Godfrey of St. Victor (Geoffroy, Godefridus, Galfredus c. 1125 – c. 1195) was a French monk and theologian, and one of the last major figures of the Victorines. He was a supporter of the study of ancient philosophy and of the Victorine mysticism of Hugh of St. Victor and Richard of St. Victor.[1]
He is also known under the alternative bynames of Breteuil and of Saint Barbara.[2]
He is the author of two important works, Microcosmus and Fons Philosophiae, both written in the 1170s. Microcosmus is extant in an autograph (BM ms. 1002, dated c. 1178–1180), including two self-portraits.[3] Parts of Godfrey's work are edited in Patrologia Latina, as Godefridus S. Victoris (notitia et fragmenta, in vol. 196, as Gaufridus aput sanctam Barbaram in Neustria subprior canonicorum regularium (epistolae in vol. 205).
Life
editHe had initially studied and taught the trivium at the University of Paris between the years 1144 and 1155 at the school on the Petit Pont founded by Adam of Balsham.[4] Like his friend Stephen of Tournai, to whom he dedicated Fons philosophiae, he may have studied law at Bologna. He was prior at Saint-Barbe-en-Auge, and later entered St. Victor's Abbey, Paris, an Augustinian establishment of canons regular. A product of the secular schools, Godfrey is thought[according to whom?] to have entered St Victor after becoming dissatisfied with Parisian intellectual culture. Godfrey was assigned to a priory[clarification needed] at some point after 1173 – it is thought[according to whom?] that his humanistic outlook may have displeased Walter of St Victor who had succeeded Richard of St Victor as prior. He returned to the Abbey in 1185-6, and served there as armarius, in which capacity he was responsible for the production and preservation of the abbey’s manuscripts, particularly those used in the liturgy. He remained there until his own death around 1194/6.[5]
Works
edit- The poem Fons Philosophiae (Fountain of Philosophy).[6]
- Microcosmus[7] (OCLC 931439)
- Preconium Augustini[8]
Thirty-two sermons also survive. Most are unpublished, but the published sermons include:
- Sermo in generali capitulo (Sermon at a General Chapter)[9]
- Sermo de omnibus sanctis (Sermon for All Saints)[10]
- Sermo de omnibus sanctis et specialiter de Sancto Victore (Sermon for All Saints and St Victor)[11]
- Anathomia Corporis Christi
- De Spirituale corpore Christi
Microcosmus
editThe central theme of Microcosmus recalls the insight of classical philosophy and of the early Church Fathers, viz., that man is a microcosm, containing in himself the material and spiritual elements of reality. Microcosmus offers one of the first attempts by a medieval Scholastic philosopher to systematize history and knowledge into a comprehensive, rational structure. Godfrey used the symbolism of a biblical framework to treat the physical, psychological, and ethical aspects of man. He affirmed man's matter-spirit unity and the basic goodness of his nature, tempering this optimism with the realization that human nature has been weakened ("fractured") by sin, but not to an intrinsically corrupted and irreparable extent. In the Microcosmus Godfrey compared sensuality, imagination, reason and intelligence to the respective four classical elements, earth, water, air and fire. Godfrey admits four principal capabilities in man: sensation, imagination, reason, and intelligence. Man's analytic reason and power of insight have the theoretical science of philosophy for their natural fulfillment. But a supernatural fulfillment, he maintains, consists in love. To this end divine intervention is needed to confer on man the perfective graces, or gifts, of enlightenment, affectivity, and perseverance.[12]
Fons philosophiæ
editIn his other notable work, the Fons philosophiae (c. 1176; "The Fount of Philosophy"), Godfrey, in rhymed verse, proposed a classification of learning and considered the controversy between realists and nominalists (who held that ideas were only names, not real things) over the problem of universal concepts. Fons philosophiae is an allegorical account of the sources of Godfrey's intellectual formation (e.g., Plato, Aristotle, and Boethius), symbolized as a flowing stream from which he drew water as a student.
Another treatise, "Anatomy of the Body of Christ," appended to Fons Philosophiae, is a leading example of medieval Christian symbolism. A long poem ascribing to each member and organ of Christ's body some aspect of man's natural and supernatural purpose, it assembled texts from the early Church Fathers and helped form medieval devotion to the humanity of Christ. Godfrey's writings have won appreciation as a prime example of 12th-century humanism only through relatively recent scholarship, although their fundamental concepts of the positive values of man and nature were recognized to a limited extent by the high Scholasticism of the 13th century.
