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House of Ibelin

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The House of Ibelin was a noble family in the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem in the 12th century. They rose from relatively humble beginnings to become one of the most important families in the kingdom, holding various high offices and with extensive holdings in the Holy Land and Cyprus. The family disappeared after the fall of the Kingdom of Cyprus in the 15th century.

Ibelin coat of arms

Name

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The family took their name from the castle of Ibelin, which was built in 1141 by King Fulk I and entrusted to Barisan, the founder of the family. Ibelin was the crusader's name for the Arab city of Yibna, where the castle was situated. The castle fell to the Saracens at the end of the 12th century, but by then the family had holdings at Beirut and in Cyprus.

First and second family generations

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Balian of Ibelin, carrying King Baldwin V

The Ibelin family rose from relatively humble origins to become one of the most important noble families in the Crusader states of Jerusalem and Cyprus. The origins of the family remain uncertain. The Ibelins claimed to be descended from the Le Puiset viscounts of Chartres in France,[1] though Peter W. Edbury suggests this could have been a fabrication and that the family may have originated from Pisa in Italy.[2] According to Jonathan Riley-Smith, however, they may have indeed been connected to Chartres, with the first known member and founder of the house, Barisan of Ibelin, having possibly been a younger brother of Hugh of Le Puiset, who was made Count of Jaffa in 1110; he would then have also been a cousin to the Montlhéry family of King Baldwin II of Jerusalem.[3] Barisan was a knight in service of the Count of Jaffa and in 1115 became Constable of Jaffa. As a reward for his loyalty, around 1122, he married Helvis, heiress of the nearby lordship of Ramla.[4]

Barisan was given the castle of Ibelin in 1141 by King Fulk as a reward for his loyalty during the revolt of his then master Hugh II of Le Puiset, Count of Jaffa, in 1134. Ibelin was part of the County of Jaffa, which was annexed to the royal domain after Hugh's unsuccessful revolt. Barisan's marriage with Helvis produced Hugh, Baldwin, Barisan, Ermengarde, and Stephanie. The younger Barisan came to be known as Balian. Along with Ibelin, the family then held Ramla (inherited from Helvis), and the youngest son Balian received the lordship of Nablus when he married Maria Comnena, the Dowager Queen. Balian was the last to hold these territories as they all fell to Saladin in 1187.

The family underwent a remarkable rise in status in only two generations. In the circumstances of the crusader kingdom, this rapid rise, noblesse nouvelle, was not as difficult as it would have been in Europe. In crusader Palestine, individuals and whole families tended to die much sooner and replacements, sang nouveau, were needed.

13th century

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Balian's descendants were among the most powerful nobles in the Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Kingdom of Cyprus. Balian's first son John of Ibelin, the Old Lord of Beirut, was the leader of the opposition to Emperor Frederick II when the latter tried to impose imperial authority over the crusader states. The family briefly regained control of the castle of Ibelin in 1241 in the aftermath of Frederick's Sixth Crusade, when certain territories were returned to the Christians by treaty. John had numerous children with Melisende of Arsuf, including Balian, lord of Beirut; Baldwin, seneschal of Cyprus; another John, lord of Arsuf and constable of Jerusalem; and Guy, constable of Cyprus. This Balian was married to Eschiva of Montbéliard and was the father of John II of Beirut, who married the daughter of Duke Guy I of Athens. John of Arsuf was the father of Balian of Arsuf, who married Plaisance of Antioch. Guy the constable was the father of Isabella, who married Hugh III of Cyprus.

Balian of Ibelin's second son Philip was regent of Cyprus while his niece, the widowed Queen Alice, needed help to govern. With Alice of Montbéliard, Philip was the father of John of Ibelin, count of Jaffa and Ascalon, regent of Jerusalem, and author of the Assizes of the High Court of Jerusalem, the most important legal document from the crusader kingdom. John married Maria, sister of Hethum I of Armenia, and was the father of James, count of Jaffa and Ascalon and also a noted jurist; and of Guy, count of Jaffa and Ascalon and husband of his cousin Maria, Hethum's daughter.

Several members of the family went to the new kingdom of Cyprus at the beginning of the 13th century. Most of the rest moved there as the mainland kingdom was lost piece by piece. No members of the Ibelin family seem to have gone to any other country during this period. At this time, some of the Embriaco lords of Gibelet, relatives of the Ibelins, also took the name of "Ibelin" because of their common maternal descent.

