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Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania

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Founded in 1850, The Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania (WMCP), formally known as The Female Medical College of Pennsylvania, was the first American medical college dedicated to teaching women medicine and allowing them to earn the Doctor of Medicine degree.[1]

Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania
An 1850 illustration of the first building at Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia
Other name
WMCP
Former name
Female Medical College of Pennsylvania, Medical College of Pennsylvania
Active1850 (1850)–1970 (1970) (became co-ed Medical College of Pennsylvania)
Address
229 Arch Street (until 1858) and then 627 Arch Street (after Philadelphia's street renumbering)
,
Philadelphia
,
Pennsylvania
,
U.S.

In 1867, the college was renamed the Woman's Medical College. The college has trained thousands of women physicians from all over the world, many of whom went on to practice medicine internationally.[1]

History

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The Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania known as one of the earliest women's colleges designed for teaching woman medicine has a notable history.

Established by forward-thinking Quakers,[2] the college was a testament to their belief in women's right to education and their conviction that women should have the opportunity to become physicians.[2]

The Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania provided educational opportunities and medical training to women of various backgrounds. Some of these pioneers were among the first of their race or country to earn medical degrees. Opportunities to earn a Western Medicine degree were offered to the first Native American women, African-American women as well as to women from India, Syria, Japan and Canada.[3]

At the time, the college was known to provide a rare opportunity for women to teach, perform research, and learn to manage and run a medical school, all due in part to the establishment of Women's Hospital in 1861-this also allowed women to learn and practice in a hospital setting.[4]

In 1930, the college opened its new campus in the East Falls section of Philadelphia, This facility combined teaching and hospital clinical care in one. It was the first purpose-built hospital in the nation.

The college was the longest-lasting women's medical college in America. It became coeducational in 1970 when it admitted four men, and in 1970, the school changed its name to The Medical College of Pennsylvania.[4]

In 1993, the college and hospital merged with Hahnemann Medical School.

In 2003, the two colleges were absorbed by Drexel University College of Medicine.

Founders and early faculty

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William J. Mullen (1805-1882) served as the first president of the Board of Corporators of Woman's Medical College. Mullen was a wealthy manufacturer turned philanthropist best known for advocating prison reform. Additionally, Mullen worked as a prison agent and established the House of Industry in Philadelphia, a neighborhood center that assisted immigrants and people experiencing homelessness.[4]

Joseph S. Longshore (1809-1879), was a Quaker activist-physician and abolition advocate.

Dr. Bartholomew Fussell (1794-1871) an abolitionist and uncle to Dr. Edwin Fussell (1813-1882), one of the earliest faculty members.[4]

R.C. Smedley's History of the Underground Railroad cites Bartholomew Fussell as proposing, in 1846, the idea for a college that would train female doctors. It was a tribute to his departed sister, who Bartholomew believed could have been a doctor if women had been given the opportunity then.

At a meeting at Fussell's house, in Kennett Square, Pennsylvania. Fussell invited five doctors to carry out his idea. The doctors invited were: Edwin Fussell (Bartholomew's nephew) M.D., Franklin Taylor, M.D., Ellwood Harvey, M.D., Sylvester Birdsall, M.D., and Dr. Ezra Michener.

Dr. Fussell would support the college, but had little to do with it after it started in 1850 in Philadelphia.[5]

Ellwood Harvey, who attended the 1846 meeting, began teaching at the college in 1852.[5]

The Feminist Movement during the early to mid-19th century generated support for the Female Medical College of Pennsylvania. The Society of Friends in Philadelphia, a large group of Quakers, supported the women's rights movements and the development of the Female MCP.[6] MCP was initially located in the rear of 229 Arch Street in Philadelphia; it was changed to 627 Arch Street when Philadelphia renumbered streets in 1858.[7] In July 1861, the board of corroborators of the Female Medical College of Pennsylvania chose to rent rooms for the college from the Woman's Hospital of Philadelphia on North College Avenue.[8]

Administration

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The first dean of what was then known as the Female Medical College was Nathaniel R. Mosely, who served in the position from 1850 until 1856.[9] The second dean was also a man, Edwin B. Fussell, who held the position from 1856 to 1866.[10]

