The Podujevo bus bombing was an attack on a bus carrying Serb civilians near the town of Podujevë in Kosovo on 16 February 2001. The bombing killed twelve Serb civilians who were travelling to Gračanica and injured dozens more. Albanian extremists are suspected of being responsible for the attack. Gračanica is a predominantly Serb-populated town in central Kosovo, near the regional capital Pristina, in a predominantly Albanian-populated area. Following the Kosovo War in 1999 it became an enclave within Albanian-controlled territory. Relations between the two communities were tense and occasionally violent.
| Podujevo bus bombing | |
|---|---|
| Location | Near Podujevë, United Nations Administered Kosovo |
| Date | 16 February 2001 12:00 p.m. (Central European Time) |
| Target | Serbs |
Attack type | Bombing |
| Deaths | 12 |
| Injured | 40 |
Background
editIn 1992–1993, ethnic Albanians created the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA)[1] which started attacking police forces and secret-service officials who abused Albanian civilians in 1995.[2] Starting in 1998, the KLA was involved in frontal battle, with increasing numbers of Yugoslav security forces. Escalating tensions led to the Kosovo War in February 1998.[3][4][5]
The failure of the talks at Rambouillet resulted in a NATO air campaign against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia lasting from 24 March to 10 June[6] when the Yugoslav authorities signed a military technical agreement. NATO-led international peacekeepers established the Kosovo Force (KFOR) with 50,000 NATO troops.[7] An international civilian mission was established by the name of the United Nations Interim Administration Mission (UNMIK),[8][9] which entered Kosovo on 11 June 1999.[10]
The 848,000 Albanians who were displaced from their homes during the war quickly returned as about 230,000 Serbs, Roma and other non-Albanians were forcibly cleansed from Kosovo or fled it in fear of retaliatory attacks.[11] At least an estimated 1,000 Serbs were killed by Kosovo Albanians in attacks following the war.[12]
Approximately 100 Serbian Orthodox churches and monasteries were damaged or destroyed in the region by the end of 1999. KLA officials condemned some of the attacks while Albanian media organizations attempted to justify them, calling the churches "symbols of Serbian fascism." Serbian authorities urged international forces to prevent further attacks from occurring.[13]
There was widespread unrest in Kosovo during 2000. On 6 June, a grenade was thrown at a crowd of ethnic Serbs waiting for a bus in the town square of Gračanica, injuring three people, which was followed by some civil unrest.[14] On 22 January 2001, an insurgency was carried out in the Republic of Macedonia by the ethnic Albanian National Liberation Army, established from former KLA fighters from Kosovo, Albanian insurgents from the Liberation Army of Preševo, Medveđa and Bujanovac (UÇPMB) in Serbia, young Albanian radicals, nationalists from Macedonia, and foreign mercenaries.[15][16]
Attack
editNiš Express has a convoy of five[17] or seven[18] buses which carried 200 ethnic Serbs from Kosovo[17] to the southeastern Serbian city of Niš and back.[19] The convoy was under the protection of a British unit of KFOR and was escorted by five Swedish armoured vehicles.[17] A remote-controlled bomb exploded in its vicinity at noon on 16 February 2001 as it passed through the Albanian-populated town of Podujevë while returning from Niš to the Serbian enclave in Gračanica.[19][20] The Serbs were travelling to visit family graves in Gračanica on the Orthodox Christian Day of the Dead.[21] The first bus took the full force of the blast.[18] It contained 57 passengers and most of those killed or wounded in the attack were sitting in it.[17] KFOR had received advance warning of the attack and conducted a search of the bus route but failed to uncover any explosive devices.[19] The youngest victim was Danilo Cokic (1999–2001).[19]
Reports suggested that the patrol conducting the search was distracted just prior to the explosion by two men acting suspiciously.[18] The explosion caused many injuries and United Nations helicopters were used to airlift at least three victims to hospital. The buses not affected by the blast were able to drive away from the scene. The two men who were spotted by the KFOR patrol before the attack were taken into custody.[18]
Aftermath
editKosovo Albanian extremists were suspected of orchestrating the attack.[18][22] Initial reports suggested that 7 people were killed by the blast. Two wounded Serbs died en route to the hospital and the body parts of two others were found amongst the debris of the bus.[22] 12 people total were killed and 40 more were injured by the blast.[19] According to KFOR's regional commander, the bomb was made of 100–200 pounds of high explosive.[23] The explosion created a crater that was six feet (1.8 m) deep and twelve feet (3.6 m) wide.[22]
Serbs living in Kosovo enclaves began forming crowds and attacking Albanians within one hour of the attack. Serbs in the enclave of Čaglavica blocked the road leading to Macedonia and pulled ethnic Albanians out of their cars and assaulted them.[17] The relatives of the victims reacted by staging violent protests in Gračanica.[18]
NATO leaders condemned the blast and called it "premeditated murder." NATO peacekeepers on the ground described the bombing as an indiscriminate attack. NATO Secretary General George Robertson responded to the blast by saying "NATO did not conduct its air campaign in order to see ethnic cleansing by one group replaced by the ethnic attacks and intimidation of another". He warned that Kosovo was in danger of losing the support of the international community if violence continued. The Parliament of Serbia and Montenegro protested the bombing—which it deemed an act of terrorism—by cutting short its session.[18]
A bomb attack in April 2001 targeting Serbs in Pristina left one dead and four injured.[24] KLA volunteer Roland Bartetzko was later charged with murder, attempted murder and terrorism.[25] The following year, he was convicted on all counts by an international court under the supervision of the UNMIK, and sentenced to 23 years' imprisonment. Bartetzko's sentence was later commuted to 20 years' imprisonment. He was released on parole in 2015.
