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Rugby union at the Summer Olympics

(Redirected from History of the efforts to re-include rugby into the Summer Olympics)

This article is about the 15-a-side version of the game, which was discontinued at the Summer Olympics after 1924, as well as the History of the subsequent efforts to re-include rugby fifteens. For the 7-a-side tournament, see Rugby sevens at the Summer Olympics.

Rugby union has been a men's medal sport at the modern Summer Olympic Games, being played at four of the first seven competitions. The sport debuted at the 1900 Paris games where the gold medal was won by the host nation. It was subsequently featured at the London games in 1908, the Antwerp games in 1920 and the Paris games in 1924.

Rugby union at the Summer Olympics
IOC CodeRUG
Governing bodyWorld Rugby
Events2 (men: 1; women: 1)
Summer Olympics
  • 1924
  • 1928
  • 1932
  • 1936
  • 1948
  • 1952
  • 1956
  • 1960
  • 1964
  • 1968
  • 1972
  • 1976
  • 1980
  • 1984
  • 1988
  • 1992
  • 1996
  • 2000
  • 2028

Shortly after the 1924 games, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) dropped rugby union as an Olympic sport. Since then there have been numerous attempts to bring the sport back to the Olympic programme. In October 2009 the IOC voted at its session in Copenhagen to include the sevens version of the sport in the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro.[1] The event made its debut in an Olympic programme at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics.

Inclusion

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The sport was introduced by Pierre de Coubertin, who is famous for reviving the modern Olympics. He also helped to establish rugby in France, refereeing the first domestic French club championship in 1892 and France's first international, on New Year's Day, 1906, at Parc des Princes.[2][3] Coubertin formed the IOC in 1894, but rugby union was not featured until the II Olympiad.

1900

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Scene of the rugby game between France and Germany at the 1900 Summer Olympics
Main article: Rugby union at the 1900 Summer Olympics

Three National Olympic Committees (NOCs), France, Germany and Great Britain, entered teams at the 1900 games.

The teams were not national teams in the current sense of the word: the Union des Sociétés Françaises de Sports Athlétiques represented France, the Moseley Wanderers RFC represented Great Britain, and the FC 1880 Frankfurt represented Germany.[3] Rules were also different from today's: while points for penalties and conversions were worth three and two points respectively, the same as in the modern game, three points were awarded for tries (as opposed to the modern five), while four points were given for a drop goal (as opposed to the modern three).

Also, four points were awarded for a goal from mark; this would be reduced to three points in 1905, and was deleted from the rules in 1977.

France won the gold, beating Great Britain by 27 points to 8 and defeating Germany by 27 points to 17. Some sources list the German team as second on the points difference, but no such determination was made in 1900.[4] 6,000 people watched the game between France and Great Britain, which was the largest crowd at the Games.[5]

Two players on the French team were not of French nationality: Constantin Henriquez was from Haiti and André Roosevelt was an American, therefore, later IOC attributed the French medal to the Mixed team. Constantin Henriquez, a player on the French team, is the first known coloured athlete to compete in the Olympic Games.[6]

1908

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1908 Olympic Gold Final Wallabies v Cornwall
Main article: Rugby union at the 1908 Summer Olympics

Rugby union was not played at the 1904 games in St. Louis, nor at the 1906 Intercalated Games, but was included in 1908, when the Olympics were held in the sport's native country.

The Rugby Football Union (RFU) was involved in the organization of the sport at this edition of the Olympics. Like the 1900 Games, three teams entered: Australasia (representing Australia and New Zealand), France, and hosts Great Britain (which included the whole of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland), but France pulled out prior to the commencement of the tournament, due to being unable to field a representative team.

