In the mathematical field of graph theory, the Heawood graph is an undirected graph with 14 vertices and 21 edges, named after Percy John Heawood.[1]
| Heawood graph | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Named after | Percy John Heawood |
| Vertices | 14 |
| Edges | 21 |
| Radius | 3 |
| Diameter | 3 |
| Girth | 6 |
| Automorphisms | 336 (PGL2(7)) |
| Chromatic number | 2 |
| Chromatic index | 3 |
| Genus | 1 |
| Book thickness | 3 |
| Queue number | 2 |
| Properties | Bipartite Cubic Cage Distance-transitive Distance-regular Toroidal Hamiltonian Symmetric Orientably simple |
| Table of graphs and parameters | |
Combinatorial properties
editThe graph is cubic, and all cycles in the graph have six or more edges. Every smaller cubic graph has shorter cycles, so this graph is the 6-cage, the smallest cubic graph of girth 6. It is a distance-transitive graph (see the Foster census) and therefore distance regular.[2]
There are 24 perfect matchings in the Heawood graph; for each matching, the set of edges not in the matching forms a Hamiltonian cycle. For instance, the figure shows the vertices of the graph placed on a cycle, with the internal diagonals of the cycle forming a matching. By subdividing the cycle edges into two matchings, we can partition the Heawood graph into three perfect matchings (that is, 3-color its edges) in eight different ways.[2] Every two perfect matchings, and every two Hamiltonian cycles, can be transformed into each other by a symmetry of the graph.[3]
There are 28 six-vertex cycles in the Heawood graph. Each 6-cycle is disjoint from exactly three other 6-cycles; among these three 6-cycles, each one is the symmetric difference of the other two. The graph with one node per 6-cycle, and one edge for each disjoint pair of 6-cycles, is the Coxeter graph.[4]
Geometric and topological properties
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The Heawood graph is a toroidal graph; that is, it can be embedded without crossings onto a torus. The result is the regular map {6,3}2,1, with 7 hexagonal faces.[5] Each face of the map is adjacent to every other face, thus as a result coloring the map requires 7 colors. The map and graph were discovered by Percy John Heawood in 1890, who proved that no map on the torus could require more than seven colors and thus this map is maximal.[6][7]
The map can be faithfully realized as the Szilassi polyhedron,[8] the only known polyhedron apart from the tetrahedron such that every pair of faces is adjacent.
The Heawood graph is the Levi graph of the Fano plane,[5] the graph representing incidences between points and lines in that geometry. With this interpretation, the 6-cycles in the Heawood graph correspond to triangles in the Fano plane. Also, the Heawood graph is the Tits building of the group SL3(F2).
The Heawood graph has crossing number 3, and is the smallest cubic graph with that crossing number (sequence A110507 in the OEIS). Including the Heawood graph, there are 8 distinct graphs of order 14 with crossing number 3.
The Heawood graph is the smallest cubic graph with Colin de Verdière graph invariant μ = 6.[9]
The Heawood graph is a unit distance graph: it can be embedded in the plane such that adjacent vertices are exactly at distance one apart, with no two vertices embedded to the same point and no vertex embedded into a point within an edge.[10]
Algebraic properties
editThe automorphism group of the Heawood graph is isomorphic to the projective linear group PGL2(7), a group of order 336.[11] It acts transitively on the vertices, on the edges and on the arcs of the graph. Therefore, the Heawood graph is a symmetric graph. It has automorphisms that take any vertex to any other vertex and any edge to any other edge. More strongly, the Heawood graph is 4-arc-transitive.[12] According to the Foster census, the Heawood graph, referenced as F014A, is the only cubic symmetric graph on 14 vertices.[13][14]
It has book thickness 3 and queue number 2.[15]
The characteristic polynomial of the Heawood graph is . It is the only graph with this characteristic polynomial, making it a graph determined by its spectrum.
Gallery
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embedded in a torus (shown as a square) -
embedded in a torus (compare video) -
References
edit- ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Heawood Graph". MathWorld.
- ^ a b Brouwer, Andries E. "Heawood graph". Additions and Corrections to the book Distance-Regular Graphs (Brouwer, Cohen, Neumaier; Springer; 1989)
- ^ Abreu, M.; Aldred, R. E. L.; Funk, M.; Jackson, Bill; Labbate, D.; Sheehan, J. (2004), "Graphs and digraphs with all 2-factors isomorphic", Journal of Combinatorial Theory, Series B, 92 (2): 395–404, doi:10.1016/j.jctb.2004.09.004, MR 2099150.
- ^ Dejter, Italo J. (2011), "From the Coxeter graph to the Klein graph", Journal of Graph Theory, 70: 1–9, arXiv:1002.1960, doi:10.1002/jgt.20597, S2CID 754481.
- ^ a b Coxeter (1950), "Self-dual configurations and regular graphs" (PDF), Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, 56, doi:10.1090/S0002-9904-1950-09407-5
- ^ Brown, Ezra (2002). "The many names of (7,3,1)" (PDF). Mathematics Magazine. 75 (2): 83–94. doi:10.2307/3219140. JSTOR 3219140. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-05. Retrieved 2006-10-27.
- ^ Heawood, P. J. (1890). "Map-colour theorem". Quarterly Journal of Mathematics. First Series. 24: 322–339.
- ^ Szilassi, Lajos (1986), "Regular toroids" (PDF), Structural Topology, 13: 69–80
- ^ Hein van der Holst (2006). "Graphs and obstructions in four dimensions" (PDF). Journal of Combinatorial Theory, Series B. 96 (3): 388–404. doi:10.1016/j.jctb.2005.09.004.
- ^ Gerbracht, Eberhard H.-A. (2009), Eleven unit distance embeddings of the Heawood graph, arXiv:0912.5395, Bibcode:2009arXiv0912.5395G.
- ^ Bondy, J. A.; Murty, U. S. R. (1976). Graph Theory with Applications. New York: North Holland. p. 237. ISBN 0-444-19451-7. Archived from the original on 2010-04-13. Retrieved 2019-12-18.
- ^ Conder, Marston; Morton, Margaret (1995). "Classification of Trivalent Symmetric Graphs of Small Order" (PDF). Australasian Journal of Combinatorics. 11: 146.
- ^ Royle, G. "Cubic Symmetric Graphs (The Foster Census)." Archived 2008-07-20 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Conder, M. and Dobcsányi, P. "Trivalent Symmetric Graphs Up to 768 Vertices." J. Combin. Math. Combin. Comput. 40, 41-63, 2002.
- ^ Jessica Wolz, Engineering Linear Layouts with SAT. Master Thesis, University of Tübingen, 2018
