Guozijian

Guozijian
Guozijian
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese	國子監
Simplified Chinese	国子监
Hanyu Pinyin
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	Guózǐjiàn
Wade–Giles	Kuo2-tzŭ3-chien4
IPA	[kwǒ.tsɹ̩̀.tɕjɛ́n]
Yue: Cantonese
Jyutping	Gwok3-zi2-gaam1
IPA	[kʷɔk̚˧.tsi˧˥.kam˥]
Vietnamese name
Vietnamese alphabet	Quốc tử Giám ‧ Quốc Học viện
Chữ Hán	國子監 ‧ 國學院
Korean name
Hangul	국자감
Hanja	國子監
Revised Romanization
Transcriptions
Revised Romanization	Gukja Gam
McCune–Reischauer	Kukcha Gam
Manchu name
Manchu script	ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ ᡳ ; ᠵᡠᠰᡝ ᠪᡝ ; ᡥᡡᠸᠠᡧᠠᠪᡠᡵᡝ ; ᠶᠠᠮᡠᠨ
Möllendorff	gurun-i juse be hūwašabure yamun

The Guozijian,^[1] sometimes translated as the Imperial College, Imperial Academy, Imperial University, National Academy, or National University,^[2] was the national central institution of higher learning in Chinese dynasties after the Sui dynasty. It was the highest institution of academic research and learning in China's traditional educational system, with the function of administration of education.

The imperial lecture hall and classrooms in Beijing Guozijian

Juniperus chinensis from Six Dynasties, the symbol of Nanjing Guozijian

Stele Forest in Xi'an, where collects many ancient steles from Chang'an Guozijian of the Tang dynasty

History

Formerly it was called the Taixue (lit. 'Imperial University'). The Taixue for Gongsheng (tribute students) from the populace was part of the Guozijian, along with Guozixue for noble students. The central schools of the Taixue were established as far back as 3 CE, when a standard nationwide school system was established and funded during the reign of Emperor Ping of Han.^[3] The institution was known as the Guozijian beginning in the Sui dynasty. During the Ming dynasty, the Hongwu Emperor promoted the study of law, math, calligraphy, equestrianism, and archery at the Guozijian.^[4]

In 1905, the Guozijian was shut down. During the 1898 reform of the Qing dynasty, the education and administrational functions of the Guozijian were mainly replaced by the Imperial Capital University (also translated as Imperial University of Peking), which later became the modern Peking University.

Locations

Guozijian were located in the national capital of each Chinese dynasty, such as Chang'an, Luoyang, Kaifeng, and Hangzhou. In early years of the Ming, the Guozijian was in Nanjing. Afterwards, the Ming had two capitals, so there were two Guozijian: one in Nanjing (which later became Nanjing University) and one in Beijing. During the Qing dynasty, the Guozijian was in Beijing.

The Beijing Guozijian, located on Guozijian Street in the Dongcheng District, was the imperial college during the Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties; most of the current buildings were built during the Ming dynasty.^[5] It was the last Guozijian in China and the predecessor of Peking University.

Vietnam

Entrance of the imperial academy in Huế, central Vietnam

Altar to Chu Văn An, rector of the imperial academy.

In Vietnam, a year after the first Confucian examinations established by Lý Nhân Tông (李仁宗), the Guozijian (Vietnamese: Quốc tử giám, chữ Hán: 國子監) was built in 1076 on the site of the Temple of Literature.^[6] It was Vietnam's first university, it lasted from 1076 to 1779. In 1802, the Nguyễn dynasty founded the Huế capital where they established a new imperial academy in the new capital. Several notable rectors of the Quốc tử giám in Hanoi were Chu Văn An, Nguyễn Phi Khanh, and Vũ Miên.

References

Citations

^ Yuan, 194.
^ Frederick W. Mote; Denis Twitchett (26 February 1988). The Cambridge History of China: Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368-1644. Cambridge University Press. pp. 131–. ISBN 978-0-521-24332-2.
^ Yuan, 193.
^ Frederick W. Mote; Denis Twitchett (26 February 1988). The Cambridge History of China: Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368-1644. Cambridge University Press. pp. 122–. ISBN 978-0-521-24332-2.
^ "Guozijian". James P. Geiss Foundation. Archived from the original on 2017-08-13. Retrieved 2008-08-07.
^ Ngô, Tự Lập (2016). "Higher education internationalization in Vietnam: unintended socio-political impacts of joint programs seen as special free academic zones" (PDF).

Sources

Chang, Che-chia. "The Qing Imperial Academy of Medicine: Its institutions and the physicians shaped by them." East Asian Science, Technology, and Medicine 41.1 (2015): 63–92. online Archived 2019-08-04 at the Wayback Machine
Sivin, Nathan. "Science and Medicine in Imperial China--the state of the field." Journal of Asian Studies (1988): 41–90. online
Yuan, Zheng. "Local Government Schools in Sung China: A Reassessment," History of Education Quarterly (Volume 34, Number 2; Summer 1994): 193–213.

[Yuan_194-1] Yuan, 194.

[MoteTwitchett1988-2] Frederick W. Mote; Denis Twitchett (26 February 1988). The Cambridge History of China: Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368-1644. Cambridge University Press. pp. 131–. ISBN 978-0-521-24332-2.

[3] Yuan, 193.

[MoteTwitchett1988_2-4] Frederick W. Mote; Denis Twitchett (26 February 1988). The Cambridge History of China: Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368-1644. Cambridge University Press. pp. 122–. ISBN 978-0-521-24332-2.

[5] "Guozijian". James P. Geiss Foundation. Archived from the original on 2017-08-13. Retrieved 2008-08-07.

[6] Ngô, Tự Lập (2016). "Higher education internationalization in Vietnam: unintended socio-political impacts of joint programs seen as special free academic zones" (PDF).

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