From then on, the Woman's College had a long history of female deans. Ann Preston was the first woman to be a dean of this medical college.[11] Dr. Preston was a dedicated dean. She was determined to provide woman's medical college students with the best clinical training by arranging for her students to attend clinical demonstrations at the Blockley Almshouse in West Philadelphia.[4]

The following women were deans of the college in the years stated:

No woman was found to replace Marion Fay. After her, the position of dean was held by Glen R. Leymaster from 1964 to 1970,[18] at which time the institution became known as the Medical College of Pennsylvania.[19]

Issues in clinical training

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The new Amphitheatre, 1911

The Female Medical College of Pennsylvania faced difficulties in providing clinical training for its students.[20] Because women in medicine struggled with acceptance in a man's medical world. Ann Preston won a right to expand clinical training for her female students. When the woman attended lectures in the surgical amphitheater, they were greeted with catcalls and were assaulted with spit, spitballs, and tobacco juice by the male medical students.[4]

Almost all medical institutions were confronted with the demand for more clinical practice due to the rise of surgery, physical diagnosis, and clinical specialties.[21] During the 1880s, clinical instruction at the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania relied mainly on the demonstration clinics.[20]

In 1887, Anna Broomall, professor of obstetrics for the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania, established a maternity outpatient service in a poor area of South Philadelphia for student education.[20] By 1895, many students cared for three or four women giving birth.[22]

East Falls campus and Drexel University

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Falls Center

The East Falls Campus was the first purpose-built hospital in the nation. Its design allowed both teaching and hospital care to take place in one facility, helping provide more clinical care. Post-WWII housing shortages in the city were a catalyst for the development of additions to the East Falls Campus. The first of these was the Ann Preston Building (designed by Thaddeus Longstreth), which provided housing and classrooms for student nurses.

Today, the building is known as the Falls Center. It is operated by Iron Stone Real Estate Partners as student housing, commercial space, and medical offices.[23]

In 1993, the Medical College of Pennsylvania merged with Hahnemann Medical College, retaining its Queen Lane campus. In 2003, the two medical colleges were absorbed as a part of Drexel University College of Medicine, creating new opportunities for the large student body for clinical practice in settings ranging from urban hospitals to small rural practices.

Notable alumni

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Photo taken in 1885 of Anandibai Joshee, who graduated in 1886; Kei Okami who graduated in 1889; and Sabat Islambooly, who graduated in 1890. Photo courtesy Legacy Center Archives, Drexel College of Medicine.

Ann Preston, a member of the first graduating class of the WMCP and later became the first female dean of a medical school in the United States.

Mary Putnam Jacobi was a leading American woman medical scientist of the nineteenth century.

Jane Paine (1825–1882) graduated (first in her class) in 1861, the ninth graduating class of the Woman’s Medical College. [24] Her thesis addressed “A disquisition on women as physicians.”[25] In 2018, a commemorative historical marker was placed in Mount Vernon, Ohio, where she practiced medicine.

Rebecca Cole was the first black graduate of the Woman's Medical College to be awarded an MD in 1867. She was followed by Caroline Still Anderson, Eliza Ann Grier, Matilda Evans, and Georgianna E. Patterson Young.

Charlotte Yhlen, who graduated in 1873, became the first Swedish women to graduate from a medical school; she married pioneering engineer Tinius Olsen

Anadibai Joshee, who graduated in 1886, was the first Indian woman doctor.

Susan La Flesche Picotte was the first Native American woman to earn a medical degree.

Kei Okami, who graduated in 1889, was the first Japanese woman to obtain a degree in Western medicine.

Sabat Islambouli, who graduated in 1890, was the first female physician from Syria.

Honoria Acosta-Sison, who graduated in 1909, was the first Filipino woman to become a medical doctor, eventually serving as professor of obstetrics and gynecology and head of the department at the University of the Philippines.