Despite the family's modest origins on the paternal side, the Ibelins during the 13th–15th centuries were among the highest nobility in the Kingdom of Cyprus, producing brides for younger sons, grandsons and brothers of kings (though the kings and eldest sons tended to find more royal wives). Ibelins lived among the highest circles of Cyprus, and married into the royal family, the Lusignans, and among such families as Montfort, Dampierre, ducal Brunswick, Montbeliard, and Gibelet(-Ibelins). They married also into other branches of Ibelins. They also had loftier ancestors: Maria Comnena was from the Byzantine imperial Comnenus dynasty, and was descended from the kings of Georgia, Bulgaria, ancient Armenia, Parthia, Persia and Syria.

When the Kingdom of Cyprus was destroyed in the 15th century, the Ibelins apparently also lost their lands and positions, and the family possibly became extinct — the sources, at least, no longer mention them.

Lords of Ibelin

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See Lordship of Ibelin.

Family tree

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Lusignan descendants of Eschiva and Amalric
  • Stephanie of Ibelin m. Amalric, Viscount of Nablus
    • Balian of Ibelin (early 1140s – 1193) m. Maria Comnena
      • Helvis of Ibelin m. 1. Reginald of Sidon, 2. Guy of Montfort.
      • John of Ibelin (c. 1179–1236) m. 1. Helvis of Nephin, 2. Melisende of Arsuf
        • Balian of Beirut (d. 1247) m. Eschiva de Montfaucon
        • John of Arsuf (c. 1211–1258) m. Alice of Haifa
          • Balian of Arsuf (1239–1277) m. 1. Plaisance of Antioch, w.o. issue 2. ca 1261 Lucy of Chenechy
            • John, titular Lord of Arsuf, (1277–1309) m. aft. 1300 Isabel of Ibelin, daughter of Balian seneschal of Cyprus.
              • Guy of Ibelin
              • Balian of Ibelin (d. c. 1338) m. c. 1320 Margaret of Ibelin
                • Philip of Ibelin, (d. 1374/6) m. 1. Eschiva of Dampierre 2. 1355 Alicia of Majorca (d. aft. 1376) daughter of Ferdinand of Majorca
                • Guy of Ibelin (d. 1367)
                • Thomas of Ibelin (d. aft. 1361)
                • John of Ibelin
                • Mary of Ibelin (d. aft. 1357) m. 1. c. 1340 Hugh of Dampierre-sur-Salon 2. c. 1349 John of Ibelin (d. aft. 1357)
                • Simone of Ibelin (d. aft. 1350) m. 1. c. 1355 Baldwin of Nores 1. John Babin
                • Margaret of Ibelin (d. aft. 1353) m. Balian of Ibelin
              • Margaret of Ibelin m. c. 1323 Balian of Ibelin
              • Lucy of Ibelin m. 1. c. 1332 Baldwin of Milmars 2. c. 1334 Raymond du Four
              • Alice of Ibelin
            • Joan of Ibelin m. Baldwin of Morf
            • Nicole of Ibelin, (d. c. 1300) m. Thibaut of Bessan
            • Ermeline of Ibelin
        • Hugh of Ibelin (1213–1238)
        • Baldwin of Ibelin (d. 1266) m. Alix of Bethsan
        • Guy of Ibelin m. Philippa Berlais
          • Baldwin bailli of Jerusalem
          • John (d. 1277)
          • Aimery
          • Balian (1240–1302) m. Alice de Lampron
          • Philip of Ibelin (1253–1318) m. 1. c. 1280 Maria, daughter of Vahran of Hamousse by Mary of Ibelin, w.o. issue; 2. c 1295 Maria of Giblet (d. 1331)
            • John of Ibelin, (b. 1302, d. aft. 1317)
            • Guy of Ibelin (d. c 1360) m. c. 1319 Margaret of Ibelin
              • John of Ibelin
              • Alice of Ibelin, (d. aft. 1373) m. c. 1350 John of Lusignan (d. 1375)
              • Margaret of Ibelin
            • Balian of Ibelin, (d. aft. 1349) m. c. 1323 Margaret of Ibelin
            • Isabella of Ibelin, (b.1300, d. aft. 1342) m. 1. 1316 Fernando of Majorca (d. 1316); 2. c. 1320 Hugh of Ibelin
            • Helvis of Ibelin, (b. 1307, d. aft. 1347) m. 1330 Henry II, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen (d. 1351)
          • Isabella of Ibelin (1241–1324) m. Hugh III of Cyprus (see above)
          • Alice m. Eudes of Dampierre sur Salon
          • Eschiva
          • Melisende
          • Mary
      • Margaret, m. 1. Hugh of Saint-Omer, 2. Walter of Caesarea.
      • Philip of Ibelin (1180–1227), m. Alice of Montbéliard
        • John of Ibelin (1215–1266) m. Maria of Barbaron
          • James (c. 1240–1276) m. Marie of Montbéliard
          • Philip (d. aft. 1263)
          • Guy (c. 1250–1304) m. Marie, Lady of Naumachia
            • Philip of Ibelin (d. 1316)
              • Hugh of Ibelin (d. aft. 1335)
            • Hugh of Ibelin (d. c 1349); m. 1320 Isabella of Ibelin (died after 1342)
              • Balian of Ibelin (d. c 1352)
              • Guy of Ibelin (d. c 1363); m. N.
                • Balian of Ibelin; m.1352 Marguerite of Ibelin
                  • John of Ibelin (d. c 1375)
                  • Mary of Ibelin; m. ca 1358 Reinier Le Petit
            • Balian of Ibelin, (b. 1302), m. 1. 1322 Jeannette of Montfort (d. c 1325) 2. 1325 Margaret du Four
            • Maria of Ibelin, (b. 1294, d. before 1318), m.1307/10 Hugh IV of Cyprus
            • John (died 1315/1316 in Kyrenia)
          • John (d. aft. 1263)
          • Hethum
          • Oshin
          • Margaret (c. 1245 – aft. 1317)
          • Isabella (c. 1250 – aft. 1298) married Sempad of Servantikar
          • Mary (d. aft. 1298) m. 1. Vahran of Hamousse, 2. Gregorios Tardif
    • Ermengarde of Ibelin (d. 1160/1167)
    • Stephanie of Ibelin (d. after 1167)

