Iwaidja, in phonemic spelling Iwaja, is an Australian Aboriginal language of the Iwaidja people with about 150 native, and an extra 20 to 30 L2 speakers in northernmost Australia. Historically having come from the base of the Cobourg Peninsula, it is now spoken on Croker Island. It is still being learnt by children within the Northern Territory.
| Iwaidja | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Australia |
| Region | Croker Island, Northern Territory |
| Ethnicity | Iwaidja people |
Native speakers | 154 (2021 census)[1] |
| Latin script | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | ibd |
| Glottolog | iwai1244 |
| AIATSIS[2] | N39 |
| ELP | Iwaidja |
Phonology
editConsonants
editIwaidja has the following 20 consonants.
| Peripheral | Laminal | Apical | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bilabial | Velar | Palatal | Alveolar | Retroflex | |
| Nasal | m | ŋ | ɲ | n | ɳ |
| Plosive | p | k | c | t | ʈ |
| Fricative | ɣ | ||||
| Approximant | w | j | ɻ | ||
| Flap | ɽ | ||||
| Trill | r | ||||
| Lateral | (ʎ) | l | ɭ | ||
| Lateral flap | (ʎ̆) | ɺ | 𝼈 | ||
- Note: The postalveolar lateral and lateral flap are rare, and it cannot be ruled out that they are sequences of /lj/ and /ɺj/. The plosives are allophonically voiced, and are often written b d ɖ ɟ ɡ.
Vowels
editIwaidja has three vowels, /a, i, u/. The following table shows the allophones of these vowels as described by Pym and Larrimore.[3]
| Vowel | Allophone | Environment |
|---|---|---|
| /i/ | [iː] | Occurs before laminal consonants. |
| [e] | Occurs word initially. | |
| [i] | All other cases. | |
| /a/ | [ai] | Occurs before laminal consonants. |
| [æ] | Occurs following laminal consonants except utterance final. Free variation with [a] in this environment. | |
| [au] | Occurs before /w/. Free variation with [a] in this environment. | |
| [a] | All other cases. | |
| /u/ | [ui] | Occurs before laminal consonants. |
| [o] | Occurs following velar consonant. Free variation with [u] in this environment. | |
| [u] | All other cases. |
Morphophonemics
editIwaidja has extensive morphophonemic alternation. For example, body parts occur with possessive prefixes, and these alter the first consonant in the root:
| ŋa-ɺ̡uli | aŋ-kuli | ɹuli |
| my foot | your foot | his/her foot |
Both the words arm and to be sick originally started with an /m/, as shown in related languages such as Maung. The pronominal prefix for it, its altered the first consonant of the root. In Iwaidja, this form extended to the masculine and feminine, so that gender distinctions were lost, and the prefix disappeared, leaving only the consonant mutation—a situation perhaps unique in Australia, but not unlike that of the Celtic languages.
| arm | to be sick | |
|---|---|---|
| they | a-mawur their arms |
a-macu they're sick |
| he/she/it | pawur his/her arm |
pacu s/he's sick |
Semantics
editThe Iwaidja languages are nearly unique among the languages of the world in using verbs for kin terms. Nouns are used for direct address, but transitive verbs in all other cases. In English something similar is done in special cases: he fathered a child; she mothers him too much. But these do not indicate social relationships in English. For example, he fathered a child says nothing about whether he is the man the child calls "father". An Iwaidja speaker, on the other hand, says I nephew her to mean "she is my aunt". Because these are verbs, they can be inflected for tense. In the case of in-laws, this is equivalent to my ex-wife or the bride-to-be in English. However, with blood relations, past can only mean that the person has died, and future only that they are yet to be born.
a
I-to-him
-pana
FUT
-maɽjarwu
am father to
-n
NOUN
"my future son" (lit. "I will be his father")
ɹi
he-to-her
-maka
is husband to
-ntuŋ
PAST
"his ex/late wife" (lit. "he was husband to her")
Alternative names
editNotes
edit- ^ "SBS Australian Census Explorer". Retrieved 9 Jan 2023.
- ^ N39 Iwaidja at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
- ^ Pym, Noreen, and Bonnie Larrimore. Papers on Iwaidja phonology and grammar. Series A Vol. 2., 1979. iarchive:papersoniwaidjap0002pymn
- ^ Garde, Murray. "Yibadjdja". Bininj Kunwok online dictionary. Bininj Kunwok Regional Language Centre. Retrieved 4 Jan 2022.
References
edit- Nicholas Evans, 2000. "Iwaidjan, a very un-Australian language family." In Linguistic Typology 4, 91-142. Mouton de Gruyter.