Wikipedia

Seoul Halloween crowd crush

(Redirected from Itaewon Halloween crowd crush)

On 29 October 2022, around 22:20, a crowd surge occurred during Halloween festivities in the Itaewon neighborhood of Seoul, South Korea. According to the South Korean government, 159 people were killed and 196 others were injured. The death toll includes two people who died after the crush. The victims were mostly young adults; 27 of the victims were foreign nationals.

Seoul Halloween crowd crush
The alleyway shortly before the disaster
The alleyway shortly before the disaster
Map
Date29 October 2022 (2022-10-29)
Timec. 22:15 KST (01:25 UTC)
LocationItaewon, Yongsan District, Seoul, South Korea
Coordinates37°32′05″N 126°59′36″E / 37.53472°N 126.99333°E / 37.53472; 126.99333
TypeCrowd crush
CauseLack of safety precautions and other police errors
Deaths159[1]
Non-fatal injuries197

The crowd crush was the deadliest disaster in South Korea since the sinking of MV Sewol in 2014 and the largest mass casualty incident in Seoul since the Sampoong Department Store collapse in 1995.[2][3] It was the deadliest crowd crush in the country's history, surpassing a 1959 incident at the Busan Municipal Stadium in which 67 people were crushed to death.[4]

A special police team conducted an investigation of the disaster within a few days of it occurring, and concluded on 13 January 2023 that the police and governments' failure to adequately prepare for the crowds, despite a number of ignored warnings, was the cause of the incident.

Following the disaster and throughout the investigation, the government and police faced widespread criticism and protest. President Yoon Suk Yeol and his administration faced a number of protests that demanded his resignation, although he did not resign. Initially, the President accepted some responsibility for the event but later retracted the statement and deflected responsibility.[5]

Background

edit

History of the district

edit
See also: Itaewon § History, Geography of Halloween § South Korea, and COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea
 
Itaewon food street (1 December 2022)

Itaewon is a part of the Yongsan District of Seoul. Its recent history is closely tied to the once nearby US military base Yongsan Garrison, which was established in 1945. Due to the numerous bars and brothels that arose in the area catering towards the troops, many Koreans have since associated the district with controversy and danger. Twenty years after the 1950–1953 Korean War, Itaewon gentrified, and in 2018 the US military moved its base to southern Seoul.[6][7]

In recent years, the Itaewon district has been a popular location for nightlife gatherings, with trendy nightclubs, restaurants, and bars.[8][9] It now attracts both Koreans and tourists, when previously more than two-thirds of visitors to its restaurants and bars were Americans.[10] Itaewon has been seen as a place to escape the pressures of South Korean society, which has long been influenced by strict Confucian hierarchies and pressures to conform.[11]

Beginning around 2010, the celebration of Halloween experienced a surge in popularity in South Korea, and especially in Itaewon.[12][a]

Layout of the area

edit
 
Map of the area. The main location of the crush is indicated in red. Other important landmarks are labeled in English.[14]

The area immediately around the crush is characterized by very narrow streets and alleys without escape routes.[15][6][7] Nearby are Exit 1 of Itaewon station and the Hamilton Hotel.

The street where the crush occurred is about 45 metres (150 ft) long and 3.2 metres (10 ft) wide at its narrowest point. The street had an iron temporary wall that reduced its width.[16] Its narrow width impeded emergency services attempting to enter it.[17][18][19] The street slopes upwards from the main street of the district, Itaewon-ro. This incline later caused people to be pushed downward, with dozens of people falling onto others.[20]

Authorities had been concerned since at latest 2020 about the crowding issue, but did not act on these concerns.[21] An expert in mass movement and spatial arrangement and behavior at Sejong University later said to The Washington Post, "If you just surveyed the site and discussed possible countermeasures, anyone with instinct and experience would have been able to foresee the situation."[22]

Conditions before the disaster

edit

On the evening of 29 October, approximately 100,000 people, mostly in their teens and twenties,[23] attended Halloween festivities in the area.[24][25]

It was the first time since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic that Halloween festivities could be attended without social distancing or mask-wearing requirements.[24] After an outbreak of COVID-19 in 2020 was traced back to the area,[26] authorities had even threatened partygoers in 2021 with harsh penalties if they violated the rules.[27] When restrictions on social gatherings during the pandemic were lifted, they were able to visit freely.[24]

Witnesses later reported that the streets were packed with people.[28] An eyewitness claimed that around 19:00 local time (KST), a walk from Itaewon station that normally took 1 minute took over 10 minutes.[29]

Lack of government preparation

edit

According to the local media, although Seoul had a real-time crowd size prediction system based on mobile phone data at the time, the system was not activated on the night of the crush.[30]

Despite the massive crowds, it was later reported that only 137 police officers were on duty at Itaewon at the time. By contrast, 6,500 officers were assigned to monitor a protest of around 25,000 people elsewhere in Seoul on that night,[31] and 1,300 officers had been assigned for a BTS concert for 55,000 earlier in the month.[32] Reportedly, four days before the disaster, the Itaewon police substation had requested backup due to the anticipated crowds. Despite this, another police notice two days before the crush did not associate the size of the crowds with danger. It instead warned of sex crimes, theft, traffic congestion, and drug and alcohol abuse.[33][34][35] An officer with instructions to wait to be dispatched in response to any crimes that night said that there had been no mention of crowd control that night or the days leading up to Halloween.[36] In addition, the police later stated that they did not have a crowd control plan in place that evening because they did not have a central organizer.[34][35]

According to a later statement by the national police chief, the Seoul police station received 11 emergency calls related to the size of the crowd as early as four hours prior to the incident, but did not intervene.[37]

Disaster

edit

One attendee said the crush started when a group of young men pushed others until people started falling.[8][38] Some survivors claimed that because business hours were over, nearby establishments had also blocked people from entering to escape the crush.[39][40]

The first call to the emergency service number 112 was made at 18:34. In the call, the caller said that an alley next to the Hamilton hotel was becoming extremely crowded and dangerous. The caller clarified after being prompted by the official that they felt that a large accident could happen if people fell over. Between that call and 22:00, at least seventy-nine emergency calls were made.[41][42][43] Emergency officials said at least 11 calls were made by people experiencing compressive suffocation.[9] Phone and internet reception eventually went out of service due to the large volume of communications attempted.[44]

The exact time that the crush began is subject to disagreement. According to contemporary reports from multiple publications, the crowd crush occurred at 22:20.[45][46][2][47] According to the analysis of The Washington Post, which published an analysis of hundreds of pieces of evidence two weeks after the crush, the crush began at 22:08. Sixteen more calls arrived between then and 22:22, and videos show five officers struggling to pull out unconscious victims.[43]

Videos made by eyewitnesses showed hundreds of people piled on top of each other, in five to six layers.[44] Three off-duty United States Forces Korea soldiers, who managed to escape the crush by jumping onto a ledge, helped to pull people out of the crowd. One recalled that the crowd mass was 15 feet (4.6 m) deep at its worst point, which meant that "it was a long time for people stuck in there not to breathe".[48][49] An officer noticed the crush while responding to a suspected altercation near the alley, and was recorded attempting to alleviate the flow of people by stopping more people entering the higher end of the alleyway.[36]

Despite this, some people in the area were not aware that a disaster was occurring. Even after the area of the disaster was cordoned off by the police, some nearby bars continued to operate.[50] A viral video showing some dancing people impeding the path of ambulances drew widespread condemnation.[51][52]

Immediate emergency response

edit
 
 
Emergency services on-site after the crush

Following calls made to the fire department at 22:15, four ambulances were dispatched. The large crowd made it difficult for emergency vehicles to reach the scene.[53][45] According to the National Fire Agency and the Interior Ministry, eventually 848 emergency personnel were deployed to the scene, including all personnel available in Seoul and an addition of 140 vehicles and 346 firefighters from across the country.[54][55] On arrival, first responders struggled to extract still-breathing victims from the crowd, which delayed critical first aid and resuscitation.[44] An emergency message was issued to mobile phones in Yongsan, urging people to immediately return home because of an "emergency accident near Hamilton Hotel in Itaewon".[24]

Emergency workers were not able to remove everyone from the crush until well after midnight.[48][56] With resuscitation failing, bodies were laid on the streets by medical and police personnel and covered with blankets and clothing.[24] Dozens of unconscious victims were eventually extracted from the crowd. Paramedics, police, and bystanders performed CPR on them.[8][57] Videos on social media show bystanders dressed in costumes attempting to resuscitate the unconscious.[9]

Eighty-three more ambulances arrived on site as late as 23:45.[44] Many of the victims were transported to Soonchunhyang University Hospital near Itaewon.[58]

US Army military police units of United States Forces Korea, who were conducting a routine patrol in the area with officers from the National Police Agency, assisted with first aid and maintaining public order on scene.[59]

On 1 November, the government pledged to provide up to ₩15 million (US$13,112.46) in funeral expenses,[60] and ₩20 million (US$17,483.28) in compensation.[61] On 9 November 2022, a "one-stop" support center was opened for those affected by the incident.[62]

