper's editorial meeting room is still referred to as the Governor's Library. The James M. Cox Dayton International Airport, more commonly referenced simply as Dayton International Airport, was named for Cox as well.

Cox is credited with words, "If there is anything in the theory of reincarnation of the soul then in my next assignment, if I be given the right of choice, I will ask for the aroma of printers ink."[6]

The Cox Fine Arts Building at the Ohio Expo Center and State Fair in Columbus, Ohio, is named in honor of Cox.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Democratic Campaign Handbook. Washington, DC: Democratic National Committee. 1920. p. 103 – via Google Books.
  2. ^ Goodman, Rebecca (2005). This Day in Ohio History. Emmis Books. p. 217. ISBN 9781578601912. Retrieved 21 November 2013.
  3. ^ Pietrusza, David Pietrusza (2008). 1920: The Year of the Six Presidents. New York, NY: Basic Books. p. 462. ISBN 978-0-7867-3213-5 – via Google Books.
  4. ^ Morris, Charles E. (1920). Progressive Democracy of James M. Cox. Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill Company. pp. 14–15. ISBN 9781421904047 – via Google Books.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Cebula, James. "Cox, James Middleton". American National Biography Online. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 29 December 2012. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
  6. ^ a b "Dayton Daily News history: James M. Cox". Retrieved Aug 14, 2019.
  7. ^ Title: Labor Legislation of 1914 : Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, No. 166, P.191-195
  8. ^ Stockwell, Mary (2001). Ohio Adventure. Layton, Utah: Gibbs Smith. pp. 156–157. ISBN 9781423623823. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
  9. ^ James M. Cox, Ohio History Central
  10. ^ "James M. Cox's Stance on the Issues Facing Democrats in 1920 Election". Wall Street Journal. 2007-09-20. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  11. ^ "Prevention of war". Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  12. ^ Persecution of the German Language in Cincinnati and the Ake Law in Ohio, 1917-1919. Archived.
  13. ^ The Bryan Times 4 Oct 1912
  14. ^ James M. Cox, Democratic Candidate for President, Library of Congress
  15. ^ Nation's Forum Recordings: 1918-1920, AuthenticHistory.com
  16. ^ American leaders speak, Library of Congress
  17. ^ Governor James M. Cox. The World War, Library of Congress sound recording
  18. ^ a b Cox, James M. (2004). Journey through my years. Macon, Ga.: Mercer University Press.
  19. ^ "The Free Lance-Star - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com. Retrieved Aug 14, 2019.
  20. ^ Former Cox mansion sold in cash deal, Dayton Daily News, April 27, 2015.
  21. ^ James M. Cox obituary, The New York Times, 16 July 1957.
  22. ^ a b Exner, Rich (Nov 1, 2010). "Ohio gubernatorial election results: Republicans dominate recent elections". cleveland.com. Retrieved Aug 14, 2019.
  23. ^ Journal of the House of Representatives of the Eighty Second General Assembly of the State of Ohio. 1917. p. 26.
  24. ^ Hildebrant, Charles Q. (1916). Ohio general statistics for the period commencing November 16, 1914 and ending June 30, 1915. Vol. 1. Ohio Secretary of State. p. 20.
  25. ^ Langland, James (1911). The Chicago Daily News Almanac and Year Book for 1912. Vol. 28. Chicago, IL: Chicago Daily News Company. p. 444.
  26. ^ Thompson, Carmi (1910). Annual Report of the Ohio Secretary of State, 1909. Springfield, OH: Springfield Publishing Company. p. 255.
  27. ^ a b "James M. Cox". NNDB. Soylent Communications. Retrieved 2011-07-29.
  28. ^ a b "James M. Cox Jr. Is Dead at 71; Led News, Broadcasting Chain". The New York Times. 28 October 1974.
  29. ^ "Presidential campaign advertisement for the Democratic team of James..." Getty Images. Retrieved Aug 14, 2019.
  30. ^ "Presidential campaign advertisement for the Democratic team of James..." Getty Images. Retrieved Aug 14, 2019.
  31. ^ "In Memoriam: James M. Cox Jr". www.grady.uga.edu. Archived from the original on October 22, 2018. Retrieved Aug 14, 2019.
  32. ^ History of Cincinnati and Hamilton County, Ohio. Cincinnati: S. B. Nelson & Company. 1894. p. 590. Retrieved 1 October 2015.

Further reading

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Secondary sources

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  • Bagby, Wesley M. The Road to Normalcy: The Presidential Campaign and Election of 1920. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1962.
  • Brake, Robert J. "The porch and the stump: Campaign strategies in the 1920 presidential election." Quarterly Journal of Speech 55.3 (1969): 256–267.
  • Cebula, James E. James M. Cox: Journalist and Politician. New York: Garland, 1985.
  • Morris, Charles E. The Progressive Democracy of James M. Cox. Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1920. (From Project Gutenberg, full text.)
  • Warner, Hoyt L. Progressivism in Ohio, 1897-1917. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1964.

Primary sources

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