The Emu Bay Shale is a geological formation in Emu Bay, South Australia, containing a major Konservat-Lagerstätte (fossil beds with soft tissue preservation). It is one of two in the world containing Redlichiidan trilobites. The Emu Bay Shale is dated as Cambrian Series 2, Stage 4, correlated with the upper Botomian Stage of the Lower Cambrian.[2]
| Emu Bay Shale | |
|---|---|
| Stratigraphic range: | |
 North Coast of Kangaroo Island, Emu Bay | |
| Type | Geological formation |
| Unit of | Kangaroo Island Group |
| Underlies | Boxing Bay Formation |
| Overlies | Marsden Sandstone (unconformity) |
| Thickness | 78 m (256 ft), of which the lowest 10 m are fossiliferous |
| Lithology | |
| Primary | Shale |
| Other | Sandstone |
| Location | |
| Coordinates | 35°35′S 137°30′E / 35.583°S 137.500°E |
| Approximate paleocoordinates | 12°30′N 161°12′W / 12.5°N 161.2°W |
| Region | The north coast of Kangaroo Island, around Emu Bay and Cape D'Estaing, South Australia |
| Country | Australia |
| Type section | |
| Named for | Emu Bay |
Its mode of preservation is the same as the Burgess shale, but the larger grain size of the Emu Bay rock means that the quality of preservation is lower.[3] More than 50 species of trilobites, non-biomineralized arthropods, palaeoscolecids, a lobopodian, a polychaete, vetulicolians, nectocaridids, hyoliths, brachiopods, sponges, chancelloriids, and a chelicerate are known from the Emu Bay Shale.[4]
Description
editThe Emu Bay Shale of Kangaroo Island, South Australia, is Australia's only known Burgess-Shale-type Konservat-Lagerstätte, and includes faunal elements such as Anomalocaris, Tuzoia, Isoxys, and Wronascolex, in common with other Burgess-Shale-type assemblages, notably the Chengjiang Biota in China, the closest palaeogeographically, although somewhat older. A few genera of non-biomineralized arthropods, among them Squamacula, Kangacaris, and the megacheiran Tanglangia, are known only from the Emu Bay Shale and Chengjiang. The site is also the source of high-quality specimens of trilobites such as Redlichia takooensis, Emuella polymera, Balcoracania dailyi, Megapharanaspis nedini, Holyoakia simpsoni, and Estaingia (=Hsuaspis) bilobata.[5] Balcoracania and Emuella are the only known genera of the distinctive Redlichiina family Emuellidae, known for possessing the greatest number of thoracic segments known for Trilobita as a whole (a record of 103 in one Balcoracania specimen), and so far entirely restricted to Australia and Antarctica.
The sedimentary depositional environment of the majority of Burgess-Shale-type assemblages is outer shelf, deeper water. The Emu Bay Shale in contrast, appears to represent deposition in restricted basins on the inner shelf, indicating that soft tissue preservation occurred in a range of environmental settings during the Cambrian. Some Emu Bay fossils display extensive mineralization of soft tissues, most often of blocky apatite or fibrous calcium carbonate, including the oldest phosphatized muscle tissue – along with records from Sirius Passet in Greenland, the first thus far reported from the Cambrian. Mid-gut glands are preserved three-dimensionally in calcium phosphate in the arthropods Isoxys and Oestokerkus, as in related species from the Burgess Shale.
The type section of the Emu Bay Shale crops out on the east side of Emu Bay where it conformably overlies the White Point Conglomerate. Here it yields a rich assemblage of Estaingia, Redlichia, hyolithids, brachiopods, and the scleritome-bearing Chancelloria. At the Big Gully locality (8 km east of White Point), its presumed correlative is unconformable on the White Point Conglomerate and yields soft-bodied fossils in addition to the trilobites, including two species of the giant predator Anomalocaris (A. briggsi and Anomalocaris cf. canadensis), Isoxys, Tuzoia, two species of the nektaspid arthropod Family Emucarididae (Emucaris fava and Kangacaris zhangi), the palaeoscolecid worm Wronascolex, the problematic Myoscolex and Vetustovermis, and a number of rarer elements. The Big Gully trilobites rarely preserve any trace of non-biomineralized tissue; a small number of specimens of Redlichia have been reported with antennae. Taxa documented from a quarry located inland of the shoreline exposure at Big Gully include Oestokerkus, a genus of leanchoiliid closely related to the well-known Leanchoilia, the early chelicerate Wisangocaris and the type species of a monotypic genus of artiopodan arthropod, Australimicola. An armoured lobopodian of the Family Luolishaniidae is known from a single specimen that closely resembles an unnamed species from the Burgess Shale popularly known as Collins' Monster.