Victims

edit
Confirmed fatalities
(as of 3 January 2023)[63]
Nationality Fatalities Ref.
  South Korea
133
[63]
  Iran
5
[64]
  China
4
[65][28]
  Russia
4
[66]
  Japan
2
[67]
  United States
2
[68][28]
  Australia
2
[69][70][71]
  Austria
1
[72]
  France
1
[73]
  Kazakhstan
1
[74]
  Norway
1
[75]
  Sri Lanka
1
[76]
  Thailand
1
[77]
  Uzbekistan
1
[78]
  Vietnam
1
[79]
Total
159

As of January 2023, the South Korean government has officially reported a death toll of 159; this figure includes later deaths in connection to the crush.[80]

The death toll in the immediate aftermath was widely reported as 157, consisting of 102 females and 55 males. Of the victims, four were teenagers, ninety-six people were in their twenties, thirty-two people were in their thirties, nine were in their forties, and thirteen had yet to be identified.[81] In addition, 27 foreigners were among the dead.[8][38][82][83][84]

On 14 November, Yonhap News reported that the Central Disaster and Safety Countermeasures Headquarters had risen by one, to an official death toll of 158.[85][86] On 12 December, a high school student was found dead in a Mapo District motel in a suspected suicide.[87] The Ministry of Home Affairs and Security officially recognized him as the 159th death of the Itaewon disaster.[88]

On 11 November, the JoongAng Ilbo reported that at least 197 others were injured, including 32 in serious condition.[89]

Identification of victims

edit

The number of missing person reports filed on the following day grew from 355 to 4,024.[90][91] Police said that they would identify the victims and relay information to family members.[92]

By the afternoon of 30 October, about 90% of victims had been identified. The remaining 10% (12 bodies) were of local teens or foreign nationals.[93] Officials said it was initially difficult to identify the deceased because of their Halloween costumes or because many were not carrying identification.[9] The Hannam-dong Community Service Center served as a temporary missing persons center.[94] Officials who usually deal with birth certificates or home registrations assisted in identifying victims. Workers at the center answered phone calls from the public regarding the missing. In just over seven hours, the center logged at least 3,580 call hours related to the incident.[95]

One of the temporary morgues – the Wonhyoro sports center – was converted into a lost and found center for the identification of victims clothing and other items, with over 800 items recovered. Mobile phones and ID cards were kept at a local police station.[96]

Mental health

edit

Many survivors have subsequently suffered from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The National Center for Disaster and Trauma and local mental health welfare centers were treating (as of 13 December 2022) over 1,300 cases of surviving victims and survivors of the victims of the disaster.[87] The Ministry of Interior and Safety said bereaved families of the victims will be eligible for the same state support, such as financial relief, as with other victims.[97]

In October 2023, the South Korean government reported 1,316 firemen who responded to the incident still experienced psychological trauma. The National Fire Agency said, at the time, these individuals were undergoing treatment from complications.[98]

Publication of the names of the fatalities

edit

No official list of the deceased has been released. On 14 November 2022, a list of 155 names was published, but this was widely criticized. The list did not disclose personal information such as the victims' ages, or show their photos.[99][100] The Minister of Public Administration and Security claimed that he did not have a list of deaths, a statement that controversially conflicted media reporting.[101]

Government response

edit
 
Foreign Media Briefing by Prime Minister Han Duck-soo

Immediate response

edit

The day of the incident, President Yoon Suk Yeol attended an emergency briefing. He suggested swiftly treating the injured and reviewing the safety of festivity sites.[54] He addressed the nation the following morning,[102] and later visited the scene of the incident.[103] The Mayor of Seoul, Oh Se-hoon, who was on a trip to Europe at the time of the incident, returned to Seoul.[54]

In the days following the crush, interior minister Lee Sang-min offered an official apology and National Police Chief Yoon Hee-keun said "There were several reports to the police just before the incident occurred and it was known that a massive crowd had gathered, indicating the urgency of the danger. However, information management was insufficient and there was no adequate reaction from the police".[30]

Authorities did not immediately disclose what had caused the crush, but the chief of the Yongsan District Fire Department Choi Seong-bum said it was a "presumed stampede" and that many individuals fell. An official investigation was opened by the government, which promised new methods to prevent similar incidents.[104] An investigation was also opened to determine if bars and clubs followed safety regulations.[92]

On 1 November, government officials stated that it was not possible to predict the overwhelming crowd, but disaster prevention and urban planning experts refuted the government's position. They pointed out that authorities were aware of a large crowd due to the relaxation of COVID-19 rules, yet they deployed relatively few officers.[35]

Investigation

edit

The Korean National Police Agency (KNPA) launched an investigation into the crush within days of the event.[105][106][107] On 13 January 2023, they announced their results. They found that the lack of safety precautions and other police errors contributed to the high number of victims. According to the KNPA, most of the deaths were caused by suffocation or brain swelling.[106] According to the KNPA report, many died after falling and piled on top of them by other people from the crowd.[107] South Korean police charged 23 officers, about half of them law enforcement officials, with involuntary manslaughter and negligence.[108]

 
The alley where the crush took place, a few days afterwards (1 November 2022)

On 2 November 2022, the KNPA raided the city's police departments as part of the investigation. Investigative teams raided police units, fire departments, and offices to obtain documents for the investigation.[37] An initial investigation uncovered that police did not respond appropriately to the emergency calls. Transcripts of the 11 calls made were released by the national police, noting that the Korean word which translates as "crushed to death" was used 13 times by callers.[105] On 9 November, additional raids were made on the hotel adjoining the alley and two other locations, on suspicion that illegal extended structures from the buildings surrounding the alley had made it narrower over the years.[109] On 11 November, a police officer at Yongsan Police Station committed suicide. He was being investigated on charges of abuse of authority, destruction of evidence and professional negligence for ordering the deletion of an internal intelligence report warning of the dangers of gathering crowds in Itaewon.[110] That same day a senior official from the Seoul Metropolitan Government's safety support division was found deceased by an apparent suicide. While he had not worked at the disaster site nor was investigated by the police, he had been the final approver of documents for emergency checks on local safety measures and psychological counseling programs for the disaster.[111] On 5 December, two former intelligence officers, Park Sung-min of the Seoul Metropolitan Government and Kim Jin-ho of Yongsan Police, were arrested on suspicion of destroying evidence related to the crush. According to CNN, they had ordered their subordinates to destroy an internal report about the risks of crowds in Itaewon on Halloween.[112]

On 15 November, the firefighters' union sued the Interior Minister – who is responsible for public safety – in order to force the police to open an investigation on him. The union wanted to challenge a government statement that the night was not an organized event, and therefore the responsibility of public safety was unclear.[113]

On 20 January 2024, it was reported that the chief of the Seoul Metropolitan Police Agency, a former intelligence officer,[114] Kim Kwang-ho, was charged with negligence for failing to ensure there were enough officers deployed on the ground at Itaewon on the incident night.[115] On 14 February, a court sentenced Park Sung-min to 18 months imprisonment for destroying evidence and gave suspended sentences to Kim Jin-ho and, Kwang Yeong-sok, an officer at Yongsan police station, on the same charges.[116]

On 30 September 2024, the Seoul Western District Court convicted three police officers, including the former head of Yongsan police station Lee Im-jae, of negligence over their handling of the disaster and sentenced them to up to three years imprisonment. The court also ruled that the crush was not a natural disaster and that the incident could have been prevented had the defendants performed adequate preparation, coordination and supervision over the event.[117] On 17 October, Kim Kwang-ho was acquitted on negligence charges relating to the disaster, citing insufficient evidence.[118]

Parliamentary inquiry

edit
 
The head of the parliamentary special committee on the Itaewon crowd, Woo Sang-ho[119]

On 9 November 2022, the opposition Democratic Party of Korea (DPK), the Justice Party and the Basic Income Party submitted formal requests for an investigation.[120] On 23 November 2022, the ruling People Power Party (PPP) abandoned its previous opposition to a parliamentary inquiry, and ruling and opposition parties agreed to launch a parliamentary inquiry into the Itaewon Halloween disaster.[121] On 19 December 2022, the Special Committee Inquiry into the Itaewon disaster was formally launched by the head of the Special Committee, MP Woo Sang-ho, in the National Assembly.[122] On 10 January 2023, the parliamentary special committee to investigate the Itaewon disaster held a first public forum with experts on the issue.[123][124]

Criticism and protests

edit

Unlike other mass calamity incidents that occurred internationally shortly before the 29 October 2022 Halloween disaster, such as the 2021 Astroworld Festival crowd crush in Houston, or the 2022 Kanjuruhan Stadium disaster in Malang, no official sponsors or organizers were associated with the Halloween celebrations in Itaewon.[125]

Opinion polls conducted in November found that 7 out of 10 South Koreans believed that the government is responsible for the crush.[126] However, there has been ongoing debate on how to assign blame.[113]

Protests

edit
 
 
Candlelight vigil-protest for Itaewon disaster by the progressive group Candlelight Action, 5 November 2022

Protests were held throughout South Korea, including in Busan and Jeju Island.[127] On 5 November, thousands gathered in central Seoul at a candlelight vigil organized by Candlelight Action, a civic group linked to South Korea's main opposition party. Many held signs that read: "Step down, Yoon Suk-yeol."[127]