Arrests
editControversy surrounds the arrests and subsequent release of the suspects.[26] Five Albanian men were arrested for the attack.[27] Four men were later suspected of committing the attack, but they escaped from a U.S. detention facility in 2002. One Albanian, Florim Ejupi, was convicted in 2008 of planting the bomb and sentenced to 40 years in prison.[28] However, he was released on 13 March 2009.[29] On 5 June 2009, EULEX's chief prosecutor announced that the EU mission had opened a new inquest into the case that had been given to the special prosecutor's office in charge of war crimes cases.[30]
Notes
edit- ^ Eriksson, Mikael; Kostić, Roland (15 February 2013). Mediation and Liberal Peacebuilding: Peace from the Ashes of War?. Routledge. pp. 43–. ISBN 978-1-136-18916-6.
- ^ Perret 2008, p. 63
- ^ Independent International Commission on Kosovo (2000). The Kosovo Report (PDF). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0199243099. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 April 2022. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
- ^ Quackenbush, Stephen L. (2015). International Conflict: Logic and Evidence. Los Angeles: Sage. p. 202. ISBN 9781452240985. Archived from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
- ^ "Roots of the Insurgency in Kosovo" (PDF). June 1999. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 June 2021. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
- ^ "NATO & Kosovo: Index Page". 26 October 2016. Archived from the original on 12 September 2016.
- ^ "Wave of Yugoslav troops, trucks leave Kosovo". CNN. 11 June 1999. Retrieved 8 March 2014.
- ^ "Security Council, welcoming Yugoslavia's acceptance of peace principles, authorises civil, security presence in Kosovo". United Nations. 10 June 1999. Archived from the original on 3 February 2014. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
- ^ "RESOLUTION 1244 (1999)". undocs.org. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2017.
- ^ "Defense.gov News Article: Larger Kosovo Force Takes to Field". archive.defense.gov. Archived from the original on 30 September 2017. Retrieved 8 April 2017.
- ^ Judah 2000, p. x.
- ^ Radu 2006, p. 129.
- ^ Herscher 2010, p. 131.
- ^ "Civil unrest in Gračanica". Archived from the original on 19 August 2000.
- ^ Kolstø 2009, p. 173
- ^ Marusic, Sinisa (2 September 2020). "North Macedonia Albanian Leader Testifies to Kosovo War Prosecutors". Balkan Insight.
- ^ a b c d e Russell 2006.
- ^ a b c d e f g BBC & 16 February 2001.
- ^ a b c d e Boyle 2011, p. 107.
- ^ "Serbs die in Kosovo bus blast". 16 February 2001. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
- ^ "2001: Serbs killed in Kosovo pilgrimage". 16 February 2001 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
- ^ a b c Carlotta Gall (18 February 2001). "Death Toll in the Kosovo Bomb Attack on Serbs Rises to 11". The New York Times.
- ^ "Ruthless murder of Serbs on road to family graves", The Birmingham Post, 17 February 2001
- ^ "Kosovo capital hit by bomb blast". BBC News. 18 April 2001. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
- ^ Ball, Howard (2002). War Crimes and Justice: A Reference Handbook. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp. 44–45. ISBN 978-1-5760-7899-0.
- ^ Aaron Fitchtelberg (9 June 2015). Hybrid Tribunals: A Comparative Examination. Springer. pp. 173–. ISBN 978-1-4614-6639-0.
- ^ Jennings, Christian (28 March 2001). "SAS troops seize Kosovo bomb suspects". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
- ^ "Kosovo Albanian Gets 40 Years for Serb Bus Bombing – World – Javno". Archived from the original on 12 February 2010. Retrieved 16 March 2009.
- ^ "Panel frees Albanian jailed for Kosovo bus bombing". Reuters. 13 March 2009.
- ^ "New probe into 2001 bus bombing". B92. 5 June 2009. Archived from the original on 2 November 2012. Retrieved 31 October 2012.
References
edit- "Serbs die in Kosovo bus blast". BBC. 16 February 2001.
- Boyle, Michael J. (2011). "Revenge and Reprisal in Kosovo". In Suhrke, Astri; Berdal, Mats (eds.). The Peace in Between: Post-War Violence and Peacebuilding. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-80892-4.
- Herscher, Andrew (2010). Violence Taking Place: The Architecture of the Kosovo Conflict. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-6935-8.
- Judah, Tim (2000). The Serbs: History, Myth and the Destruction of Yugoslavia. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-08507-5.
- Radu, Michael (2006). Dilemmas of Democracy and Dictatorship: Place, Time and Ideology in Global Perspective. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7658-0313-9.
- Russell, Lawrence Richard (2006). The Mammoth Book of Special Ops. London: Constable & Robinson. ISBN 978-1-78033-698-5.