In 2011, seven fossils of large, isolated compound eyes were described from the inland quarry site at Emu Bay, as well as the first well-preserved visual surfaces of the eyes of Anomalocaris. The latter specimens are consistent with anomalocaridids being closely related to arthropods as had been suspected. The find also indicated that advanced arthropod eyes had evolved very early, before the evolution of jointed legs or hardened exoskeletons. The eyes were 30 times more powerful than those of trilobites, long thought to have had the most advanced eyes of any species contemporary with Anomalocaris and which were only able to sense night or day. With more than 16,000 lenses, the resolution of the 3 centimetres (1.2 in) wide eyes would have been rivaled only by that of the modern dragonfly, which has 28,000 lenses in each eye.[6][7][8]
Paleobiota
editAfter Paterson et. al.(2015).[9]
Arthropods
edit| Arthropods | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Notes | Images | |
| Anomalocaris | A. daleyae | An anomalocaridid radiodont closely related to the type species. |  | |
| Echidnacaris | E. briggsi | A tamisiocaridid radiodont. |  | |
| Wisangocaris | W. barbarahardyae | A stem-chelicerate belonging to the Habeliida |  | |
| Tuzoia | T. australis, unnamed larger species | A large bivalved arthropod |  | |
| Isoxys | I. communis, I. glaessneri | A bivalved arthropod | ||
| Oestokerkus | O. megacholix | A megacheiran belonging to the family Leanchoiliidae |  | |
| Tanglangia [10] | T. rangatanga | A megacheiran |
 | |
| Squamacula | S. buckorum | A basal artiopod |  | |
| Australimicola | A. spriggi | A basal artiopod | ||
| Eozetetes | E. gemmelli | A vicissicaudatan artiopod | ||
| Kangacaris | K. zhangi | A nektaspid artiopod belonging to the family Emucarididae |  | |
| Emucaris | Emucaris fava | |||
| Redlichia | R. takooensis, R. rex | A trilobite belonging to the order Redlichiida |  | |
| Holyoakia | H. simpsoni | A trilobite belonging to the order Corynexochida |  | |
| Megapharanaspis | M. nedini | A trilobite belonging to the order Redlichiida | ||
| Balcoracania | B. dailyi | A trilobite belonging to the order Redlichiida |  | |
| Emuella | E. polymera | A trilobite belonging to the order Redlichiida |  | |
| Estaingia | E. bilobata | A trilobite belonging to the order Redlichiida |  | |
Other animals
edit| Non-arthropod animals | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Notes | Images | |
| Nesonektris | N. aldridgei | A member of Vetulicolia |  | |
| Vetustovermis | A possible member of Nectocarididae | |||
| Myoscolex | M. ateles | An enigmatic animal of unknown affinity. |  | |
| Wronascolex | W. antiquus, W. iacoborum | Palaeoscolecid worm | ||
| Luolishaniidae[9] | Indeterminate | An armoured lobopodian | ||
| Chancelloria | C. australilonga | A member of Chancelloriidae, a group of spiny sponge-like animals. | ||
| Demospongiae[9] | Spp. | Sponges, predominantly Leptomitidae, with minor Hamptoniidae and Choiidae | ||
| "Eldonioid"[11] | Indeterminate | Related to Eldonia | ||
| Brachiopoda[9] | Includes members of the families Eoobolidae and Botsfordiidae | |||
| Hyolitha[9] | ||||
| Polychaeta[9] | Has possible affinities to Burgessochaeta. | |||
See also
edit- Lagerstätte—other fossil localities
- List of fossil sites (with link directory)
References
editNOTE: Much of the text of this article was used with permission of Sam Gon III from his below referenced web site, in particular from the Emu Bay page
- ^ García-Bellido, D. C.; Paterson, J. R.; Edgecombe, G. D. (2013). "Cambrian palaeoscolecids (Cycloneuralia) from Gondwana and reappraisal of species assigned to Palaeoscolex". Gondwana Research. 24 (2): 780. Bibcode:2013GondR..24..780G. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2012.12.002.