Young people protested government inaction near the site of the crush on Itaewon-ro. A fourteen-year-old protester interviewed by The Guardian noted that lack of preparation caused both the 2014 Sewol ferry disaster and the crush. Some held signs that read "It could have been prevented. The state was not there." or "6:34 pm" in reference to the first emergency call.[128]

Criticisms of the investigation

edit

The handling of the investigation has also been the subject of criticism. Some have accused the investigations of focusing too much on front line working officials and not any of the police chiefs, or the Ministry of Interior and Safety.[111]

On 22 November, some relatives of victims held a press conference. A six-point proposal called for, among other things, a thorough investigation of those responsible and the avoidance of consequential damage.[129] The press conference was organized by the non-profit advocacy group Lawyers for a Democratic Society, or "Minbyun".[130] On 21 December 2022, the bereaved families of many of the victims of the Halloween disaster called for more and swifter justice and lamented the continuation of widespread "unaccountability".[131] The police investigation was criticized by the bereaved for failing to hold top officials accountable.[132]

Criticisms of the government

edit
 
The Itaewon alleyway during the week-long national mourning, 31 October 2022

In early November, the South Korean state announced that it would use the term "accident" instead of "disaster" to avoid damaging Itaewon's reputation as a popular tourist destination. The decision caused public anger. Some alleged that the term "accident" failed to appropriately attribute responsibility to the government.[133][134]

Regarding the young man who committed suicide weeks after the crush, the Prime Minister Han Duck-soo said of the victim, "Wouldn't it be better if he had been firmer and had a stronger desire to receive therapy?", causing controversy. The opposition parties criticized it as "a shocking absurd statement that blames the victim".[135]

At the time of the disaster, officers at the Yongsan District Office allegedly worked on removing leaflets criticizing President Seok-Yeol Yoon near the Samgak area of Seoul Subway Line 4, which some alleged may have delayed emergency response.[136]

Both South Korean Minister of the Interior Lee Sang-min and the Interior Ministry's subordinate police have repeatedly acknowledged their roles in causing the incident.[137] In a poll, more than half of South Koreans demanded the resignation of minister Lee. 57% of respondents said the government's investigation was insufficient.[138] In February 2023, Lee was suspended from his position by the National Assembly for his handling of the disaster. He was succeeded by Han Chang-seob.[139]

In addition, a document created by the police for the purpose of exploring the trends of bereaved families and civic groups related to the disaster after the disaster became controversial. The Kyunghyang Shinmun said in a report, "In this document, there are expressions that are reminiscent of the intelligence police's surveillance of civilians in the past." In this document, in relation to the Sewol ferry disaster in the past, a law was created to counter attempts to interpret the disaster as government responsibility.[140]

A city council member belonging to the ruling party, the People's Power Party, became controversial because he spoke harshly to the bereaved family. In the messages posted on social media, city council member Kim Mi-na made comments such as 'a foolish mother', 'a trick to get a share by selling her children', and 'there is a sound of selling her children and doing business', which caused controversy. Public opinion grew that she should be removed from the council, but she was not expelled thanks to the protection of the PPP members who had a majority on the city council.[141]

Afterwards, the government did not allow the bereaved families to hold a memorial service on the 100th day of the disaster.[142]

After calls for an investigation by the families of victims, right wing provocateurs who perceived their advocacy as an attack on the government, verbally abused the mourners.[143]

The report released on the first anniversary of the disaster shows that the manpower needed to control the crowd was not properly used to prevent a rally in front of the Yongsan presidential office targeting President Yoon Seok-yeol. The report cited the remarks of the intelligence officer in charge of Itaewon and stated, "When I said I would go to Itaewon that day, the intelligence officer said, 'What is there to do at the festival?' and ordered support at the rally site."[144] Only opposition party leaders, including the Democratic Party of Korea, attended the memorial service commemorating the first anniversary of the disaster. Only some members of the leadership of the ruling People Power Party attended. Yongsan District Mayor Park Hee-young, a member of the PPP who did not attend the memorial service, drew criticism for attending an event to see off a group that opposed the memorial rally and attacked the bereaved family as 'outlaws' at the time.[145]

Controversy has reignited over Yoon's handling of the crisis after former Speaker of the Narional Assembly Kim Jin-pyo published his memoirs on the matter on 27 June 2024, in which Kim claimed that he had spoken to Yoon over his handling of the disaster on 5 Dec 2022 and had tried to persuade Yoon to fire Lee Sang-min, who was Minister of the Interior and Safety at the time. According to Kim, Yoon replied that Kim was right, but that he had "strong suspicions" about the matter, couldn't "rule out the possibility" that the accident was "induced and manipulated by certain forces," and that it would be unfair to Lee to fire him in that case.[146][147][148] Park Hong-keun, then Floor Leader of the Democratic Party, doubled down on Kim's claim, saying he had met Kim at the time and had written down what he had heard from Kim in a memo. According to Park, Yoon allegedly said that he could not understand that so many had flocked to Itaewon, which only had a few South East Asian restaurants, and that it was suspicious that left-wing media such as MBC, KBS, and JTBC had aired broadcasts from 2, 3 days before the incident inducing people to go there. Further, according to Park, Yoon said that he suspected a possibility that it was not an accident but a crime perpetrated by certain forces or actors.[149] In response to Kim's claims, the Presidential Office has stated in an official statement on 27 June 2024 that "it is deplorable that a former National Assembly speaker would distort a private conversation with the president and reveal it to the public," adding that Yoon had ordered a complete investigation into every suspicion raised by the media on every occasion, that he had ordered the 911 emergency calls to be opened to the public and had recently accepted an independent counsel inquiry into the matter.[146]

Memorials

edit
 
Itaewon Station Exit 1, Seoul
 
Seoul City Hall Plaza
 
Noksapyeong Station, Seoul
Three memorials across the city.

Mourning and memorial sites

edit

A week of national mourning until 5 November was declared by President Yoon, who ordered flags at government buildings and public offices to fly at half-mast.[150][151][152]

On 31 October, about 4,000 people, including Seoul's mayor, the prime minister, and the president, attended a memorial at Seoul Plaza. The Yongsan District Office erected a memorial altar near Noksapyeong Station on 31 October.[153] Memorials were established across 17 cities including Busan, Daegu and Incheon. The Health and Welfare ministry said psychological assistance would be provided at counseling booths at memorials in Seoul. Psychological assistance was also provided for schools where the victims studied.[154]

By 13 November the initial memorial created around the exit 1 of Itaewon Station had expanded to cover about 20 meters of sidewalk from the station to the entrance of the alley where the disaster occurred. Many anonymous volunteers work together to keep the memorial in good shape and free of trash or rotting foods, as many leave food and drinks as offerings to the deceased normally via a ceremonial table. With the help of Yongsan District Official officials they have also coordinated to protect the memorial and offerings from any rain or other weather. Mourners had posted sticky notes all over the subway station exit.[155] Hundreds of white chrysanthemum flowers were set up.[156] Even after mid-December 2022, mourners around Itaewon subway station continued to pay tribute to the victims of the Halloween disaster by leaving flowers and expressions of condolence.[157]

Buddhist orders

edit

On 1 November, Buddhist monks and Sangha members gathered in central Seoul among representatives of South Korea's seven major religious orders to commemorate the people. The President of South Korea's largest Buddhist order, the Jogye Order, Ven. Jinwoo said, "Such a disaster should never happen again, and we pray for the rebirth of the victims in paradise." The delegates came from the Korean Conference of Religions for Peace, an advisory body representing the major religious communities in South Korea.[158]

From November 9 to 11, the Jogye Order Social and Labor Affairs Committee conducted Buddhist rites at Itaewon Station Exit 1, and called for an investigation into the disaster.[159]

International response

edit
 
 
The German Federal President Frank-Walter Steinmeier accompanied by his wife lays flowers in front of the Itaewon Station Exit 1 (4 November 2022)[160]

Various heads of state and government sent condolences to the families of the victims within the first day after the disaster and expressed their condolences to the South Korean population.[161][162]

US President Joe Biden said, "We grieve with the people of the Republic of Korea and send our best wishes for a quick recovery to all those who were injured. The Alliance between our two countries has never been more vibrant or more vital, and the ties between our people are stronger than ever."[45]

Other leaders, including those of China, Russia, Norway, Canada, Hungary, the Vatican and Italy, also expressed sympathies with the people of South Korea.[163] Condolences were also sent by the leaders of India,[164] Malaysia,[165] Philippines,[166] and Vietnam.[167]

Germany's president Frank-Walter Steinmeier and his wife paid their respects and laid flowers at a memorial altar in front of Exit 1 at Itaewon Station. Steinmeier said: "I express my deepest condolences to President Yoon personally and on behalf of the German people."[168]

 
Police officers amidst the crowd on Shibuya Crossing

It was reported that on 31 October 2022, the Japanese police had a more significant presence than usual in the Shibuya area of Tokyo. In particular, they urged people to keep moving at Shibuya Crossing, and formed human chains along the crosswalk. Police officers on raised platforms, dubbed by some as "DJ Police", issued continuous announcements.[169] The following year, citing issues with litter, public intoxication, and property damage caused by unruly crowds and overtourism, Shibuya announced that it would officially discourage any gatherings at the crossing around Halloween, and that a large security presence would be employed to enforce the ordinance against public consumption of alcohol in the district around Halloween.[170][171]