Australasia was represented by the Wallabies, who were already on tour in Britain. As the best English and Welsh players were on tour in New Zealand at the time,[5] Great Britain was represented by the Cornwall county team,[7] who were chosen by the RFU as an appropriate side after they defeated Durham to win the 1907 English County Championship. The choice of Cornwall was controversial, as only three of their players had ever represented England and the Wallabies had defeated them 18 points to five.[8]

As expected, Australasia defeated Great Britain, claiming the gold medal, the score being 32 points to three. The match at the White City Stadium was played under poor conditions, in fog and on a slippery field.[9] Two of the Australian team members would later win another Olympic gold medal: Danny Carroll would win another rugby gold with the United States in 1920,[10] while Sydney Middleton would win a gold medal in rowing at the 1912 Games, where rugby was not on the programme.[11] The sport also failed to appear on the provisional schedule of the 1916 Summer Olympics, which were cancelled due to World War I.

1920

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1920 USA Rugby Team
Main article: Rugby union at the 1920 Summer Olympics

A campaign to send an American side to the 1920 games in Antwerp started in California after a Berkeley rugby union touring party returned from British Columbia undefeated in 1920.[8] The United States Olympic Committee (USOC) granted permission for their entry. A pool of players from Stanford, Berkeley, and Santa Clara made up the squad.[8] 1908 champion Danny Carroll, a player-coach at Stanford at the time, was the team's most prominent member.

By the time the U.S. arrived in Antwerp, the Czech and Romanian teams had withdrawn, while the English RFU had declined an invitation to enter a team, to avoid interfering with the start of the English domestic season.[12] This left France and the United States as the only teams.

Their match was played in rain in front of around 20,000 spectators, with the U.S., featuring many players new to the sport of rugby, causing a shock by winning by eight points to nil, all points being scored in the second half.

One of the U.S. team members, Morris Kirksey, took home two more medals from Antwerp, finishing second to Charles Paddock in the 100 meters dash, and anchoring the winning 4 × 100 meters relay team.[13]

1924

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Main article: Rugby union at the 1924 Summer Olympics

The sport was again included in the subsequent 1924 Games in Paris. The USOC decided to send a team, while the host nation and Romania entered.[14] The American team was again made up of mainly Californian players. The U.S. squad departed on a seven-day voyage to England on an ocean liner from New York City.[14][15]

France defeated Romania 59-3[16] and entered the final game as favorites.[17]

The gold medal game was played on 18 May in front of 30,000 spectators[18] at the Colombes venue.[19][20] During the final, French fans booed and hissed the American team throughout. French fans also threw bottles and rocks onto the field and at American players and officials, wild brawls broke out in the stands, and U.S. spectator Gideon Nelson was knocked unconscious after being hit in the face by a walking stick.

The Americans won the gold medal by 17-3. At the final whistle, French fans invaded the pitch, forcing police, and French players and officials, to protect the Americans. At the medal ceremony, The Star-Spangled Banner was drowned out by the booing and hissing of French fans, and the American team had to be escorted to their locker room under police protection.

Rare vintage footage of the 1924 Gold Medal match was included in the rugby documentary, A Giant Awakens: the Rise of American Rugby.

Exclusion

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The crowd violence during, and the pitch invasion after, the 1924 Olympic Final served to give rugby a poor image. This, combined with the problems of attracting sufficient teams to make it a viable competition, the desire to include more individual and women's events, and the departure of a major advocate when Baron Pierre De Coubertin stepped down as head of the Olympic Movement in 1925, marked the downfall of rugby at the Olympics.[3][14] In 1928, the IOC turned down a request to stage rugby at the Amsterdam Games.

An exhibition tournament was held at the 1936 Berlin Games, with France, Germany, Italy and Romania competing. In what is the last rugby union match played at the Olympics as of 2021, France beat Germany in the final 19 to 14.[12][21]

In 1976, 22 African countries and Guyana demanded that New Zealand be banned from the Olympics in Montreal due to a New Zealand rugby team touring South Africa, which had been banned from the Olympics since 1964 because of its apartheid politics.

