FOX (forkhead box) proteins are a family of transcription factors that play important roles in regulating the expression of genes involved in cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, and longevity. Many FOX proteins are important to embryonic development.[1][2] FOX proteins also have pioneering transcription activity by being able to bind condensed chromatin during cell differentiation processes.[3]
The defining feature of FOX proteins is the forkhead box, a sequence of 80 to 100 amino acids forming a motif that binds to DNA. This forkhead motif is also known as the winged helix, due to the butterfly-like appearance of the loops in the protein structure of the domain.[4] Forkhead proteins are a subgroup of the helix-turn-helix class of proteins.
Biological roles
editMany genes encoding FOX proteins have been identified. For example, the FOXF2 gene encodes forkhead box F2, one of many human homologues of the Drosophila melanogaster transcription factor forkhead. FOXF2 is expressed in the lung and placenta.
Some FOX genes are downstream targets of the hedgehog signaling pathway, which plays a role in the development of basal cell carcinomas. Members of class O (FOXO- proteins) regulate metabolism, cellular proliferation, stress tolerance and possibly lifespan. The activity of FoxO is controlled by post-translational modifications, including phosphorylation, acetylation and ubiquitination.[5]
Discovery
editThe founding member and namesake of the FOX family is the fork head transcription factor in Drosophila, discovered by German biologists Detlef Weigel and Herbert Jäckle.[6][7] Since then a large number of family members have been discovered, especially in vertebrates. Originally, they were given vastly different names (such as HFH, FREAC, and fkh), but in 2000 a unified nomenclature was introduced that grouped the FOX proteins into subclasses (FOXA-FOXS) based on sequence conservation.[8]
Genes
edit- FOXA1, FOXA2, FOXA3 (See also Hepatocyte nuclear factors.)
- FOXB1, FOXB2
- FOXC1 (associated with glaucoma), FOXC2 (varicose veins)
- FOXD1, FOXD2, FOXD3 (vitiligo), FOXD4, FOXD4L1, FOXD4L3, FOXD4L4, FOXD4L5, FOXD4L6
- FOXE1 (thyroid), FOXE3 (lens)
- FOXF1 (lung), FOXF2
- FOXG1 (brain)
- FOXH1 (widely expressed)
- FOXI1 (ear), FOXI2, FOXI3
- FOXJ1 (cilia), FOXJ2 (erythroid), FOXJ3
- FOXK1, FOXK2 (HIV, IL-2, adrenal)
- FOXL1 (ovary), FOXL2
- FOXM1 (cell cycle, erythroid, cancer)
- FOXN1 (hair, thymus), FOXN2, FOXN3 (cell cycle checkpoints; widely expressed), FOXN4
- FOXO1 (widely expressed: muscle, liver, pancreas), FOXO3 (apoptosis, erythroid, longevity), FOXO4 (widely expressed), FOXO6 (liver, skeletal muscle, brain)
- FOXP1 (pluripotency then brain, heart and lung), FOXP2 (widely expressed? brain; language), FOXP3 (T cells), FOXP4 – may be ancestrally responsible for motor learning, based on insect studies (where there's only one FoxP)[9]
- FOXQ1
- FOXR1, FOXR2
- FOXS1[10]
Cancer
editA member of the FOX family, FOXD2, has been detected progressively overexpressed in human-papillomavirus-positive neoplastic keratinocytes derived from uterine cervical preneoplastic lesions at different levels of malignancy.[11] For this reason, this gene is likely to be associated with tumorigenesis and may be a potential prognostic marker for uterine cervical preneoplastic lesions progression.[11]
References
edit- ^ Tuteja G, Kaestner KH (September 2007). "SnapShot: forkhead transcription factors I". Cell. 130 (6): 1160.e1–1160.e2. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.09.005. PMID 17889656. S2CID 38793380.
- ^ Tuteja G, Kaestner KH (October 2007). "Forkhead transcription factors II". Cell. 131 (1): 192–192.e1. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.09.016. PMID 17923097. S2CID 322449.
- ^ Zaret KS, Carroll JS (November 2011). "Pioneer transcription factors: establishing competence for gene expression". Genes Dev. 25 (21): 2227–41. doi:10.1101/gad.176826.111. PMC 3219227. PMID 22056668.
- ^ Lehmann OJ, Sowden JC, Carlsson P, Jordan T, Bhattacharya SS (2003). "Fox's in development and disease". Trends in Genetics. 19 (6): 339–344. doi:10.1016/S0168-9525(03)00111-2. PMID 12801727.
- ^ van der Horst A, Burgering BM (June 2007). "Stressing the role of FoxO proteins in lifespan and disease". Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 8 (6): 440–50. doi:10.1038/nrm2190. PMID 17522590. S2CID 31546098.
- ^ Weigel D, Jürgens G, Küttner F, Seifert E, Jäckle H (1989). "The homeotic gene fork head encodes a nuclear protein and is expressed in the terminal regions of the Drosophila embryo". Cell. 57 (4): 645–658. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(89)90133-5. PMID 2566386. S2CID 12317967.
- ^ Weigel D, Jäckle H (1990). "The fork head domain, a novel DNA-binding motif of eucaryotic transcription factors?". Cell. 63 (3): 455–456. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(90)90439-L. PMID 2225060. S2CID 1986657.
- ^ Kaestner KH, Knochel W, Martinez DE (2000). "Unified nomenclature for the winged helix/forkhead transcription factors". Genes & Development. 14 (2): 142–146. doi:10.1101/gad.14.2.142. PMID 10702024. S2CID 26488600.
- ^ Mendoza, E; Colomb, J; Rybak, J; Pflüger, HJ; Zars, T; Scharff, C; Brembs, B (2014). "Drosophila FoxP mutants are deficient in operant self-learning". PLOS ONE. 9 (6): e100648. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j0648M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0100648. PMC 4070984. PMID 24964149.
- ^ "Gene group: Forkhead boxes (FOX)". HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee at the European Bioinformatics Institute. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
- ^ a b Rotondo JC, Bosi S, Bassi C, Ferracin M, Lanza G, Gafà R, Magri E, Selvatici R, Torresani S, Marci R, Garutti P, Negrini M, Tognon M, Martini F (April 2015). "Gene expression changes in progression of cervical neoplasia revealed by microarray analysis of cervical neoplastic keratinocytes". J Cell Physiol. 230 (4): 802–812. doi:10.1002/jcp.24808. hdl:11392/2066612. PMID 25205602. S2CID 24986454.
External links
edit- Forkhead+Box+Proteins at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)