Impact on businesses

edit
 
The alley over a month after the crush, on 1 December 2022

Business owners near the crush have raised fears that the area and its businesses would be affected by a stigma around nightlife in Seoul.[113] During the 2022 Christmas season, businesses around Itaewon subway station and the World Food Culture Street area suffered from the effects of the Halloween disaster. Surrounding areas were also affected. Itaewon's 2022 holiday season was reported to have seen just 10% of the prior year's holiday season's traffic, while other popular Seoul nightlife districts such as Hongdae and Myeongdong saw heavy crowds. On 16 November, the Finance Ministry said that consumption at three major department stores had greatly slowed since October.[172][173] Lee Eun Hee, professor of consumer studies at Inha University said, "When a business district starts to die for any reason, it collapses non-stop. Only when the sadness of the tragedy subsides and people realize that Itaewon as a whole is safe can the industrial park be revived."[174]

Following the declaration of the week-long national mourning period, major broadcasting stations KBS, MBC, SBS, tvN, and JTBC suspended all of their music and entertainment programming beginning on 30 October, in favor of continuous news coverage.[175][176] MBC also canceled the 2022 Qatar World Cup production presentation scheduled to be held on 1 November.[177] In the music industry, concerts were cancelled and album release schedules of some artists were temporarily postponed.[178][179][180][181]

South Korea's retail and entertainment sector withdrew Halloween-related products from shelves or canceled events. All festivals at theme parks, including Everland in Yongin and Lotte World in Jamsil, were canceled. Starbucks outlets stopped Halloween promotions and the sale of themed products.[151][182] Convenience store chains, including CU and GS25, stopped selling Halloween-themed products online. SM Entertainment announced that its scheduled Halloween events would not take place.[183] Entertainment companies such as SM Entertainment, YG Entertainment, JYP Entertainment, and Hybe Corporation, among others, announced the cancellation and postponement of various artist comeback schedules and events.[184][185][186]

In the media

edit

Social media and online sites in South Korea issued statements to users to refrain from spreading any video footage or other information about the disaster. KakaoTalk, a messenger app widely used in Korea, issued a notice to all users, asking them to act with caution with information about the disaster, while Naver and Twitter also issued similar statements.[187] Footage of the disaster and its aftermath was recorded and/or livestreamed and posted on a variety of different social media platforms, including TikTok. These videos were often not censored or edited for modesty or other reasons, compared to footage taken and shared by news outlets. This caused the South Korean Personal Information Protection Commission, Twitter, and two other online platforms, to announce their intention to search for and remove footage with personal identifying information in it.[188][189]

On 23 November, a report in the Korea JoongAng Daily noted the emergence of a trend on social media platforms such as TikTok related to a "Itaewon Game" or "Itaewon Crush Game". The game, essentially a renaming of an existing game normally called the "Hamburger Game" or "Sandwich Game", involves players lying on top of each other to form a stack. The player on the bottom who can endure the most people on top wins the game. The trend was widely criticized.[190]

edit

An official statement by the Korean Neuropsychiatric Association specifically highlighted the "horrific videos and photos" of the disaster that were being shared without any filtration, which could cause damage to others.[191] By 8 November the Korea Communications Standards Commission was reportedly sent over 100 requests to have video and pictures related to the disaster taken down from social media sites. Additional concerns about the need to create disaster related ethics guidelines on digital content for social media sites and those that upload the footage.[192] Koo Jeong-woo, professor of sociology at Sungkyunkwan University in Seoul, said, "For now, there are almost no guidelines on posting and sharing disaster footage on online platforms. Considering their far-reaching power of influence, these platforms should fulfill their social responsibility to come up with a manual." He further said, "Those who upload such content as well as those who consume it should also take efforts to keep a sense of ethics and consume digital content responsibly."[193]

By 2 November, there were ten times as many searches for the National Center for Disaster and Trauma as there had been one week earlier on Google Korea; searches for the related phrases trauma center and trauma symptoms also increased.[194] Chae Jeong-ho, professor of psychiatry at the College of Medicine of the Catholic University of Korea and president of the Korea Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, said, "You didn't have to be there to experiencing trauma". According to the Frontiers in Psychology journal, "Mass trauma or collective trauma is defined as the psychological response of an entire group to a traumatic event that affects society as a whole."[195]

Academic analysis

edit

According to experts, once a crush is already in progress it is extremely difficult to stop, and the real issue is not the number of security personnel but adequate training in crowd control, as well as the necessity of monitoring and dispersing crowds well before they reach dangerous levels. Experts on crowd safety explained that when crowd density exceeds eight to nine persons per square metre, a crowd can rapidly destabilize to the point where individuals can no longer escape. When a crowd crush suddenly develops in that fashion, persons trapped in the crowd will begin to lose consciousness within 30 seconds, and if not freed immediately, will be dead from compressive asphyxiation within six minutes.[196]

Experts such as Milad Haghani (School of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of New South Wales), Edwin Galea (University of Greenwich) or John Drury (University of Sussex) took the view just a few days after the accident that labels such as "stampede" or "crowd surge" prevalent in the media were incorrect as they presupposed that people in the crowd had space to move.[197][198]

According to Juliette Kayyem, a disaster management expert and international security professor at the Harvard Kennedy School, no specific triggering event needs to have happened to explain the Itaewon Halloween celebration tragedy. In her estimation, what she believed to be factors such as the large crowd, narrow streets and lack of public safety were enough. Kayyem drew parallels between the Itaewon Halloween disaster and the Bethnal Green disaster of 1943, in which an air raid in London killed 174 people on the steps leading to the underground station.[199]

See also

edit

Notes and references

edit

Notes

edit
  1. ^ This has been portrayed in the 2020 K-drama Itaewon Class.[13]