As rugby union was no longer an Olympic sport, the IOC declined to ban New Zealand, and these 23 nations boycotted the 1976 Olympics.[22]

Efforts for re-inclusion

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Fifteens

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The drawing Rugby by Luxembourgeois painter Jean Jacoby, which earned him a gold in a 1928 Olympic art competition, after the sport had been dropped

Italy in 1960, the Soviet Union in 1980, and South Korea in 1988 made requests to have rugby union brought back.[23] The 1980 request did not pass, and the 1988 games came close but failed to see the sport's admission, which was backed by the International Rugby Football Board (now, World Rugby (WR)).[3][16][24]

Apart from supporting the individual host cities' requests, the IRB did not focus its own efforts on returning the sport to the Olympics until the early 1990s, when efforts began to reunite the two movements with a series of informal meetings between the then IRB Secretary, Keith Rowlands, and the British Olympic Association Secretary, Dick Palmer. In 1994, when Vernon Pugh QC of Wales was elected Chairman of the IRB, the march towards Olympic recognition began in earnest. Pugh convinced the IRB Council that Olympic membership – initially as a non-participation sport – would be beneficial to rugby and offer the IRB member unions membership of their National Olympic Committees. Many European Federations, such as France, Italy and Romania, had been members of their National Olympic Committees for decades. The demand to get rugby back in the Olympics mounted as more rugby nations from Africa, Asia, Oceania and the Americas joined the IRB, because it was a sport seen as providing a realistic medal opportunity for a number of smaller nations.[25][26]

A significant step in the process of acceptance back into the Olympic Movement was achieved at a ceremony held in Cardiff in November 1994, when the IRB was officially confirmed as a Recognised International Federation of the IOC. At that ceremony, International Olympic Committee President, Juan Antonio Samaranch, pointed out that rugby's history and values were very much in tune with the Olympic philosophy and traditions. This historic meeting in Cardiff led to IRB representation at annual IOC meetings and consideration for inclusion in the programme of future Olympic Games.[27] In 2002, a plan was presented to induct rugby sevens, golf and the Chinese martial art of wushu.[24][28]

Sevens

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For further information, see Rugby sevens at the Summer Olympics#Efforts to include rugby sevens in the Olympics

Men

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Results

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Year Host Gold medal game Bronze medal game
Gold Score Silver Bronze Score 4th place
1900
Details 		 
Paris 		 
France
(Mixed team) 		[29]  
Germany
 
Great Britain 		three nations entered
1908
Details 		 
London 		 
Australasia 		32–3  
Great Britain 		two nations entered
1920
Details 		 
Antwerp 		 
United States 		8–0  
France 		two nations entered
1924
Details 		 
Paris 		 
United States 		17–3  
France 		 
Romania 		[30] three nations entered

Participating nations

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Nation 00 08 20 24 Years
  Australasia –   – –
  France   –    
  Germany   – – –
  Great Britain     – –
  Romania – – –  
  United States – –    
  Mixed team   – – –
Total nations 3 2 2 3

Medal table

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Accurate as of the conclusion of the 1924 Olympics.[31]

RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal
1  United States (USA)2002
2  France (FRA)1203
3  Australasia (ANZ)1001
  Mixed team (ZZX)1001
5  Great Britain (GBR)0202
6  Germany (GER)0101
7  Romania (ROM)0011
Totals (7 entries)55111

Updated: 1924 Summer Olympics

Notable rugby players involved in the Olympics

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French rugby player Jean Bouin (right) at the 1912 Stockholm Olympics

A number in other fields have also been notable rugby players, these include:

