Erwin Frink Smith (January 21, 1854 – April 6, 1927) was an American plant pathologist with the United States Department of Agriculture. He played a major role in demonstrating that bacteria could cause plant disease.[1][2][3][4][5]
Erwin Frink Smith | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | January 21, 1854 |
| Died | April 6, 1927 (aged 73) Washington, D.C. |
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater | University of Michigan |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Botany, plant pathology |
| Institutions | United States Department of Agriculture |
Life and career
editSmith was born in Gilbert Mills, near Fulton, New York, to Rancellor King Smith[3] and Louisa Frink Smith.[6] In 1870 he moved with his family to an 80-acre farm, which eventually included an apple orchard, in Clinton County, Michigan. The Smith family eventually moved to North Plains Township, Michigan. Smith was finally able to attend Ionia High School, starting in 1876, when he was 22 years old.[3]
Smith was largely self-taught in botany, bacteriology, and languages, reading widely in French, German and Italian. In 1881, while still in high school, he co-authored a book on the flora of Michigan titled "Cataloque of the Phaenogamous and Vascular Cryptogamous Plants of Michigan" with Charles F. Wheeler. Charles Fay Wheeler (1842–1910) was a pharmacist and amateur botanist in Ionia, Michigan. He tutored Smith in botany and French when Smith was in high school.[3]
Smith was next employed by the State Board of Health of Lansing, Michigan, while also studying intermittently at Michigan Agricultural College. In 1885 Smith published a book on water sanitation.[3][6][7] Smith was accepted to the University of Michigan in 1885 and passed examinations for most of the coursework soon after acceptance, which allowed him to earn his bachelor's degree in biology in 1886 after only one year at the university.[3][6]
On September 20, 1886, Smith took a position in the Mycological Section of the Division of Botany of the US Department of Agriculture, assisting Frank Lamson-Scribner. He mapped the occurrencce of potato rot in the United States for 1885, and of Plasmopara viticola for 1886, but spent most of his early career (1887-1892) studying the plant diseases peach yellows (1886-1892) and peach rosette (1888-1891). He earned his doctorate from Michigan in 1889 for his work on peach yellows.[3][6]
In 1892, Smith began working on bacterial diseases in plants, starting with bacterial wilt in gourds (Cucurbitaceae). Throughout his career, Smith pursued the hypothesis that bacteria were significant causes of plant disease, painstaking describing more than 100 bacterial diseases of plants. Resistance to the idea of a bacterial basis, which Smith debated with German scientist Alfred Fischer in the 1890s, eventually gave way. Smith published his exhaustive work Bacteria in Relation to Plant Diseases in three volumes in 1905, 1911, and 1914. Further work was published in his textbook Bacterial Diseases of Plants (1920).[3]
Smith was elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1913,[8] the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1914,[9] and the American Philosophical Society in 1916.[10]
Dutch American botanical explorer Frank Nicholas Meyer worked for Smith in 1901, upon his arrival in the United States.[11]
At a time when it was unusual to do so, Smith was known for hiring many women at the Bureau of Plant industry, including botanists Nellie A. Brown, Mary K. Bryan, Florence Hedges, Lucia McCulloch, Agnes J. Quirk, Angie Beckwith, and Charlotte Elliott. Historian Margaret W. Rossiter cites this as an example of a harem effect.[12][13] In Smith's case, a factor in hiring women only as assistants may have been USDA's structural exclusion of women from taking the examinations that would have allowed them to enter the higher-ranking jobs for which they were qualified.[14] Many of Smith's assistants praised him for giving them research projects suited to their skills rather than confining them to the more limited tasks presumed by their job classifications.[14]
Erwin Smith married Charlotte May Buffet on April 13, 1893. Their marriage was a happy one, but tragically terminated by Charlotte's death on December 28, 1906, eight months after she was diagnosed with endocarditis. Smith celebrated her memory in an elegantly produced book of poetry and biography entitled For Her Friends and Mine: A Book of Aspirations, Dreams and Memories (1915).[3][15]
Smith died on April 6, 1927, in Washington, D.C.. His ashes were scattered at Woods Hole, Massachusetts. He was survived by his second wife, Ruth Warren Smith.[3]
The genus Erwinia is named in Smith's honor.
References
edit- ^ Clinton, G.P. (March 1936). "Erwin Frink Smith (1854-1927)". Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. 70 (10): 575–578. JSTOR 20023193.
- ^ Jones, LR; Rand, FV (1928). "Erwin Frink Smith 1854-1927". Journal of Bacteriology. 15 (1): iv.2–6. doi:10.1128/JB.15.1.iv.2-6.1928. PMC 374975. PMID 16559291.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Campbell, C. Lee (1983). "Erwin Frink Smith—Pioneer Plant Pathologist". Annual Review of Phytopathology. 21: 21–7. doi:10.1146/annurev.py.21.090183.000321. PMID 20735335.
- ^ "Erwin Frink Smith". Apsnet.org. Retrieved March 22, 2013.
- ^ Rogers, A. D. III (1952). Erwini Frink Smith. Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society. Vol. 31. p. 675.
- ^ a b c d Jones, L. R. "Biographical Memoir of Erwin Frink Smith 1854-1927". Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences (PDF). Vol. XXI. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. pp. 1–71.
- ^ "Erwin Frink Smith Papers". National Agricultural Library. Retrieved March 23, 2023.
- ^ "Erwin F. Smith". www.nasonline.org. Retrieved October 26, 2023.
- ^ "Erwin Frink Smith". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. February 9, 2023. Retrieved October 26, 2023.
- ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved October 26, 2023.
- ^ "Frank N. Meyer (1875-1918)". Special Collections, National Agricultural Library. Retrieved May 25, 2014.
- ^ Margaret W. Rossiter, "Women Scientists in the United States Before 1920," American Scientist 62 (1974).
- ^ Margaret W. Rossiter (1982). Women Scientists in America: struggles and strategies to 1940. Johns Hopkins University Press, ISBN 978-0801825095
- ^ a b Margaret W. Rossiter, Women Scientists in America: Struggles and Strategies to 1940.
- ^ "Erwin F. Smith Papers: Biographical Note" at Library of Congress, Manuscript Division
- ^ International Plant Names Index. E.F.Sm.
External links
edit- Erwin Frink Smith Papers via USDA National Agricultural Library
Media related to Erwin F. Smith at Wikimedia Commons