References

edit
  1. ^ "Death toll from Itaewon crush rises to 158". 14 November 2022. Archived from the original on 15 November 2022. Retrieved 14 January 2023.
  2. ^ a b Sang-Hun, Choe (29 October 2022). "The Itaewon tragedy is the worst peacetime disaster in South Korea since the Sewol ferry sank in 2014, killing more than 300 people". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 30 October 2022. Retrieved 29 October 2022.
  3. ^ Myung-il, K. (30 October 2022). 이태원 참사, 세월호 이후 최다 인명피해 [Itaewon disaster, the largest number of casualties since the Sewol ferry] (in Korean). The Chosun Ilbo. Archived from the original on 30 October 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
  4. ^ "Chronology of major stampedes in S. Korea". Yonhap News Agency. 30 October 2022. Archived from the original on 7 November 2022. Retrieved 5 November 2022.
  5. ^ "Pressure weighs on Yoon over accountability in Itaewon tragedy". The Korea Times. 6 November 2022. Retrieved 3 April 2024.
  6. ^ a b Se-Woong Koo (4 November 2022). "Seoul's Nightlife District Was Built for Tragedy". curbed.com. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
  7. ^ a b "Itaewon's Complex History and What's to Come". Pinpoint Korea. 11 August 2022. Archived from the original on 7 January 2023. Retrieved 7 January 2023.
  8. ^ a b c d Kim Tong-Hyung; Hyung-Jin Kim (30 October 2022). "Crush kills at least 151 at Halloween festivities in Seoul". Japan Today. The Associated Press. Archived from the original on 2 November 2022.
  9. ^ a b c d Gallo, W. (29 October 2022). "Dozens Hurt, Many Feared Dead in Seoul Stampede". Voice of America. Archived from the original on 30 October 2022. Retrieved 29 October 2022.
  10. ^ Eunwoo Lee (8 November 2022). "Understanding Itaewon, the Site of Seoul's Recent Catastrophe". Inkstickmedia. Archived from the original on 29 November 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
  11. ^ Choe Sang-Hun (report), Chang W. Lee (photos) (3 November 2022). "A Vibrant Refuge in Seoul Goes Quiet After Deadly Crowd Crush". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 25 December 2022. Retrieved 7 January 2023.
  12. ^ Michael Hurt (31 October 2022). "Kool Korea by hashtag #3: 'Halloween". Asia Times. Archived from the original on 7 January 2023. Retrieved 7 January 2023.
  13. ^ tuleconghoa (19 November 2022). "How the bustling Itaewon was reflected in Itaewon Class viral scene". kbizoom.com. Archived from the original on 7 January 2023. Retrieved 7 January 2023.
  14. ^ "South Korea mourns, wants answers after Halloween crush kills 153 people". Archived from the original on 2 November 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
  15. ^ "Seul piange le vittime della strage di Halloween. Nessun italiano tra loro". RaiNews (in Italian). 31 October 2022. Archived from the original on 31 October 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
  16. ^ [단독] 해밀톤호텔 불법 건축이 '3.2m 병목' 만들었다 [[Exclusive] Hamilton Hotel illegal construction created a '3.2m bottleneck']. JoongAng Ilbo. 1 November 2022. Archived from the original on 17 November 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2022.
  17. ^ "(3rd LD) South Korea mourns Itaewon crush deaths". Yonhap News Agency. 31 October 2022. Archived from the original on 1 November 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2022. a narrow 3.2-meter-wide alley
  18. ^ "Could Itaewon tragedy have been prevented?". The Korea Herald. 30 October 2022. Archived from the original on 1 November 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2022. The alley is 45 meters long and 3.2 meters wide
  19. ^ Hyun-su, K. (31 October 2022). "Four factors behind the tragic Itaewon crowd surge". The Korea Herald. Archived from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
  20. ^ Fulton, A. (30 October 2022). "Seoul crowd crush: what we know so far about Halloween deaths in Itaewon". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 30 October 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
  21. ^ Choe Sang-Hun (17 November 2022). "Police Expected the Halloween Crowd. Why Couldn't They Stop the Disaster?". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 29 December 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
  22. ^ Michelle Ye Hee Lee, Meg Kelly et al. in (16 November 2022). "Seoul crowd crush victims died amid delayed rescue in Itaewon alley". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 21 December 2022. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
  23. ^ "Crowd crushes: how disasters like Itaewon happen, how can they be prevented, and the 'stampede' myth". the Guardian. 1 November 2022. Archived from the original on 3 November 2022. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
  24. ^ a b c d e Lee, W.; Thomas, M. (29 October 2022). "Many feared dead in South Korea Halloween crush". BBC. Archived from the original on 29 October 2022. Retrieved 29 October 2022.
  25. ^ Kim, Juliana; Kuhn, Anthony (30 October 2022). "Over 150 dead after Halloween crowd surge in Seoul". NPR. Archived from the original on 29 October 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
  26. ^ "How South Korea's Nightclub Outbreak Is Shining an Unwelcome Spotlight on the LGBTQ Community". Time. Archived from the original on 11 November 2022. Retrieved 7 January 2023.
  27. ^ Kim Arin (28 October 2021). "Korea's Halloween COVID-19 warnings accused of targeting foreigners". Koreaherald. Archived from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
  28. ^ a b c Grafton-Green, Patrick (30 October 2022). "South Korea declares period of national mourning after 154 people killed in Seoul crowd crush". inews.co.uk. Archived from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 31 October 2022.
  29. ^ Rashid, Raphael (30 October 2022). "'It was chaos': how my Halloween night out in Itaewon went from fun to horror". the Guardian. Archived from the original on 30 October 2022. Retrieved 31 October 2022.
  30. ^ a b "Strage di Halloween a Seul, il ministro dell'Interno si scusa". TG24 Sky (in Italian). November 2022. Archived from the original on 1 November 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
  31. ^ "Seul, il capo della polizia: "Risposta insufficiente alla ressa". Le scuse del ministro dell'Interno". RaiNews (in Italian). November 2022. Archived from the original on 1 November 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
  32. ^ Park, Jeong (30 October 2022). "How generational gap may have helped lead to South Korea's Halloween tragedy". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 14 November 2022. Retrieved 14 November 2022.
  33. ^ Kwon, Junhyup; Montgomery, Hanako; Cheung, Rachel; Wong, Alan (4 November 2022). "'They Completely Failed': The Fatal Mistakes That Led to South Korea's Halloween Tragedy". www.vice.com. Archived from the original on 14 November 2022. Retrieved 14 November 2022.
  34. ^ a b "Kin identify bodies of Japanese victims in deadly Halloween crush". Kyodo News. 31 October 2022. Archived from the original on 31 October 2022. Retrieved 31 October 2022.
  35. ^ a b c "'Manmade disaster': Officials criticised over Seoul deaths". 1 News. Associated Press. 1 November 2022. Archived from the original on 2 November 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
  36. ^ a b Marsh, Nick (4 November 2022). "Itaewon crush: The policeman who tried to stop Seoul's Halloween disaster". BBC News. Archived from the original on 6 November 2022. Retrieved 5 November 2022.
  37. ^ a b Wong, Tessa; Kim, Youmi; Park, Jiwon (2 November 2022). "Itaewon crush: Anxious warnings turn into screams of terror in emergency calls". BBC News. Archived from the original on 5 November 2022. Retrieved 5 November 2022.
  38. ^ a b "South Korea Seoul Stampede: Crush kills at least 151 in Seoul, leaves several injured". The Times of India. 30 October 2022. Archived from the original on 2 November 2022.
  39. ^ "Witnesses describe scenes of horror in Seoul after Halloween stampede". Le Monde. 30 October 2022. Archived from the original on 3 November 2022. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
  40. ^ "S Korea in national mourning after deadly Halloween crowd crush". Al Jazeera. 30 October 2022. Archived from the original on 3 November 2022. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
  41. ^ Kim, Youmi; Choi, Jungmin (1 November 2022). "Itaewon crush: First emergency call came hours before crush". BBC News. Archived from the original on 1 November 2022. Retrieved 2 November 2022.
  42. ^ Min-sik, Yoon (4 November 2022). "Same problems, same frustrations: Why Itaewon feels like deja vu". The Korea Herald. Archived from the original on 4 November 2022. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
  43. ^ a b Michelle Ye Hee Lee, Meg Kelly et al. in (16 November 2022). "Seoul crowd crush victims died amid delayed rescue in Itaewon alley". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 21 December 2022. Retrieved 25 December 2022.
  44. ^ a b c d "How Itaewon turned into epicenter of tragedy" ["A video shot by an eyewitness from higher up in a nearby building shows a policeman struggling unsuccessfully with the arms of one of the trapped victims."]. The Korea Times. 30 October 2022. Archived from the original on 30 October 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
  45. ^ a b c "Halloween stampede updates: At least 146 dead in crowd surge, officials say". MSN News. ABC News. 29 October 2022. Archived from the original on 3 November 2022.
  46. ^ Choi, S.; Williams, A. (29 October 2022). "South Korea stampede death toll rises to 120, fire authorities say". Reuters. Archived from the original on 30 October 2022. Retrieved 29 October 2022.
  47. ^ Tong-Hyung, K.; Kim, H.-J. (29 October 2022). "At least 59 dead, 150 injured in Seoul after Halloween crowd crush". PBS News. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 29 October 2022. Retrieved 29 October 2022.
  48. ^ a b "'There were bodies everywhere': US soldiers survive S. Korea crush". France 24. 30 October 2022. Archived from the original on 6 November 2022. Retrieved 6 November 2022.
  49. ^ Bickerton, James (3 November 2022). "U.S. soldiers praised for saving dozens of lives in South Korea stampede". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 4 November 2022. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
