A gold digger is a person, typically a woman, who engages in a type of transactional sexual relationship for money rather than love.[1] If it turns into marriage, it is a type of marriage of convenience.
Etymology and usage
edit
The term "gold digger" is a slang term that has its roots among chorus girls and sex workers in the early 20th century. In print, the term can be found in Rex Beach's 1911 book, The Ne'er-Do-Well, and in the 1915 memoir My Battles with Vice by Virginia Brooks.[2] The Oxford Dictionary[clarification needed] and Random House's Dictionary of Historical Slang state the term is distinct for women because they were much more likely to need to marry a wealthy man in order to achieve or maintain a level of socioeconomic status.[2][3]
The term rose in usage after the popularity of Avery Hopwood's play The Gold Diggers in 1919. Hopwood first heard the term in a conversation with Ziegfeld performer Kay Laurell.[4] As an indication on how new the slang term was, Broadway producers urged him to change the title because they feared that the audience would think that the play was about mining and the Gold Rush.[5]
Society and culture
editGeneral
editThere exist several cases where female public figures have been perceived as exemplars of the gold digger stereotype by the public. The best-known gold digger of the early 20th century was Peggy Hopkins Joyce. Joyce was a former show girl who married and divorced millionaires. She was characterized as a gold digger during her divorce battle with Stanley Joyce during the early 1920s. Some have argued that she was the real-life inspiration for Lorelei Lee, the protagonist in Anita Loos’ 1925 novel Gentlemen Prefer Blondes[6] which holds gold digging as a central theme. Additionally, some have contended that the term "gold digger" was coined to describe her.[7] Former Olympian Eleanor Holm was dubbed the "swimming gold digger" for her divorce contest with Broadway impresario Billy Rose during the 1950s.[8] The press and public described model/actress Anna Nicole Smith as a gold digger for marrying multi-millionaire octogenarian J. Howard Marshall II. There was even a book published as a Little Blue Book (Little Blue Book No. 1392, Confessions of a Gold Digger, by Betty Van Deventer, 1929).
Law
editThe recurring image of the gold digger in Western popular media throughout the 1920s and 1930s developed into an important symbol of a moral panic surrounding frivolous lawsuits. Sharon Thompson's research has demonstrated how public perception of the prevalence of gold digging has created disadvantages for female spouses without their own source of income in the negotiation of alimony cases and prenuptial agreements.[3] The gold digger stereotype triggered public discussions about heartbalm legislation during the 1930s, particularly breach of promise cases. Public outrage surrounding the image of frivolous lawsuits and unfair alimony payouts related to the gold digger archetype contributed to a nationwide push throughout the middle and late 1930s to outlaw heart balm legislation in the United States.[9][10][11]
Popular culture
editFilm
editThe gold digger emerged as a dominant trope in American popular culture beginning in the 1920s. Stephen Sharot stated that the gold digger supplanted the popularity of the vamp in 1920s cinema.[12]: 143–144
By the 1930s, the term "gold digger" had reached the United Kingdom through a British remake of The Gold Diggers. While the film received negative critical reception, several sequels with the same title have been produced.[3]
In the 1930s, the gold digger trope was used in a number of popular American films, most notably Gold Diggers of 1933, Gold Diggers of 1935, Baby Face, Red-Headed Woman, Dinner at Eight, and Havana Widows. Film historian Roger Dooley notes that the gold digger is one of the most common of the “stock company of stereotypes that continually reappear in the films of the 1930s.”[13] Gold diggers in 1930s cinema were often portrayed in positive, sometimes heroic, ways.[14][15] The character has featured in many films since the 1930s such as Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1953) and How to Marry a Millionaire (1953), both starring Marilyn Monroe, or as a villainous foil, as in both versions of Disney's film The Parent Trap.
Music
editThe gold digger image or trope appears in several popular songs, including "My Heart Belongs to Daddy" (1938), "Diamonds Are a Girl’s Best Friend" (1949), "Santa Baby" (1953), "She Got the Goldmine (I Got The Shaft)" (1982), and "Material Girl" (1984). Rap music's use of the "gold digger script" is one of a few prevalent sexual scripts that is directed at young African-American women.[16] The 2005 hit "Gold Digger (Kanye West song)" [17] was the ninth best selling and ninth most played song of the 2000s, according to People Magazine.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Rosenberger, Stephen (2014). The Relation Equation. p. 60. ISBN 9781498202671. OCLC 896840085.
- ^ a b "Entry from October 25, 2009: Gold-digger". October 25, 2009.
- ^ a b c Thompson, Sharon. "In Defence of the 'Gold Digger'". Onati Socio-Legal Series.
- ^ Sharrar, Jack (1989). Avery Hopwood: His Life and Plays. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0472109634.
- ^ Donovan, Brian (2020). American Gold Digger: Marriage, Money, and the Law from the Ziegfeld Follies to Anna Nicole Smith. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-1469660288.
- ^ Donovan, Brian (2020). American Gold Digger: Marriage, Money, and the Law from the Ziegfeld Follies to Anna Nicole Smith. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 225–226. ISBN 978-1469660288.
- ^ Rosenblum, Constance (2015). Gold Digger: The Outrageous Life and Times of Peggy Hopkins Joyce. Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 9781627798242. OCLC 919319036.
- ^ Donovan, Brian (2020). American Gold Digger: Marriage, Money, and the Law from the Ziegfeld Follies to Anna Nicole Smith. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 98–105. ISBN 978-1469660288.
- ^ Donovan, Brian (2020). American Gold Digger: Marriage, Money, and the Law from the Ziegfeld Follies to Anna Nicole Smith. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 57–84. ISBN 978-1469660288.
- ^ Donovan, Brian (2020). "Tort Tales, Gold Diggers, and the Crusade against Heart Balm". Journal of Family History. 45 (4): 394–410. doi:10.1177/0363199020937761. ISSN 0363-1990. S2CID 221538502.
- ^ "PERKINS 'SNUB' HIT BY MRS. ROOSEVELT; First Lady Defends Labor Secretary Against Letter of Miss Martha Ijams. - The New York Times". The New York Times. 1935-03-26. Archived from the original on 19 September 2020. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
...endorsed New York's new anti-heart-balm law...
- ^ Sharot, Stephen (2018). Love and Marriage Across Social Classes in American Cinema. Springer. ISBN 9783319824321. OCLC 1049600007.
- ^ Dooley, Roger (1979). From Scarface to Scarlett: American Films in the 1930s. New York: Harcourt, Brace, and Jovanovich. p. 19. ISBN 0151337896.
- ^ Slavens, Clarence (2006). ""Gold Digger as Icon," The Gold Digger as Icon: Exposing Inequity in the Great Depression"". Studies in Popular Culture. 28 (3): 71–92. JSTOR 23416172.
- ^ Jacobs, Lea (1997). The Wages of Sin: Censorship and the Fallen Woman Film, 1928-1942. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. ISBN 0520207904.
- ^ Stephens, Dionne P.; Phillips, Layli D. (1 March 2003). "Freaks, Gold Diggers, Divas, and Dykes: The Sociohistorical Development of Adolescent African American Women's Sexual Scripts". Sexuality and Culture. 7 (1): 3. doi:10.1007/BF03159848. ISSN 1936-4822. S2CID 143036176.
- ^ "10 Things You Didn't Know About Kanye West's 'Gold Digger,' 10 Years Later".