The Spanish missions in Georgia comprised a series of religious outposts established by Spanish Catholics in order to spread the Christian doctrine among the Guale and various Timucua peoples in what is now southeastern Georgia.
Beginning in the second half of the 16th century, the Kingdom of Spain established a number of missions throughout Spanish Florida in order to convert the Native Americans to Christianity, to facilitate control of the area, and to prevent its colonization by other countries, in particular, England and France.[1] Spanish Florida originally included much of what is now the Southeastern United States, although Spain never exercised long-term effective control over more than the northern part of what is now the state of Florida from present-day St. Augustine to the area around Tallahassee,[2] southeastern Georgia, and some coastal settlements, such as Pensacola, Florida. A few short-lived missions were established in other locations, including Mission Santa Elena in present-day South Carolina,[3] around the Florida peninsula, and in the interior of Georgia and Alabama.[4]
Missions
editThis table includes doctrinas, missions that normally had one or more resident missionaries, but does not include visitas, which never had a resident missionary, and had less substantial church buildings where services were conducted by visiting missionaries.
| Mission Name | Location | Province or Region |
Documentation of when missions were active is incomplete. Years listed in this column may not represent either the earliest or the latest year in which a mission was in use.}} | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Espogache[a][b] | Guale | 1605–? | [5] | |
| Guale[a] | Guale | 1568–1570 | [6] | |
| Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de Tolomato[b][c] | Guale | 1587–1597, 1605–? | [7] | |
| Ospo or Talapo[a] | Guale | 1595–1606 | [8] | |
| San Augustín de Urihica | Northern Utina | 1630-1657 | [9] | |
| San Buenaventura de Guadalquini (moved to St. Johns River as Santa Cruz de Guadalquini) |
31.13393, -81.39363[10] | Guale/Mocama | 1606-1684 | [11] |
| San Diego de Satuache | 31.89, -81.20083[12] | Guale | 1616–1675 | [13] |
| San Felipe de Alabe[d] | Guale | 1616–1655 | [14] | |
| San Felipe (on Cumberland Island) | Mocama | 1675–1678 | [15] | |
| San Joseph de Sapala or San José de Zapala ( Sapelo Island) |
31.51544, -81.24218[16] | Guale | 1616–1684 | [17] |
| San Lorenzo de Ibihica | Ibi | 1612–1630 | [18] | |
| San Pedro de Atulteca or San Felipe de Athulteca[e] |
Guale | 1616–1695 | [19] | |
| San Pedro de Mocama (Cumberland Island) | 30.75415, -81.47263[20] | Mocama | 1587–1655(?) | [21] |
| San Pedro y San Pablo de Puturiba(to) | Guale | 1597(?)–1604(?) | [22] | |
| Santa Catalina de Guale (St. Catherines Island, Sapelo Island and Amelia Island, in succession) |
31.62534, -81.17348[23] | Guale | 1595–1597, 1602–1702 |
[24] |
| Santa Catalina or Santa María de Guale | Mocama | 1689–1702 | [25] | |
| Santa Clara de Tupiqui (Sapelo River) | Guale | 1595–1597 | [26] | |
| Santa Cruz de Cachipile | 30.66337, -83.20622 | Arapaha | 1655–1657 | [28] |
| Santa Cruz de Guadalquini Moved from San Buenaventura de Guadalquini |
Mocama | 1684–1695 | [29][30] | |
| Santa Isabel de Utinahica | Unknown[f] | 1616 | [31] | |
| Santa María de los Angeles de Arapaha | Arapaha | 1630–1657 | [32] | |
| Santa María de los Yamasee or Santa María de Guale |
Mocama | 1675 | [33] | |
| Santiago de Oconi (near the Okefenokee Swamp) |
Oconi | Early 16th century - 1655 | [34] | |
| Santo Domingo de Asao[g] or Santo Domingo de Talaje[h] |
31.36433, -81.41751[35] | Guale | 1595(?)–1680s | [36] |
| Santo Domingo (Napa or Napoyca) | Mocama | 1602 | [37] | |
| Tupiqui[a][b] | Guale | 1569–1570 | [6] |
See also
edit- History of Georgia
- Missions in Spanish Florida
- Viceroyalty of New Spain — Spanish colonial North America
- Spanish Louisiana — colonial region
Notes
edit- ^ a b c d Place name. Mission name unknown.