  50. ^ "Something terrible is happening: Scenes of horror in Seoul after Halloween crowd crush". The Straits Times. 31 October 2022. Archived from the original on 24 November 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
  51. ^ People party next to ambulances after Halloween crowd crush in Itaewon, TODAYonline, 31 October 2022, archived from the original on 2 November 2022, retrieved 2 November 2022
  52. ^ Brooke Rolfe (30 October 2022). "Disturbing video shows people dancing after fatal stampede". news.com.au. Archived from the original on 30 October 2022. Retrieved 2 November 2022.
  53. ^ Kim, H. (30 October 2022). 수십만 인파에 막힌 구급차… 이태원 사고현장 진입에 1시간 넘게 걸렸다 [An ambulance blocked by hundreds of thousands of people... It took over an hour to enter the Itaewon accident site]. Naver News (in Korean). Archived from the original on 31 October 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
  54. ^ a b c Marris, Sharon (29 October 2022). "At least 59 dead and 150 injured after stampede during Halloween festivities in Itaewon, South Korea". Sky News. Archived from the original on 12 November 2022. Retrieved 29 October 2022.
  55. ^ "Seul, tragedia di Halloween, oltre 400 i soccorritori al lavoro". RaiNews (in Italian). 29 October 2022. Archived from the original on 1 November 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
  56. ^ "Timeline of a disaster: Seoul's fatal crowd crush". France 24. 1 November 2022. Archived from the original on 2 November 2022. Retrieved 2 November 2022.
  57. ^ Aisha Rimi (30 October 2022). "Footage inside Seoul crowd reveals partygoers' panic before crush killed 153 people". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2 November 2022. Retrieved 2 November 2022.
  58. ^ "Itaewon crowd crush: 'Felt like an accident was bound to happen'". The Guardian. Agence France-Presse. 29 October 2022. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
  59. ^ Choi, David (30 October 2022). "USFK sends condolences after fatal Halloween surge in Seoul". Stars and Stripes. Archived from the original on 30 October 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
  60. ^ Yeon-woo, J. (1 November 2022). [이태원 참사][후속 지원 대책] 유가족에 장례비 최대 1500만원…공무원 1대 1 매칭 지원 [[Itaewon Disaster] [Follow up support measures] Up to 15 million won for funeral expenses for the bereaved family… Support for one-to-one matching of civil servants] (in Korean). Aju Business Daily. Archived from the original on 31 October 2022. Retrieved 31 October 2022.
  61. ^ Cheol-gi, M. (1 November 2022). 이태원 참사 사망자 위로금 2천만 원·장례비 최대 1500만 원 [20 million won for the victims of the Itaewon disaster, up to 15 million won for funeral expenses] (in Korean). Onion TV News. Archived from the original on 31 October 2022. Retrieved 31 October 2022.
  62. ^ Im Eun-byel (18 November 2022). "Interior minister says reform plan on safety control measure on the way". Koreaherald. Archived from the original on 19 December 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
  63. ^ a b 이태원 참사 희생자 159명으로 1명 늘어…극단적 선택 10대 포함. Naver (in Korean). Archived from the original on 3 January 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
  64. ^ "دست‌کم پنج ایرانی در میان قربانیان حادثه مرگبار سئول؛ رهبران جهان تسلیت گفتند" [At least five Iranians among the victims of the fatal accident in Seoul; World leaders expressed their condolences] (in Persian). Voice of America Persian News Network. Archived from the original on 1 November 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
  65. ^ Chen, S. (30 October 2022). "Seoul Halloween crush: 4 Chinese among more than 150 dead". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 17 November 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
  66. ^ "Число погибших в давке в Сеуле возросло до 156 человек". RIA Novosti (in Russian). 1 November 2022. Archived from the original on 1 November 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
  67. ^ "韓国・転倒事故 10代と20代の日本人女性2人が死亡" (in Japanese). 30 October 2022. Archived from the original on 30 October 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
  68. ^ Rahman, Khaleda (30 October 2022). "South Korea Halloween tragedy: Two U.S. citizens among 153 killed". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 12 November 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
  69. ^ Na-young, K.; Han-joo, K. (30 October 2022). "Australian survivor of Itaewon stampede looks for body of friend". Yonhap News Agency. Archived from the original on 11 November 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
  70. ^ "Halloween stampede: One Australian killed as death toll rises to 153". news.com.au. 1 November 2022. Archived from the original on 31 October 2022. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
  71. ^ Parkes-Hupton, H. "Second Australian death from Halloween crowd crush in Seoul confirmed". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 15 November 2022. Retrieved 15 November 2022.
  72. ^ "Massenpanik bei Halloween-Feiern in Südkorea: 153 Tote, 83 Verletzte – auch Österreicher darunter" [Mass panic at Halloween celebrations in South Korea: 153 dead, 83 injured – including Austrians] (in German). Der Standard. 30 October 2022. Archived from the original on 1 November 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
  73. ^ "Quartier d'Itaewon à Séoul" [Itaewon district in Seoul] (in French). Embassy of France in Korea. 30 October 2022. Archived from the original on 15 November 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
  74. ^ "Kazakh student dies in Seoul stampede: 30 October 2022, 13:55 – news on inform.kz". Казинформ. 30 October 2022. Archived from the original on 17 November 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
  75. ^ Waaler, Ingrid Emilie (31 October 2022). "Nordmann bekreftet omkommet i halloween-trengselen i Seoul". NRK.no (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 1 November 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
  76. ^ "More details released on Sri Lankan killed in South Korea stampede". adaderana.lk. 30 October 2022. Archived from the original on 30 October 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
  77. ^ "อิแทวอน : คนไทยเสียชีวิต 1 ราย เหตุเบียดกันตายในกรุงโซล ยอดเสียชีวิตรวม 153 ราย" [Itaewon: 1 Thai death; human crush in Seoul, death toll at 153] (in Thai). BBC Thai. 30 October 2022. Archived from the original on 15 November 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
  78. ^ "Diplomatic missions in Korea scramble to make contact with citizens after Itaewon crush". Korea JoongAng Daily. 30 October 2022. Archived from the original on 9 November 2022. Retrieved 29 October 2022.
  79. ^ "One Vietnamese killed in Seoul stampede". VnExpress English. 29 October 2022. Archived from the original on 1 November 2022. Retrieved 29 October 2022.
  80. ^ "'We've so many questions unanswered': botched response blamed for Seoul crush". South China Morning Post. 13 January 2023. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
  81. ^ Chen, Heather; Vogt, Adrienne; Meyer, Matt; Jeong, Sophie; Bae, Gawon; Raine, Andrew; Picheta, Rob (29 October 2022). "October 29 Seoul Halloween news". CNN. Archived from the original on 29 October 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
  82. ^ Ha-jeong, P. (30 October 2022). 이태원 압사 참사 사망자 154명으로 늘어…외국인 26명 (in Korean). Seoul Broadcasting System. Archived from the original on 30 October 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
  83. ^ Meyer, Matt; Hayes, Mike; Chowdhury, Maureen (30 October 2022). "Over 150 killed in Seoul Halloween crowd surge". CNN. Archived from the original on 30 October 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
  84. ^ "South Korea Halloween crush: Who were the victims?". BBC News. 31 October 2022. Archived from the original on 31 October 2022. Retrieved 31 October 2022.
  85. ^ "Death toll from Halloween crowd crush rises to 158". Yonhap News Agency. 14 November 2022. Archived from the original on 13 November 2022. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
  86. ^ Lee Chang-hoon, Lee Sung-eun (29 December 2022). "Prosecutors steering Itaewon case away from firefighters: Police". Korea JoongAng Daily. Archived from the original on 13 January 2023. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
  87. ^ a b Lee Yeon-woo (17 December 2022). "Survivors of Itaewon tragedy suffer from PTSD". The Korea Times. Archived from the original on 21 December 2022. Retrieved 21 December 2022.
  88. ^ Sang-Hun, Choe (13 January 2023). "Officials Blame Negligence for Deadly Seoul Crowd Crush". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
  89. ^ '이태원 참사' 사망 1명 늘어 157명…"장기 기증 군장병". Archived from the original on 11 November 2022. Retrieved 11 November 2022.
  90. ^ "Crush in Korea's Itaewon claims 154 lives, 26 foreign deaths reported". Korea JoongAng Daily. 30 October 2022. Archived from the original on 29 October 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2023.
  91. ^ Seong-hoon, K. (30 October 2022). '이태원 압사사고' 실종자 신고접수 355건..병원에 시 직원 배치 [355 cases of missing persons reported in 'Itaewon crushed death accident'.. City staff placed in hospital]. Money Today. Archived from the original on 30 October 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
  92. ^ a b Boram, P. (30 October 2022). "(8th LD) At least 149 dead, 76 injured in Halloween stampede in Seoul". Yonhap News Agency. Archived from the original on 30 October 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
  93. ^ [이태원 참사]사망자 153명로 늘어…12명 신원 미확인. Newsis. 30 October 2022. Archived from the original on 30 October 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
  94. ^ Park, Ju-min; Yang, Heekyong (30 October 2022). "After South Korean Halloween crush, families seek missing, plan funerals". Reuters. Archived from the original on 30 October 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
  95. ^ "South Korea Halloween stampede leaves desperate families seeking word of missing". Channel News Asia. Reuters. 30 October 2022. Archived from the original on 30 October 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
  96. ^ Kim, Hongji; Park, Ju-min (1 November 2022). "South Korea Halloween crush victims' belongings fill quiet lost-and-found centre". Reuters. Archived from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
  97. ^ Son Ji-hyoung (3 January 2023). "Teenage suicide officially recognized as Itaewon crowd crush death". The Korea Herald. Archived from the original on 9 January 2023. Retrieved 12 January 2023.
