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Federal law enforcement in the United States

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The federal government of the United States empowers a wide range of federal law enforcement agencies (informally known as the "Feds") to maintain law and public order related to matters affecting the country as a whole.[1][2]

U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) officers going aboard a ship to examine cargo

While the majority of federal law enforcement employees work for the Department of Justice and Homeland Security, there are dozens of other federal law enforcement agencies under the other executive departments, as well as under the legislative and judicial branches of the federal government.

Federal agencies employ approximately 137,000 full-time personnel authorized to make arrests and/or carry firearms in the 50 states and the District of Columbia,[1] out of the more than 800,000 law enforcement officers in the United States.[3]

Overview

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Federal agencies work with other law enforcement during events, such as presidential visits to the UNGA in NYC. Pictured: USSS, DSS and ATF

Federal law enforcement in the United States is more than two hundred years old. For example, the Postal Inspection Service can trace its origins back to 1772,[4] while the U.S. Marshals Service dates to 1789.[5] Other agencies, such as the FBI, are relatively recent, being founded in the early twentieth century. Other agencies have been reformed, such as the ATF which was formed only in 1972, but had its origins in 1886.[citation needed] Some federal law enforcement agencies have been formed after mergers of other agencies, over the years. This includes the CBP, ATF, and the DEA.

Military law enforcement, although federal, consists of both military personnel and civilian officers. For example, "DoD Police" refers to any civilian engaged in police duties for the DoD or the US Armed Forces. Each branch also has a law enforcement agency responsible for the investigation of more serious crimes and incidents, such as the Army’s Criminal Investigation Division.

Different federal law enforcement authorities have authority under different parts of the United States Code (U.S.C.). Most are limited by the U.S. Code to investigating matters that are explicitly within the power of the federal government. There are exceptions, with some agencies and officials enforcing codes of U.S. states and tribes of Native Americans in the United States. Some federal investigative powers have become broader in practice, especially since the passage of the Patriot Act in October 2001.[6]

The United States Department of Justice was formerly the largest and is still the most prominent, collection of federal law enforcement agencies. It has handled most law enforcement duties at the federal level[7] and includes the United States Marshals Service (USMS), the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF), Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP), and others.

However, the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) became the department with the most sworn armed Federal law enforcement officers and agents upon its creation in 2002 in response to the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks when it incorporated agencies seen as having roles in protecting the country against terrorism. This included large agencies such as U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement Homeland Security Investigations (HSI), the U.S. Secret Service (USSS), the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG), the Transportation Security Administration (TSA), and the U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) (created by combining the former agencies of the United States Border Patrol, United States Customs Service, and the United States Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) into a single agency within the DHS).[2]

Statistics

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  • In 2020, federal agencies employed approximately 137,000 full-time personnel authorized to make arrests and/or carry firearms in the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Around half (49%) of the personnel worked for the Department of Homeland Security, and 30% worked for the Department of Justice.
  • Federal officers' most common primary function was criminal investigation or enforcement (68%), corrections (25%), and police response and patrol (9%).
  • Around 15% of federal law enforcement officers and 13% of supervisory law enforcement personnel were female in 2020.
  • More than a third (38%) of federal officers were members of a racial or ethnic minority in 2020. This included 21% who were Hispanic or Latino, and 10% who were black or African American. In 2002, racial or ethnic minorities officers constituted 32.4% of federal officers.
  • About 60% of federal agencies authorized shotguns or manual rifles for officers while on duty in 2020. Fifty percent authorized semiautomatic rifles and 20% authorized fully automatic rifles for officers while on duty.[1]

List of federal law enforcement agencies and units of agencies

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Agencies in bold text are law enforcement agencies (LEAs).

Executive branch

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Department of Agriculture

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Seal of the United States Department of Agriculture

Department of Commerce

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Seal of the United States Department of Commerce
 
US DOC Office of Security

Department of Defense

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United States Department of Defense Seal

Department of Education

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Seal of the United States Department of Education

Department of Energy

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Seal of the United States Department of Energy

Department of Health and Human Services

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Seal of the United States Department of Health and Human Services

Department of Homeland Security

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Seal of the United States Department of Homeland Security
 
CBP Officers and Border Patrol Agents at a ceremony in 2007

Department of Housing and Urban Development

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Seal of the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development
  • Office of Inspector General (HUD-OIG)
  • Protective Service Division (HUD-PSD)

Department of the Interior

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Seal of the United States Department of the Interior

Department of Justice

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Seal of the United States Department of Justice

Department of Labor

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Seal of the United States Department of Labor

Department of State

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U.S. Department of State official seal

Department of Transportation

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Seal of the United States Department of Transportation

Department of the Treasury

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Seal of the United States Department of the Treasury
 
A Bureau of Engraving and Printing Police (BEP) patrol car.
 
Two IRS-CI Special Agents conducting a search

Department of Veterans Affairs

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Seal of the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs

Legislative branch

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Seal of the United States Congress

Judicial branch

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Other federal law enforcement agencies

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Independent Agencies and federally-administered institutions;

 
2016 Ford Police Interceptor Utility belonging to the US Postal Police, NYC

List of former agencies and units of agencies

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c "Federal Law Enforcement Officers, 2020 – Statistical Tables". Bureau of Justice Statistics. 2022-09-29. Retrieved 2022-12-11.
  2. ^ a b "CBP Through the Years - U.S. Customs and Border Protection".
  3. ^ "Law Enforcement Facts". National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial Fund. May 2022. Retrieved 12 January 2023.
  4. ^ "History of the United States Postal Inspection Service". Retrieved 2020-02-06.
  5. ^ "U.S. Marshals Service". 19 June 2020.
  6. ^ Hatcher, Jeanette. "LibGuides: Criminal Justice: Federal Law Enforcement Agencies".
  7. ^ Langeluttig, Albert (1927). The Department of Justice of the United States. Johns Hopkins Press. pp. 9–14.
  8. ^ "USDA Leadership and Offices".
  9. ^ https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IN/IN11328 Archived 2020-05-12 at the Wayback Machine [bare URL PDF]
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