- ^ a b c Espogache, Tolomato, and Tupiqui were neighboring towns in Guale which seem to have merged, or to have hosted the mission of Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe in sequence.
- ^ Some residents of the mission may have moved to La Natividad de Nuestra Señora de Tolomato near St. Augustine.
- ^ San Felipe may have merged with San Pedro de Atulteca.
- ^ The Atulteca mission had moved to Cumberland Island by 1675, then to Amelia Island by 1695.
- ^ Santa Isabel was located somewhere in the southern part of the Altamaha River basin, northeast of the mission at Santa Cruz de Tarihica.
- ^ Originally by the Altamaha River on the mainland, Santo Domingo moved to St. Simon's Island by 1675.
- ^ Asao and Talafe were distinct towns that were later merged. Both names of the mission were used at various times.
References
edit- ^ Cassanello & Stapleton 2013.
- ^ "El Camino Real – Division of Historical Resources". dos.myflorida.com. Florida Department of State. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
- ^ Childers 2004, pp. 24–32.
- ^ Worth, John E. (2007). The Struggle for the Georgia Coast. The University of Alabama Press. pp. 10, 19. ISBN 978-0-8173-5411-4.
- ^ Hann 1990, pp. 447–449.
- ^ a b Hann 1990, p. 429.
- ^ Hann 1990, p. 445.
- ^ Hann 1990, pp. 449–450.
- ^ Hann 1990, p. 470.
- ^ "Early History of St. Simons Island Historical Marker". www.hmdb.org. Retrieved 2024-08-25.
- ^ Hann 1990, p. 442.
- ^ "Guale Village at Seven-Mile Bend Historical Marker". www.hmdb.org. Retrieved 2024-08-26.
- ^ Hann 1990, pp. 466–467.
- ^ Hann 1990, pp. 467–468.
- ^ Hann 1990, pp. 498–499.
- ^ Jeffries, Richard W.; Moore, Christopher (2009). In Search of Mission San Joseph de Sapala: Mission Period Archaeological Research on Sapelo Island, Georgia 2003-2007. pp. 52–53.
- ^ Hann 1990, pp. 456–458.
- ^ Hann 1996, pp. 153–154.
- ^ Hann 1990, pp. 464–466.
- ^ Hellman, Robert (2007). Archaeological Investigations at Dungeness Historical District: Cumberland Island National Seashore (PDF) (Report). Southeastern Archaeology Conference. p. 33. Retrieved August 24, 2024.
- ^ Hann 1990, pp. 437–438.
- ^ Hann 1990, p. 438.
- ^ https://www.sas.usace.army.mil/Portals/61/SCI_CAPStudyInitiationReport08Aug17.pdf [bare URL PDF]
- ^ Hann 1990, p. 440.
- ^ Hann 1990, p. 498.
- ^ Hann 1990, p. 446.
- ^ "Borderland Conferences". Aucilla Research Institute. Retrieved 2024-08-24.
- ^ Hann 1990, p. 471.
- ^ Hann 1996, pp. 270–71.
- ^ Milanich 1999, p. 174.
- ^ Hann 1990, p. 463.
- ^ Hann 1990, pp. 470–471.
- ^ Hann 1990, pp. 497–498.
- ^ Hann 1990, pp. 463–464.
- ^ "Site of Early Spanish Mission Historical Marker". www.hmdb.org. Retrieved 2024-08-24.
- ^ Hann 1990, pp. 443–445.
- ^ Hann 1990, p. 452.
Sources
edit- Cassanello, Robert; Stapleton, Kevin (November 18, 2013). "Episode 07 Spanish Mission Bell". UCF Stars. Retrieved August 28, 2024.
- Childers, Ronald Wayne (2004). "The Presidio System in Spanish Florida 1565-1763". Historical Archaeology. 38 (3): 24–32. doi:10.1007/BF03376651. JSTOR 25617178. S2CID 160809833.
- Hann, John H. (April 1990). "Summary Guide to Spanish Florida Missions and Visitas. With Churches in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries". The Americas. 46 (4): 470–471. doi:10.2307/1006866. JSTOR 1006866. S2CID 147329347.
- Hann, John H. (1996). A History of the Timucua Indians and Missions. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. pp. 6, 9. ISBN 0-8130-1424-7.
- Milanich, Jerald (1999). Laboring in the fields of the Lord: Spanish missions and Southeastern Indians. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 1560989408.
External links
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