The Ibelin crest

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The Ibelin shield shown here was used in the film, "Kingdom of Heaven", but has nothing to do with the real Ibelin family. While researching shields and coats of arms for the film (which used real and fabricated shields), members of the production team discovered this shield - a red cross on a gold field - in a museum in Paris, with "Balian 1180" written under it. They were delighted, even though it wasn't "their" Balian, and used it as the Ibelin shield, despite it having no historic connection to that family. This information can be found in the "Kingdom of Heaven" companion book.

Jean de Joinville in his account of the Sixth Crusade mentions the coat of arms of the Count of Jaffa, who at this time was John of Ibelin. Jeanville describes the coat of arms as "or with a cross of gules patée", which roughly translates to "red cross patty on golden ground".[5] That would mean the shield shown here is not that far off from the description given by Jean de Joinville. It remains unclear within the source, if it was the coat of arms of the count of Jaffa, regardless of who was holding that county, or the coat of arms of the house of Ibelin. For Jean de Joinville mentions other Ibelin in his account, but fails to connect them to said coat of arms.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Riley-Smith p. 172-3
  2. ^ W. Edbury, Peter. The Kingdom of Cyprus and the Crusades 1191 -1374. p. 39.
  3. ^ Jonathan Riley-Smith, The First Crusaders, 1095-1131 (Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp. 172-173.
  4. ^ Edbury, p. 4-5
  5. ^ Chronicles of the Crusades by Jean de Joinville and Geoffrey de Villehardouin. Transl. by Sir Frank Marzials. p.134f.

Bibliography

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  • William of Tyre (1943), A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea, trans. E. A. Babcock and A. C. Krey, Columbia University Press
  • Edbury, Peter W. (1997), John of Ibelin and the Kingdom of Jerusalem, Boydell Press
  • Mayer, H. E. (1982), "Carving Up Crusaders: The Early Ibelins and Ramlas", Outremer: Studies in the history of the Crusading Kingdom of Jerusalem presented to Joshua Prawer, Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi Institute
  • Nielen-Vandervoorde, Marie-Adélaïde (2003), Lignages d'Outremer, Documents relatifs à l'histoire des Croisades, Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, ISBN 2-87754-141-X
  • Riley-Smith, Jonathan (1997), The First Crusaders, 1095-1131, Cambridge University Press
  • Rüdt de Collenberg, W. H. (1977–1979), "Les Ibelin aux XIIIe et XIVe siècles", Επετηρίς Κέντρου Επιστημονικών Ερευνών Κύπρου, 9
  • Rüdt de Collenberg, W. H. (1983), Familles de l'Orient latin XIIe-XIVe siècles, Variorum reprints, pp. 117–265, reprint of article Les Ibelin aux XIIIe et XIVe siècles.
  • Runciman, Steven (1951–1953), A History of the Crusades, Cambridge University Press
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