The Fons Philosophiae was a didactic poem presented to Abbot Stephen of St. Genevieve on the occasion of his appointment to the position at some point following 1173. It was originally one of three treatises, forming a unified corpus when combined with the Anathomia Corporis Christi and the De Spirituale corpore Christi. All three were presented by Godfrey to the Abbot as a matching set of spiritual works.[13] The poem describes an exploration of the seven liberal arts as an allegorical journey through a system of rivers, in which draughts from different streams render different meanings.[14] The Preconium Augustini is a poem on Augustine of Hippo of about 500 lines.[15]
Translations
edit- Hugh Feiss, ed, On love: a selection of works of Hugh, Adam, Achard, Richard and Godfrey of St Victor, (Turnhout: Brepols, 2011) [includes translation of parts 203-227 of Godfrey of St Victor, Microcosm]
- Franklin T Harkins and Frans van Liere, eds, Interpretation of scripture: theory. A selection of works of Hugh, Andrew, Richard and Godfrey of St Victor, and of Robert of Melun, (Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 2012) [includes translation of Godfrey of St Victor, The fountain of philosophy, by Hugh Feiss]
- Synan, Edward A. Godfrey of St. Victor: The Fountain of Philosophy. Pontifical Institute of Medaeval Studies, Toronto 1972.
References
edit- ^ "A History of Western Philosophy 2.13". maritain.nd.edu. Archived from the original on 2022-01-24. Retrieved 2018-11-09.
- ^ Godefridus de Sancto Victore, Galfredus de Sancto Victore, Galfredus Victoriensis, Geoffrey de Saint-Victor, Godefroy de Saint-Victor; Galfredus de Britolio, Geoffroy de Breteuil, Godefridus de Breteuil, Gottfried von Breteuil; Gaufridus Sanctae Barbarae in Neustria, Geoffroy de Sainte Barbe-en-Auge. P. Andreas Schönfeld S.J., Rolf Schönberger, Andrés Quero Sánchez, Brigitte Berges, Lu Jiang, Repertorium edierter Texte des Mittelalters aus dem Bereich der Philosophie und angrenzender Gebiete, Walter de Gruyter, 2nd ed. 2011, p. 1544
- ^ Berndt (1997) states that Godfrey is the only Latin author predating the 14th century from whom both an autograph and author's corrections in an original copy have come down to us.
- ^ See Hugh Feiss, On Love, (2011), p. 303.
- ^ Hugh Feiss, On Love, (2011), pp. 303f. W. W. Kibler, Medieval France: An Encyclopedia, (1995), p. 398. Stephen C. Ferruolo, The Origins of the University: The Schools of Paris and Their Critics, 1100-1215 (1985), p. 43. R. N. Swanson, The Twelfth-Century Renaissance (1999), p. 19. His death is dated 1196 by C. Fabian, Personennamen des Mittelalters, 2nd ed. 2000, and 1195 by Berndt (1997).
- ^ The Latin text is in Pierre-Michaud Quantin, ed, Fons philosophiae, (Louvain: Nauwelaerts/Namur:Godenne, (1956). An older English translation is in EA Synan, trans, The Fountain of Philosophy: A Translation of the Twelfth-Century Fons Philosophiae of Godfrey of Saint Victor, (1972). A more modern translation is in Franklin T. Harkins and Frans van Liere, eds, Interpretation of scripture: theory. A selection of works of Hugh, Andrew, Richard and Godfrey of St Victor, and of Robert of Melun, (Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 2012), pp375-425.
- ^ The Latin text is in Philippe Delhaye, ed, Microcosmus, (Lille: Facultés catholiques, 1951). It is partially translated (chapters 203-227) in Hugh Feiss, ed, On Love, Victorine Texts in Translation 2, (2011), 301-341.
- ^ The Latin text is in Philip Damon, ed, 'Praeconium Augustini', Mediaeval Studies 22, (1960), 92-107.
- ^ The Latin text is in 'Sermo in generali capitulo', in Die Makellosigkeit der Kirche in den Lateinischen Hoheliedkommentaren des Mittelalters, (Münster: Aschendorff, 1958), pp188-193.
- ^ The Latin text is in Philippe Delhaye, ed, Le Microcosmus de Godefroy de Saint-Victor. Étude théologique, (Lille: Facultés catholiques, 1951), pp232-3.
- ^ This is partially edited in Philippe Delhaye, ed, Le Microcosmus de Godefroy de Saint-Victor. Étude théologique, (Lille: Facultés catholiques, 1951), pp233-243.
- ^ "Godfrey OF SAINT-VICTOR". Archived from the original on 2011-07-20. Retrieved 2011-02-17.
- ^ E.A. Synan(trans), The Fountain of Philosophy: A Translation of the Twelfth-Century Fons Philosophiae of Godfrey of Saint Victor, (1972) p. 19
- ^ Gillian Rosemary Evans, Getting It Wrong: The Medieval Epistemology of Error (1998), p. 39.
- ^ Allan Fitzgerald, John C. Cavadini, Augustine Through the Ages: An Encyclopedia (1999), p. 868.
- R. Berndt, 'Viktoriner' in: Lexikon des Mittelalters, VIII, 1997, 1668f.