Venues

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Main article: List of Olympic venues in rugby union
Games City Stadium Capacity Ref.
  1900 Paris Vélodrome de Vincennes not listed [32]
  1908 London White City Stadium 97,000 [33]
  1920 Antwerp Olympisch Stadion 12,771 [34]
  1924 Paris Stade de Colombes 22,737 [35]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Golf & rugby voted into Olympics". BBC. 9 October 2009. Retrieved 4 January 2010.
  2. ^ Mortimer, Gavin (5 February 2006). "Where les Anglais fear to tread". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 15 May 2006.
  3. ^ a b c d "Rugby football in the Olympics". uk.geocities.com/moseleyfan. Archived from the original on 5 November 2005. Retrieved 15 May 2006.
  4. ^ Mallon, Bill (1998). The 1900 Olympic Games – Results for All Competitors in All Events, with Commentary. McFarland. ISBN 0-7864-0378-0.
  5. ^ a b "A short but eventful Olympic Rugby history". sportnetwork.net. Retrieved 21 May 2006.
  6. ^ Wiggins, David Kenneth (2004). African Americans in sports. Vol. 1. Sharpe Reference. p. 264. ISBN 0-7656-8055-6.
  7. ^ Barker, Philip. "Rugby World Cup Stirs Olympic Memories". British Olympic Association. Archived from the original on 24 November 2010. Retrieved 26 October 2010.
  8. ^ a b c "Rugby at the Olympics". rugbyfootballhistory.com. Retrieved 15 May 2006.
  9. ^ Mallon, Bill; Buchanan, Ian (2000). The 1908 Olympic Games – Results for All Competitors in All Events, with Commentary. McFarland. ISBN 0-7864-0598-8.
  10. ^ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Danny Carroll". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 20 October 2012. Retrieved 2 March 2010.
  11. ^ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Syd Middleton". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 22 February 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2010.
  12. ^ a b Buchanan, Ian. "Rugby Football at the Olympic Games". Journal of Olympic History. 5 (1): 12–14.
  13. ^ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Morris Kirksey". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 8 August 2011. Retrieved 2 March 2010.
  14. ^ a b c "7th International Post Graduate Seminar on Olympic Studies". sport.gov.gr. Archived from the original on 29 April 2008. Retrieved 15 May 2006.
  15. ^ Jenkins, Mark. "An American Victory in Paris". wesclark.com. Retrieved 15 May 2006.
  16. ^ a b "Rugby at the 1924 Olympics". wesclark.com. Retrieved 15 May 2006.
  17. ^ "Olympic Club Rugby – A Legacy of Excellence". ocrugby.com. Archived from the original on 18 December 2008. Retrieved 21 May 2006.
  18. ^ "Rugby Olympic Games 1924 France USA back". Frederic Humbert. 9 March 2010. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
  19. ^ Comité Olympique Français (1924). Les Jeux De la VIIIe Olympiade Paris 1924, Rapport Officiel. Paris: Librairie De France.
  20. ^ Coppo, Richard. "The History of Rugby in the Olympic Games". rugbymag.com. Archived from the original on 18 May 2006. Retrieved 21 May 2006.
  21. ^ Laget, Serge. "Rugby: Olympic tackles and scrums". Olympic Review. 1991 (288/289): 510–513.
  22. ^ "1976: African countries boycott Olympics". BBC News. 17 July 1976. Retrieved 2 March 2010.
  23. ^ "The Game of Rugby in Rome?". Bulletin du Comité International Olympique. 1956 (55): 55–56.
  24. ^ a b "RUGBY SEVENS READY TO OFFER WORLD CUP TO OLYMPICS". rugby.com.au. Archived from the original on 25 August 2006. Retrieved 25 May 2006.
  25. ^ "Help Get Rugby Back into the Olympic Games". irb.com. Archived from the original on 12 June 2009. Retrieved 2 March 2010.
  26. ^ "Rogge voices Olympic rugby doubts". BBC Sport. 30 October 2007. Retrieved 2 March 2010.
  27. ^ "RUGBY IN THE OLYMPICS: HISTORY". irb.com. Archived from the original on 10 August 2011. Retrieved 12 October 2009.
  28. ^ Mackay, Duncan (12 June 2005). "Sevens captains hit back at 'joke' remark". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 9 May 2006.
  29. ^ Only two games were contested, France played both Germany and Great Britain, the French winning both matches. This saw the gold go to France, and both Germany and Great Britain are credited with silver and no bronze awarded.
  30. ^ United States beat the other two competitors in the Rugby tournament, winning the Gold.
  31. ^ "Olympic Analytics - Medals by Countries". olympanalyt.com. Archived from the original on 4 February 2022. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
  32. ^ 1900 Summer Olympics official report. pp. 15-16. Retrieved 14 November 2010. (in French)
  33. ^ 1908 Summer Olympics official report. pp. 32-5, 40. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
  34. ^ Sports-reference.com 1920 Summer Olympics rugby union. Archived 7 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  35. ^ 1924 Olympics official report. pp. 50-5, 96-7, 121, 152, 216, 222, 238, 248, 265, 318, 339, 375, 499, 503, 536. (in French)
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