  98. ^ "Over 1,300 rescue workers still traumatised by Itaewon Halloween crowd crush". The Korea Herald, Asia News Network. The Straits Times. 16 October 2023. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
  99. ^ Kelly Kasulis Cho (29 November 2022). "Perspective: Reporter still haunted by Itaewon crowd crush, a tragedy close to home". washingtonpost.com. Archived from the original on 9 December 2022. Retrieved 25 December 2022.
  100. ^ Seo Ji-Eun (15 November 2022). "Naming Itaewon victims without families' consent stirs controversy". Korea JoongAng Daily. Archived from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2022.
  101. ^ [단독] 이상민 "왜 못 믿냐" 발끈하더니...행안부 유족 명단 있었다. YTN. 21 November 2022. Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  102. ^ "South Korea Halloween stampede 'should not have happened': President Yoon". mint. 30 October 2022. Archived from the original on 10 November 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
  103. ^ 윤 대통령, 이태원 압사 사고 현장 방문 [President Yoon visits the site of the Itaewon crushing accident]. Busan Ilbo. 30 October 2022. Archived from the original on 30 October 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
  104. ^ Ripley, Gawon Bae, Paula Hancocks, Sophie Jeong, Jessie Yeung, Will (29 October 2022). "South Korea searches for answers after Halloween festivities leave 151 dead". CNN. Archived from the original on 30 October 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  105. ^ a b "Seoul crowd crush: local police offices raided in investigation". The Guardian. 2 November 2022. Archived from the original on 5 November 2022. Retrieved 5 November 2022.
  106. ^ a b "Police wrap up monthslong probe into Itaewon crush; 23 officials referred to prosecution". The Korea Times. 13 January 2023. Archived from the original on 13 January 2023. Retrieved 13 January 2023.
  107. ^ a b "S.Korean police conclude probe into deadly Itaewon crowd crush". NHK World-Japan News. 13 January 2023. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
  108. ^ Kim Tong-Hyung (13 January 2023). "S. Korean police seek manslaughter charges over deadly crush". AP News. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
  109. ^ "Hotel adjoining Itaewon crowd crush site raided over suspected illegal construction". The Korea Times. 9 November 2022. Archived from the original on 10 November 2022. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
  110. ^ "Yongsan police officer found dead amid investigation into Itaewon tragedy". The Korea Times. 11 November 2022. Archived from the original on 11 November 2022. Retrieved 11 November 2022.
  111. ^ a b "Two officials dead in apparent suicides as Itaewon investigation continues". Korea JoongAng Daily. 13 November 2022. Archived from the original on 13 November 2022. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
  112. ^ Seo, Yoonjung; Jeong, Sophie; Yeung, Jessie (6 December 2022). "Seoul Halloween crush: South Korean police officers arrested over deadly tragedy". CNN. Archived from the original on 16 January 2024. Retrieved 22 January 2024.
  113. ^ a b c Mackenzie, Jean (17 November 2022). "'The time to grieve is over, it is time to be angry'". BBC News. Archived from the original on 11 December 2022. Retrieved 11 December 2022.
  114. ^ Seo, Yoonjung (15 February 2024). "South Korea Halloween crush: 3 former police officers sentenced for destroying evidence". CNN. Retrieved 15 February 2024.
  115. ^ Mackintosh, Thomas (20 January 2024). "South Korea: Police chief charged over Seoul Halloween crush". BBC News. Retrieved 22 January 2024.
  116. ^ "South Korean court convicts 3 ex-police officers in cover-up of deadly Halloween crowd crush". Associated Press. 15 February 2024. Retrieved 15 February 2024.
  117. ^ "South Korean court gives prison sentences to 3 police officers over deadly 2022 Halloween crush". Associated Press. 30 September 2024. Retrieved 30 September 2024.
  118. ^ Guinto, Joel (17 October 2024). "Seoul police chief acquitted over Halloween crush". BBC. Retrieved 17 October 2024.
  119. ^ "Parliamentary probe into Itaewon tragedy starts". Yonhap News Agency. 19 December 2022. Archived from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2022.
  120. ^ Lee Hyo-jin (14 November 2022). "Itaewon tragedy probe in limbo". The Korea Times. Archived from the original on 23 November 2022. Retrieved 25 December 2022.
  121. ^ Seo Ji-Eun (23 November 2022). "Nine more called for questioning in Itaewon tragedy". Korea JoongAng Daily. Archived from the original on 6 January 2023. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
  122. ^ "Parliamentary probe into Itaewon tragedy starts". Yonhap News Agency. 19 December 2022. Archived from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 13 January 2023.
  123. ^ "Parliamentary Committee on Itaewon Crush to Hold 2nd Forum". KBS World. 12 January 2023. Archived from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 12 January 2023.
  124. ^ Kim Arin (10 January 2023). "More expert involvement urged at major emergencies after Itaewon disaster – Dr. Cha Ji-ho of Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology speaks at the public hearing held Tuesday at the National Assembly. (Yonhap)". Koreaherald. Archived from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
  125. ^ Chelsie Alexandre (30 November 2022). "The Public Safety Implications of the Itaewon Tragedy". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 6 December 2022. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  126. ^ Kyunghyang Shinmun (2 November 2022). "대통령실이 이태원 참사 책임 가장 커"… "이상민 사퇴해야" 57% (in Korean). Archived from the original on 8 November 2022. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
  127. ^ a b "Thousands attend candlelight vigils for Halloween disaster victims across South Korea". ABC News. 6 November 2022. Archived from the original on 16 December 2022. Retrieved 12 January 2023.
  128. ^ Raphael Rashid (4 November 2022). "'I can't be protected': South Korea's youth tested again by Itaewon tragedy". the Guardian. Archived from the original on 10 November 2022. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
  129. ^ Kang Seung-woo (22 November 2022). "Parliamentary probe into Itaewon tragedy to be launched". The Korea Times. Archived from the original on 5 December 2022. Retrieved 22 November 2022.
  130. ^ Lee Yeon-woo (22 November 2022). "Families of Itaewon tragedy victims demand apology from president". The Korea Times. Archived from the original on 28 November 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
  131. ^ Min Joo Kim (21 December 2022). "Itaewon crowd-crush families call for more justice amid investigations". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 21 December 2022. Retrieved 6 January 2023.
  132. ^ "South Korean police blame fatal Halloween crush on lack of preparation, poor response". Reuters. 13 January 2023. Archived from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
  133. ^ Aram Hur (17 November 2022). "Argument: Young South Koreans Don't Trust a State That Betrays Them – The Itaewon crowd crush confirmed a growing distrust of national stories". foreignpolicy.com. Archived from the original on 12 December 2022. Retrieved 18 November 2022.
  134. ^ 김수연 (2 November 2022). 행안부 "이태원, 세계적 관광지… '참사' 대신 '사고'로 용읰" (in Korean). Archived from the original on 27 November 2022. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  135. ^ 한덕수, 이태원 생존 학생 극단 선택에 "좀 더 굳건했으면…". 15 December 2022. Archived from the original on 18 April 2023. Retrieved 1 May 2023. 이태원 참사 생존 고등학생의 극단적 선택에 '좀 더 굳건하고 치료를 받아야겠다는 생각이 더 강하면 좋지 않았을까'라고 말했다.
  136. ^ The Hankyoreh (12 January 2023). 참사 당시, 용산구청 직원들 '윤 대통령 비판' 전단지 떼고 있었다 [At the time of the disaster, Yongsan District Office staff were taking off leaflets "criticizing President Yoon"] (in Korean). Archived from the original on 4 February 2023. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
  137. ^ "[ED] Serving the people – Yoon should sack interior minister for Itaewon disaster". The Korea Times. 13 December 2022. Archived from the original on 20 December 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
  138. ^ 이태원 참사에…"수사 불충분, 이상민 사퇴" 과반[MBC]. Newsis. 21 January 2023. Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
  139. ^ "South Korean minister impeached over Itaewon crowd crush". AP NEWS. 8 February 2023. Archived from the original on 9 February 2023. Retrieved 9 February 2023.
  140. ^ Kyunghyang Shinmun (12 January 2023). 경찰, 참사 후 시민단체 동향 수집 "세월호 연계 조짐 감지" [Police, collection of civic group trends after the disaster "Detection of signs of Sewol Ferry connection"] (in Korean). Archived from the original on 13 April 2023. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
  141. ^ 이태원 유족에 '막말' 김미나 창원시의원직 유지…제명안 부결. 18 January 2023. Archived from the original on 13 April 2023. Retrieved 1 May 2023.
  142. ^ 이태원 참사 100일 추모 행진…"정부는 응답하지 않았다". Archived from the original on 13 April 2023. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
  143. ^ "Families of Seoul Halloween crush victims face online abuse". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 26 April 2023. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
  144. ^ "[단독] "압사당해요" 신고 빗발칠 때‥"집회에 간첩침투" 첩보만 신속전파". 23 October 2023.
  145. ^ "[단독] 이태원 참사 1주기 내팽개친 박희영, '유가족 맞불집회' 단체 소풍길 배웅". 30 October 2023.
  146. ^ a b ""尹 '이태원사고, 조작된 것일 수도'"‥회고한 김진표 "깜짝 놀라"". 27 June 2024.
  147. ^ "이태원 참사 조작 가능성" 발언 논란, 윤 대통령 직접 해명해야 [사설]. 28 June 2024.
  148. ^ "Memoir stirs political debate over Yoon's remark regarding Itaewon tragedy". 28 June 2024.
  149. ^ 박홍근 "김진표 '윤석열 대화' 언급 메모해‥'좌파 언론 유도설 언급'". 28 June 2024.
  150. ^ Shin, H.; Mallard, W. (30 October 2022). "South Korea's Yoon Declares National Mourning Period Over Stampede – Yonhap". U.S. News & World Report. Reuters. Archived from the original on 30 October 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
  151. ^ a b "South Korea cancels concerts, government briefings after Itaewon stampede". The Straits Times. Bloomberg News. 30 October 2022. Archived from the original on 30 October 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
  152. ^ "Crush kills at least 151 at Halloween festivities in Seoul". AP NEWS. 29 October 2022. Archived from the original on 29 October 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
  153. ^ "Mourners pay tribute to Halloween victims at altar in Seoul Plaza, Itaewon station". donga.com. 1 November 2022. Archived from the original on 27 November 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