Laura Matilda Towne, who founded the Penn School in 1862.[26]

In the nineteenth century the college also admitted a number of Jewish students.[4]

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In the TV series, "Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman,[27]" fictional Dr. Michaela Quinn (Jane Seymour), graduates from this college.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b "Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania". Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia. Retrieved April 22, 2024.
  2. ^ a b "Index–Volume 76". Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies. 77 (1): 120–144. 2010. doi:10.1353/pnh.0.0016. ISSN 2153-2109.
  3. ^ "Remembering the Pioneering Women From One of Drexel's Legacy Medical Colleges". drexel.edu. March 27, 2017. Retrieved April 26, 2024.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g "Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania". Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia. Retrieved April 26, 2024.
  5. ^ a b Smedley, Robert C. (1883). History of the Underground Railroad. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. p. 268. OCLC 186383647.
  6. ^ Peitzman, Steven J. (2000). A new and untried course : Woman's Medical College and Medical College of Pennsylvania, 1850 – 1998. New Brunswick, NJ [u.a.]: Rutgers University Press. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-8135-2815-1.
  7. ^ Peitzman, Steven J. (2000). A new and untried course : Woman's Medical College and Medical College of Pennsylvania, 1850 – 1998. New Brunswick, NJ [u.a.]: Rutgers University Press. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-8135-2815-1.
  8. ^ Peitzman, Steven J. (2000). A new and untried course : Woman's Medical College and Medical College of Pennsylvania, 1850 – 1998. New Brunswick, NJ [u.a.]: Rutgers University Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-8135-2815-1.
  9. ^ "Female physicians and female medical college". Ohio Cultivator. No. VIII. 1852. p. 28. Retrieved December 22, 2016.
  10. ^ Kelly, Howard Atwood (1920). American Medical Biographies. Baltimore, MD: The Norman, Remington Company. pp. 418–419. ISBN 9781235663499. Retrieved December 22, 2016.
  11. ^ Mandell, Melissa M. "Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania". The Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia. Retrieved December 21, 2016.
  12. ^ Fay, MS (July 1965). "Ann Preston: Dean of the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania, 1866–1872". Transactions & Studies of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia. 33: 43–8. PMID 14344617.
  13. ^ "Dr. Emeline Horton Cleveland". Changing the face of medicine. Retrieved December 21, 2016.
  14. ^ "Rachel L. Bodley papers 291". PACSCL Finding Aids. Retrieved December 21, 2016.
  15. ^ "Dr. Clara Marshall". Changing the face of medicine. Retrieved December 21, 2016.
  16. ^ Rogers, Fred B. (December 1964). "Martha Tracy (1876–1942): Exceptional Woman of Public Health". Archives of Environmental Health. 9 (6): 819–821. doi:10.1080/00039896.1964.10663931. PMID 14203108.
  17. ^ "Marion Spencer Fay Award". Institute for Women's Health and Leadership. Retrieved December 21, 2016.
  18. ^ "News and Comment". Archives of Environmental Health. 8 (4): 625–628. April 1964. doi:10.1080/00039896.1964.10663727.
  19. ^ Dixon, Mark (2011). The hidden history of Chester County : lost tales from the Delaware and Brandywine Valleys. Charleston, SC: History Press. ISBN 978-1609490737.
  20. ^ a b c Peitzman (2000), A New and Untried Course, p. 78
  21. ^ Edward Atwater, "'Making Fewer Mistakes': A History of Students and Patients," pp. 165–187, Bulletin of the History of Medicine 57, 1983
  22. ^ Peitzman (2000), A New and Untried Course, p. 79
  23. ^ Mastrull, Diane. "Falls Center is still evolving/ The historic location of the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania is now becoming a medical and educational complex. The center continues to attract new tenants". Philly.com. Archived from the original on June 6, 2011. Retrieved January 13, 2012.
  24. ^ "Jane Payne, M.D. (1825-1882)". The Historical Marker Database (HMdb.org). Retrieved August 26, 2024.
  25. ^ "Suffrage Research Guide A guide to collection materials on women in medicine and their involvement in the suffrage movement and other forms of women's activism". Retrieved August 26, 2024.
  26. ^ Spruill, Marjorie Julian; Littlefield, Valinda W.; Johnson, Joan Marie (2010). South Carolina Women: Their Lives and Times, Volume 2. Athens, Georgia: The University of Georgia Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-8203-2935-2. Retrieved October 4, 2024.
  27. ^ Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman (Drama, Family, Western), Jane Seymour, Joe Lando, Shawn Toovey, CBS, Sullivan Company, January 1, 1993, retrieved April 22, 2024{{citation}}: CS1 maint: others (link)

Further research

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