- ^ J. B. Jago, Xiaowen Sun and Wen-long Zang (December 2002). "Correlation within early Palaeozoic basins of eastern South Australia" (PDF). pp. 1–22. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-10-13. Retrieved 2010-04-04.
- ^ Glaessner, M. F. (1979). "Lower Cambrian Crustacea and annelid worms from Kangaroo Island, South Australia" (PDF). Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 3 (1): 21–31. Bibcode:1979Alch....3...21G. doi:10.1080/03115517908565437.
- ^ Jago, James B.; García-Bellido, Diego C.; Gehling, James G. (2016-07-01). "An early Cambrian chelicerate from the Emu Bay Shale, South Australia". Palaeontology. 59 (4): 549–562. Bibcode:2016Palgy..59..549J. doi:10.1111/pala.12243. ISSN 1475-4983.
- ^ Pocock, K. J. (1970). "The Emuellidae, a new family of trilobites from the Lower Cambrian of South Australia". Palaeontology. 13: 522–562.
- ^ Brett Williamson (30 June 2011). "Ancient discovery puts world's scientific eyes on Kangaroo Island". ABC News (Australia).
- ^ Salleh, Anna (December 8, 2011). "Cambrian predator had killer eyes". ABC Science. Retrieved 15 February 2012.
- ^ Fossilised eyes of ancient super-predator found Archived 2012-05-12 at the Wayback Machine Australian Geographic December 9, 2011
- ^ a b c d e f Paterson, John R.; García-Bellido, Diego C.; Jago, James B.; Gehling, James G.; Lee, Michael S.Y.; Edgecombe, Gregory D. (January 2016). "The Emu Bay Shale Konservat-Lagerstätte: a view of Cambrian life from East Gondwana". Journal of the Geological Society. 173 (1): 1–11. Bibcode:2016JGSoc.173....1P. doi:10.1144/jgs2015-083. ISSN 0016-7649. S2CID 130614466.
- ^ Paterson, John R.; Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Jago, James B. (2015-06-01). "The 'great appendage' arthropod Tanglangia: Biogeographic connections between early Cambrian biotas of Australia and South China". Gondwana Research. 27 (4): 1667–1672. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2014.02.008. ISSN 1342-937X.
- ^ Schroeder, Natalie I.; Paterson, John R.; Brock, Glenn A. (January 2018). "Eldonioids with associated trace fossils from the lower Cambrian Emu Bay Shale Konservat-Lagerstätte of South Australia". Journal of Paleontology. 92 (1): 80–86. Bibcode:2018JPal...92...80S. doi:10.1017/jpa.2018.6. ISSN 0022-3360. S2CID 197586878.
Further reading
editReferences about Australian trilobites:
- Hagadorn, J.W. (2002). "Burgess Shale-type Localities: The global picture". In Bottjer, D.J.; W. Etter; J.W. Hagadorn; C.M. Tang (eds.). Exceptional Fossil Preservation -- A Unique View on the Evolution of Marine Life. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0231102544.
- Sam Gon III. "A guide to the Orders of Trilobites". Retrieved August 23, 2005.
- Nedin, C. (1995). "The Emu Bay Shale, a Lower Cambrian fossil Lagerstätte, Kangaroo Island, South Australia". Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists. 18: 31–40.
- Simpson, Dave. "Trilobites of South Australia". Archived from the original on February 19, 2006. Retrieved August 23, 2005.