  154. ^ '이태원 참사' 사망자 1명 늘어 155명…부상자 3명 추가 ['Itaewon disaster' death toll rises by one, 155... 3 additional wounded] (in Korean). The Dong-a Ilbo. 31 October 2022. Archived from the original on 31 October 2022. Retrieved 31 October 2022.
  155. ^ "Volunteers anonymously tidy up Itaewon memorial as mourning continues". The Korea Times. 13 November 2022. Archived from the original on 13 November 2022. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
  156. ^ "Mourners pay tribute to Halloween victims at altar in Seoul Plaza, Itaewon station". The Dong-A Ilbo. 1 November 2022. Archived from the original on 27 November 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
  157. ^ Min Joo Kim (21 December 2022). "Itaewon crowd-crush families call for more justice amid investigations". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 21 December 2022. Retrieved 13 January 2023.
  158. ^ Craig C Lewis (4 November 2022). ""Buddhist Leaders Join Memorial for Victims of Deadly Halloween Tragedy in Seoul"". buddhistdoor.net. Archived from the original on 21 November 2022. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
  159. ^ Choi Seo-in, Seo Ji-eun (21 November 2022). "Spontaneous memorial to Itaewon victims may have a future". Korea JoongAng Daily. Archived from the original on 27 November 2022. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
  160. ^ Chang Dong-woo (2 November 2022). "German president to pay respect to victims of Itaewon crush during S. Korean". Yonhap News Agency. Archived from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
  161. ^ "Foreign leaders offer condolences over deadly South Korea crush". Reuters. 30 October 2022. Archived from the original on 15 November 2022. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
  162. ^ "Tragedia a Seul, la musica continua a suonare mentre si portano i primi soccorsi". RaiNews (in Italian). 29 October 2022. Archived from the original on 1 November 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
  163. ^ "Foreign leaders offer condolences over deadly South Korea crush". Reuters. 30 October 2022. Archived from the original on 15 November 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
  164. ^ "PM Modi writes to South Korean Prez, expresses deep anguish over Seoul stampede". Hindustan Times. 31 October 2022. Archived from the original on 31 October 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
  165. ^ "Itaewon tragedy: Malaysia expresses condolences to South Korea". The Sun. 30 October 2022. Archived from the original on 4 November 2022. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
  166. ^ "Marcos extends condolences to South Korea over deadly crowd crush". GMA Integrated News. 11 November 2022. Archived from the original on 27 December 2022. Retrieved 11 November 2022.
  167. ^ "President sends condolences over Seoul stampede". VietnamPlus. 30 October 2022. Archived from the original on 10 November 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
  168. ^ Kim Hayeon (4 November 2022). "National Affairs: President Yoon, German leader discuss economic, security cooperation". Korea.net. Archived from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
  169. ^ Peter Masheter (31 October 2022). "Halloween revelers fill Shibuya with security tight after Seoul crush". Kyodo News. Archived from the original on 1 December 2022. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
  170. ^ Marcus, Lilit (6 October 2023). "Tokyo district urges tourists to stay away on Halloween". CNN. Retrieved 25 June 2024.
  171. ^ "Tokyo's Shibuya district raises alarm against unruly Halloween, even caging landmark statue". AP News. 27 October 2023. Retrieved 25 June 2024.
  172. ^ "Quiet before Christmas in Seoul nightlife district of deadly crowd crush". channelnewsasia.com. 19 December 2022. Archived from the original on 13 January 2023. Retrieved 13 January 2023.
  173. ^ Yaki Jones (Posting) (27 December 2022). "Itaewon's nightlife district looks like a ghost town this holiday season". Allkpop. Archived from the original on 27 December 2022. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
  174. ^ Sophie-Ha (18 November 2022). "Businesses in Itaewon are suffering with no customers after the tragedy". Allkpop. Archived from the original on 23 November 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
  175. ^ Chea, Sarah (30 October 2022). "Concerts, festivals, promotions canceled cross-country after Halloween disaster in Itaewon" (in Korean). Korea JoongAng Daily. Archived from the original on 30 October 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
  176. ^ Kang, Sejeong (30 October 2022). "7일간 이태원 참사 국가애도"..방송가→영화계 동참 '예능·행사 올스톱'[종합] ["National mourning for the Itaewon disaster for 7 days".. Broadcasters → Participation in the film industry 'Entertainment and Event All-Stop' [General]] (in Korean). OSEN. Archived from the original on 30 October 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
  177. ^ Kim Bo-young (31 October 2022). "MBC, 1일 '2022 카타르 월드컵' 제발회 취소…이태원 참사 여파 [공식]" [MBC cancels '2022 Qatar World Cup' please... Aftermath of Itaewon Disaster [Official]]. Edaily [ko] (in Korean). Archived from the original on 1 November 2022. Retrieved 31 October 2022.
  178. ^ Lee Hyun-ji (31 October 2022). 시간이 멈춘듯한 가요계...'앨범 발매·콘서트 취소' 이태원 참사 애도 뜻 동참 [In the music industry where time seems to have stopped... 'Album release, concert cancellation' Join in mourning for the Itaewon disaster]. MHN Sports (in Korean). Archived from the original on 1 November 2022. Retrieved 31 October 2022.
  179. ^ Yoon, Seong-yeol (30 October 2022). 엑소 첸, 솔로 컴백 잠정 연기.."이태원 참사 희생자 애도" [EXO Chen, solo comeback tentatively postponed.. "Mourning for victims of the Itaewon disaster"]. Starnews (in Korean). Naver. Archived from the original on 30 October 2022. Retrieved 31 October 2022.
  180. ^ Park, J. (30 October 2022). "'JYP밴드' 엑스디너리 히어로즈, 앨범 발매 연기…이태원 참사 여파[전문]" ['JYP Band' Xdinary Heroes postponed album release... Aftermath of Itaewon Disaster [Full Text]]. Naver (in Korean). Archived from the original on 30 October 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
  181. ^ Son Bong-seok (31 October 2022). '이태원 참사' 여파, 크랙시 새 싱글 'Poison Rose' 발매연기[공식] [Aftermath of 'Itaewon Disaster', Cracky's new single 'Poison Rose' release has been delayed [Official]]. Sports Kyunghyang (in Korean). Archived from the original on 31 October 2022. Retrieved 31 October 2022.
  182. ^ Hye-jin, Byun (30 October 2022). "Retailers cancel Halloween-themed events". The Korea Herald. Archived from the original on 30 October 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
  183. ^ Seon-hee, Y. (30 October 2022). 에버랜드·롯데월드·SM 핼러윈 행사·공연 전면 취소 [Everland, Lotte World, SM Halloween events and performances have been completely canceled] (in Korean). The Hankyoreh. Archived from the original on 30 October 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
  184. ^ Garcia, Thania (30 October 2022). "Hybe, YG Entertainment and Other K-Pop Giants Postpone New Releases After Fatal Crowd Surge in Seoul Kills Over 150". Variety. Archived from the original on 30 October 2022. Retrieved 31 October 2022.
  185. ^ "Concerts, Broadcast Programs, And More Postponed And Canceled Following Itaewon Tragedy". Soompi. 30 October 2022. Archived from the original on 31 October 2022. Retrieved 31 October 2022.
  186. ^ "More Events And Comebacks Postponed In Wake Of Itaewon Tragedy". Soompi. 30 October 2022. Archived from the original on 31 October 2022. Retrieved 31 October 2022.
  187. ^ "Social media urge users to refrain from spreading false info on Itaewon tragedy". The Korea Times. 30 October 2022. Archived from the original on 30 October 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
  188. ^ "At least 151 dead, many injured, in Halloween crowd crush in Seoul". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 30 October 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
  189. ^ Sohn, Jiyoung; Martin, Timothy W; Yoon, Dasl (1 November 2022). "South Koreans Rattled by Grisly Footage of Halloween Crowd Crush in Seoul". WSJ. Archived from the original on 2 November 2022. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
  190. ^ Chae Hye-Seon, Seo Ji-Eun (16 November 2022). "Kids make fun of tragedy with the Itaewon Game". Korea JoongAng Daily. Archived from the original on 23 November 2022. Retrieved 12 January 2023.
  191. ^ Kim, Yoon-mi (30 October 2022). "Psychiatrists urge people not to spread Itaewon stampede video". KBR (in Korean). Archived from the original on 30 October 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
  192. ^ "Itaewon tragedy sparks debates on digital ethics". The Korea Times. 7 November 2022. Archived from the original on 10 November 2022. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
  193. ^ Lee Hae-rin (7 November 2022). "Itaewon tragedy sparks debates on digital ethics". The Korea Times. Archived from the original on 17 November 2022. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
  194. ^ "Mass trauma lurks as Itaewon tragedy sears into our minds". Korea JoongAng Daily. 2 November 2022. Archived from the original on 3 November 2022. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
  195. ^ Lim Jeong-won (2 November 2022). "Mass trauma lurks as Itaewon tragedy sears into our minds". Korea JoongAng Daily. Archived from the original on 3 November 2022. Retrieved 24 December 2022.
  196. ^ Somasundaram, Praveena; Lee, Joyce Sohyun; Timsit, Annabelle (29 October 2022). "Here's what causes crowd crushes like the deadly one in Seoul". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 5 November 2022. Retrieved 5 November 2022.
  197. ^ Samantha Lock (1 November 2022). "Crowd crushes: how disasters like Itaewon happen, how can they be prevented, and the 'stampede' myth – Seoul crowd crush". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 3 November 2022. Retrieved 24 December 2022.
  198. ^ Jalelah Abu Baker (31 October 2022). "Seoul crowd crush: How it may have happened and what to do in such a situation". channelnewsasia. Archived from the original on 30 November 2022. Retrieved 24 December 2022.
  199. ^ Kim Yoo-chul (17 November 2022). "[INTERVIEW] 'Seoul's deadly Halloween crowd crush was avoidable'". The Korea Times. Archived from the original on 23 November 2022. Retrieved 12 January 2023.
edit
Retrieved from "https://en.wiki.x.io/w/index.php?title=Seoul_Halloween_crowd_crush&oldid=1253697036"