Hadhabani or Hadhbāni, Hadhbānī, Hadhbâniyya[1] (also: Hadhbani) (Kurdish: ھەزەبانی, هۆزبان, Hecbanî) was a large medieval and most powerful Sunni Muslim Kurdish tribe. it made various Emirates and dynasties from the Caucasus, all the way to upper Mesopotamia.
Hadhbani Emirate هەزەبانی | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 906–1131/1144 | |||||||||||||
| Capital | Erbil (winter capital) Salmas (summer capital) | ||||||||||||
| Common languages | Kurdish | ||||||||||||
| Religion | Islam | ||||||||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||||||||
| History | |||||||||||||
• Established | 906 | ||||||||||||
• Imad Ad-Din Zengi conquers last remaining territory held by Hadhbanis | 1131/1144 | ||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||
Etymology
editAccording to vladimir Minorsky, The name of the Tribe is derived from geographical term for the region of Irbil, which is preserved in the name of the Nestorian diocese, Adiabene (HaSayyap).[2] the name is most likely a combination of hoz ("tribe") and bān ("leader"or" chief"), in Kurdish, which means "tribal leader".[3]: 39–40
Territory
editAccording to Ibn Hawqal the region of Jazira was the summer pasture of Hadhabani Kurds and winter pasture of Shaybani Arab tribe,[4] The presence of Hadhabani in the 10th century is attested from Dvîn in Armenia, passing through the banks of the Caspian to Al-Jazirah.[5]
The Hadhbani tribe was divided into several groups, the Mehranis, Rawandi, Zerzari and others, centered at Arbil, Oshnavieh and Urmia. Their dominion included the regions of Maragha and Urmia to the east, Arbil, Sinjar, and parts of Jazira to the south and west, and Barkari, Hakkari and Salmas to the north,[1][6][7] as Erbil being one of their capital,[8] ruling from 906 to 1131/1144.[3]: 65–66 [9]
History
editIn 906 AD, Muhammad ibn Bilal Al-hadhbani, laid waste to the Mosul countryside. the Hamdanid ruler, Abu'l-Hayja Abdallah ibn Hamdan, perused him but suffered a defeat. The Abbasid caliph of Baghdad sent reinforcement and Abu'l-Hayja continued his perusing Muhammad ibn Bilal along with 5,000 Hadhbani Kurdish families. A peace was made and the Muhammad ibn Bilal had to surrender all their territories in northern Mosul to Daseni and Humaydi Tribe.[10][11]
In 1041 AD, after the defeat of the invading Ghuz turks and subsequent massacre in Urmia by Rawadids and Hadhbani Kurds. They fled to Hakkari where they ravaged it. they were eventually defeated by the Kurds and 1500 Ghuz tribesmen were killed and the survivors were enslaved by the Kurds.[12][13]
Hadhabani dynasty and branches
edit| Hadhabani هۆزەبان | |
|---|---|
| Country | Middle East |
| Final ruler | Sultan ibn Mahmud (Armenia) Al-Ashraf Musa (Egypt) |
| Titles |
|
| Cadet branches | Ayyubid Dynasty Rawadid dynasty ? |
The Mihranis were a branch of the Hadhbani tribe, resided near Mosul and Erbil. They made the infamous Kurdish corps Mihraniyya of the Ayyubid Army.[14][3]
the Zarzari tribe, may have been a branch of Hadhabani tribe that inhabited ushnu and Rawanduz. while some Zarzaris resided in Sinjar.[8][3]: 71–72
Shaddadids, Ayyubids and probably Rawadids were descendant of one of the Hadhabani branches.[15][16][17][18]
Rulers
edit- Muhammad son of Bilal, around 906 came in conflicts with Abbasids, eventually retired to Azarbaijan.
- Jafar son of Shakkoya around 943, Salmas,
- Mir Abu Hija Musk son of Chako
- Abu Hidja son of Rabib al Dawla c. 1040 Urmia,
- Mir Sharraf al-Din Isa son of Musk c. 1045
- Mir Salar son of Musa c. 1046
- Mir Abul Hasan Ali son of Musk c. 1046–48
- Mir Abu Ali al al-Hasan son of Musk 1048–63
- Mir Abu Hija II, Husain son of Abi Ali Al-Hasan 1063-1080
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Bozarslan, Hamit; Gunes, Cengiz; Yadirgi, Veli (2021). The Cambridge History of the Kurds. Cambridge University Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-1-108-47335-4.
- ^ Minorsky, Vladimir (1953). Studies in Caucasian History. New York: Taylor’s Foreign Press. ISBN 0-521-05735-3. P. 129.
- ^ a b c d العزيز, محمود، أحمد عبد (2006). الامارة الهذبانية الكردية في آذربيجان وأربيل والجزيرة الفراتية: من 293-656/هـ 905־1258 م : دراسة سياسية حضارية (in Arabic). مكتب التفسير للنشر والاعلان،.
- ^ Bozarslan, Hamit; Gunes, Cengiz; Yadirgi, Veli (2021). The Cambridge History of the Kurds. Cambridge University Press. p. 26. ISBN 978-1-108-47335-4.
- ^ James, Boris (2007-07-23). "Le « territoire tribal des Kurdes » et l'aire iraqienne (xe-xiiie siècles) : Esquisse des recompositions spatiales". Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée (in French) (117–118): 101–126. doi:10.4000/remmm.3331. ISSN 0997-1327.
- ^ Peacock, Andrew (2017). "Rawwadids". Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition. New York.
- ^ Kennedy, Hugh (2015). The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the Sixth to the Eleventh Century. Routledge. p. 215. ISBN 978-1-317-37639-2.
- ^ a b Brill, E. J. (1993). E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913-1936. Ṭāʻif - Zūrkhāna. BRILL. p. 1049. ISBN 978-90-04-09794-0.
- ^ Minorsky, V. (1953). Studies in Caucasian History: I. New Light on the Shaddadids of Ganja II. The Shaddadids of Ani III. Prehistory of Saladin. CUP Archive. p. 143. ISBN 978-0-521-05735-6.
- ^ E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam 1913-1936. BRILL. 1987. p. 1136. ISBN 978-90-04-08265-6.
- ^ الموصلي ،القس, سليمان صائغ (2013-01-01). تاريخ الموصل 1-2 ج1 (in Arabic). Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah دار الكتب العلمية. pp. 131–132. ISBN 978-2-7451-7944-9.
- ^ Peacock, Andrew (2017). "Rawwadids". Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition. New York.
- ^ Houtsma, M. Th (1993). E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936. BRILL. p. 1138. ISBN 978-90-04-09790-2
- ^ Humphreys, Stephen (1977), From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193–1260, SUNY ISBN 978-0-87395-263-7 . p.430.
- ^ Bozarslan, Hamit; Gunes, Cengiz; Yadirgi, Veli (2021). The Cambridge History of the Kurds. Cambridge University Press. p. 30. ISBN 978-1-108-47335-4.
- ^ Conder, Claude Reignier (1897). The Life of Saladin. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. p. xv. LCCN 05039632.
Salah ed-Din (Saladin) was the son of Ayûb, and grandson of Shadi, a Rawadiya Kurd of the great Hadâniya Tribe. He was thus of Kurd descent. Several of his bravest warriors and most trusted counsellors were Kurds, and during his reign, and that of his brother el'Adel, Kurds ruled in Armenia, Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, and Arabia.
- ^ Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1996). The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 73. ISBN 0-7486-0684-X.
- ^ Kennedy, Hugh (2015-12-14). The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the Sixth to the Eleventh Century. Routledge. p. 221. ISBN 978-1-317-37639-2.