Heliotropium arborescens, the garden heliotrope or just heliotrope, is a species of flowering plant in the borage family Boraginaceae, native to Bolivia, Colombia, and Peru.[2] Common names also include cherry pie and common heliotrope.[3] It is an economically damaging invasive species in Australia.[4]
| Garden heliotrope | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Boraginales |
| Family: | Boraginaceae |
| Genus: | Heliotropium |
| Species: | H. arborescens
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| Binomial name | |
| Heliotropium arborescens | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
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Description
editGrowing to 1.2 m (3.9 ft) tall and broad, it is a bushy, evergreen, short-lived shrub with dense clusters of bright purple flowers, notable for their intense, rather vanilla-like fragrance.[5] Like many borage plants, the vanilla flower also contains poisonous pyrrolizidine alkaloids in addition to the fragrances.
Cultivation
editAs a perennial, it is hardy in zones 10 to 11, and requires wintering indoors in zones 9 or colder.[6] It is hardy down to about 5 °C (41 °F). It can also be grown as a half-hardy annual (grown from seed under glass and planted out after all danger of frost has passed) in those areas.[7] Alternatively soft-wood cuttings may be taken in summer.[3]
During the Victorian era in England this plant gained great recognition, often appearing in gardens and the herbaceous borders of parks. They were also grown as standards.[7] A vanilla-scented heliotrope was laid on the coffin of the American poet Emily Dickinson.[8] Note that the common name "garden heliotrope" may also refer to valerian,[9] which is not closely related.
Cultivars
editIts popularity may have become less in more modern times, but hardy and colourful cultivars, such as 'Princess Marina', have ensured that this plant still regularly appears in seed catalogues and garden centres. Other popular cultivars include, 'Mary Fox', the highly scented 'White Lady' or 'White Queen' and the taller 'Florence Nightingale'.
- 'Fragrant delight' has more fragrant purple flowers, and leaves with purple highlights.[7]
- 'Marine' has large highly fragrant dark purple flowerheads to 15 cm (6 in) diameter, and burgundy leaves.[7]
- 'Sweet heaven' has paler fragrant flowers and is more heat-tolerant.[7]
- 'White' has flowers that smell of almonds.[7]
‘Chatsworth’[10] and 'Princess Marina' ,[11] both strongly scented with deep purple flowers, have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[12]
Toxicity
editThe seeds are poisonous.[5] The ASPCA's Animal Poison Control Center article on heliotropes lists them as a substance which is toxic to horses and can induce liver failure in equines.[13] The plant is not very palatable, but will be eaten by animals with no other forage; poisonings typically occur from ingestion of green plant material or material in hay.
The toxic components can cause liver failure, referred to as "walking disease" or "sleepy staggers". Signs include weight loss, weakness, sleepiness, yawning, incoordination, yellowish discoloration to mucous membranes (icterus), neurologic problems secondary to liver failure (aimless walking, chewing motions, head pressing).[citation needed] Animals may appear to be normal at first, then become suddenly affected; the syndrome progresses rapidly over a few days to a week.
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids often cause upset stomachs and liver damage for humans who ingest any part of the plant.[6]
The purple coloration of the flower lent itself to the so-called "heliotrope cyanosis" that was characteristic of severely ill patients in the 1918 flu pandemic.[14]
Weed status in Australia
editIn the Australian states of South Australia and Victoria, common heliotrope is the most economically damaging of all of the invasive species in Australia, and its cost to the national economy (mainly borne by farmers) over the 60 years up to 2021 is estimated to be over half a billion Australian dollars.[4]
Gallery
edit
References
edit- ^ "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species". Retrieved 26 July 2014.
- ^ "Heliotropium arborescens - Plant Finder". www.missouribotanicalgarden.org. Retrieved 2021-02-25.
- ^ a b Brickell, Christopher, ed. (2008). The Royal Horticultural Society A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. p. 519. ISBN 9781405332965.
- ^ a b Khan, Jo (29 July 2021). "Invasive species have cost Australia $390 billion in the past 60 years, study shows". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
- ^ a b "Heliotropium arborescens Heliotrope, Garden heliotrope, Cherry Pie, Heliotrope PFAF Plant Database". pfaf.org.
- ^ a b "Heliotropium arborescens (Heliotrope, Peruvian Heliotrope) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox". plants.ces.ncsu.edu. Retrieved 2021-02-25.
- ^ a b c d e f Ruth Rogers Clausen, Thomas Christopher (2015). Essential Perennials: The Complete Reference to 2700 Perennials for the Home Garden. Timber Press. p. 208. ISBN 9781604696721.
- ^ "New feet within my garden go". www.telegraph.co.uk.
- ^ "Valeriana officinalis". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture.
- ^ "RHS Plantfinder - Heliotropium arborescens 'Chatsworth'". Retrieved 3 March 2018.
- ^ "Heliotropium arborescens 'Princess Marina'". RHS. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
- ^ "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 47. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
- ^ "Heliotrope". ASPCA. Retrieved 2021-02-25.
- ^ Honigsbaum, Mark (June 2018). "Spanish influenza redux: revisiting the mother of all pandemics". The Lancet. 391 (10139): 2492–2495. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(18)31360-6. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 29976462. S2CID 49709093.