Dyakonov surface waves (DSWs) are surface electromagnetic waves that travel along the interface in between an isotropic and an uniaxial-birefringent medium. They were theoretically predicted in 1988 by the Russian physicist Mikhail Dyakonov.[1] Unlike other types of acoustic and electromagnetic surface waves, the DSW's existence is due to the difference in symmetry of materials forming the interface. He considered the interface between an isotropic transmitting medium and an anisotropic uniaxial crystal, and showed that under certain conditions waves localized at the interface should exist. Later, similar waves were predicted to exist at the interface between two identical uniaxial crystals with different orientations.[2] The previously known electromagnetic surface waves, surface plasmons and surface plasmon polaritons, exist under the condition that the permittivity of one of the materials forming the interface is negative, while the other one is positive (for example, this is the case for the air/metal interface below the plasma frequency). In contrast, the DSW can propagate when both materials are transparent; hence they are virtually lossless, which is their most fascinating property.
In recent years, the significance and potential of the DSW have attracted the attention of many researchers: a change of the constitutive properties of one or both of the two partnering materials – due to, say, infiltration by any chemical or biological agent – could measurably change the characteristics of the wave. Consequently, numerous potential applications are envisaged, including devices for integrated optics, chemical and biological surface sensing, etc.[3] However, it is not easy to satisfy the necessary conditions for the DSW, and because of this the first proof-of-principle experimental observation of DSW[4] was reported only 20 years after the original prediction.
A large number of theoretical work appeared dealing with various aspects of this phenomenon, see the detailed review.[5] In particular, DSW propagation at magnetic interfaces,[6] in left-handed materials,[7] in electro-optical,[8][9] and chiral[10] materials was studied. Resonant transmission due to DSW in structures using prisms was predicted,[11] and combination and interaction between DSW and surface plasmons (Dyakonov plasmons)[12][13][14] was studied and observed.[15][16]
Physical properties
editThe simplest configuration considered in Ref. 1 consists of an interface between an isotropic material with permittivity ε and a uniaxial crystal with permittivities ε0 and εe for the ordinary and the extraordinary waves respectively. The crystal C axis is parallel to the interface. For this configuration, the DSW can propagate along the interface within certain angular intervals with respect to the C axis, provided that the condition of εe > ε > ε0 is satisfied. Thus DSW are supported by interfaces with positive birefringent crystals only (εe > ε0). The angular interval is defined by the parameter
- .
The angular intervals for the DSW phase and group velocities (Δθph and Δθgr) are different. The phase velocity interval is proportional to η2 and even for the most strongly birefringent natural crystals is very narrow Δθph ≈ 1° (rutile) and Δθph ≈ 4° (calomel).[17] However the physically more important group velocity interval is substantially larger (proportional to η). Calculations give Δθgr ≈ 7° for rutile, and Δθgr ≈ 20° for calomel.
Perspectives
editA widespread experimental investigation of DSW material systems and evolution of related practical devices has been largely limited by the stringent anisotropy conditions necessary for successful DSW propagation, particularly the high degree of birefringence of at least one of the constituent materials and the limited number of naturally available materials fulfilling this requirement. However, this is about to change in light of novel artificially engineered metamaterials[18] and revolutionary material synthesis techniques.
The extreme sensitivity of DSW to anisotropy, and thereby to stress, along with their low-loss (long-range) character render them particularly attractive for enabling high sensitivity tactile and ultrasonic sensing for next-generation high-speed transduction and read-out technologies. Moreover, the unique directionality of DSW can be used for the steering of optical signals.[19]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Dyakonov, M. I. (April 1988). "New type of electromagnetic wave propagating at an interface" (PDF). Soviet Physics JETP. 67 (4): 714. Bibcode:1988JETP...67..714D. Archived from the original (Free PDF download) on 2018-07-13. Retrieved 2013-07-30.
- ^ Averkiev, N. S. and Dyakonov, M. I. (1990). "Electromagnetic waves localized at the interface of transparent anisotropic media". Optics and Spectroscopy (USSR). 68 (5): 653. Bibcode:1990OptSp..68..653A.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^
Torner, L., Artigas, D., and Takayama, O. (2009). "Dyakonov Surface Waves". Optics and Photonics News. 20 (12): 25. Bibcode:2009OptPN..20...25T. doi:10.1364/OPN.20.12.000025. S2CID 120465632.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Takayama, O., Crassovan, L., Artigas D., and Torner, L. (2009). "Observation of Dyakonov Surface Waves" (Free PDF download). Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 (4): 043903. Bibcode:2009PhRvL.102d3903T. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.043903. PMID 19257419. S2CID 14540394.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Takayama, O., Crassovan, L. C., Mihalache, D., and Torner, L. (2008). "Dyakonov Surface Waves: A Review". Electromagnetics. 28 (3): 126–145. doi:10.1080/02726340801921403. S2CID 121726611.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Crassovan, L. C., Artigas, D., Mihalache, D., and Torner, L. (2005). "Optical Dyakonov surface waves at magnetic interfaces". Opt. Lett. 30 (22): 3075–7. Bibcode:2005OptL...30.3075C. doi:10.1364/OL.30.003075. PMID 16315726.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Crassovan, L. C., Takayama, D., Artigas, D., Johansen, S. K., Mihalache, D., and Torner, L. (2006). "Enhanced localization of Dyakonov-like surface waves in left-handed materials". Phys. Rev. B. 74 (15): 155120. arXiv:physics/0603181. Bibcode:2006PhRvB..74o5120C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.74.155120. S2CID 119439238.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Nelatury, S. R., Polo jr., J. A., and Lakhtakia, A. (2008). "Electrical Control of Surface-Wave Propagation at the Planar Interface of a Linear Electro-Optic Material and an Isotropic Dielectric Material". Electromagnetics. 28 (3): 162–174. arXiv:0711.1663. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.251.6060. doi:10.1080/02726340801921486. S2CID 10301459.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Nelatury, S. R., Polo jr., J. A., and Lakhtakia, A. (2008). "On widening the angular existence domain for Dyakonov surface waves using the Pockels effect". Microwave and Optical Technology Letters. 50 (9): 2360–2362. arXiv:0804.4879. Bibcode:2008arXiv0804.4879N. doi:10.1002/mop.23698. S2CID 6024041.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Gao, Jun; Lakhtakia, Akhlesh; Lei, Mingkai (2009). "On Dyakonov-Tamm waves localized to a central twist defect in a structurally chiral material". Journal of the Optical Society of America B. 26 (12): B74–B82. Bibcode:2009JOSAB..26B..74G. doi:10.1364/JOSAB.26.000B74.
- ^ Takayama, O., Nikitin, A. Yu., Martin-Moreno, L., Mihalache, D., Torner, L., and Artigas, A. (2011). "Dyakonov surface wave resonant transmission" (PDF). Optics Express. 19 (7): 6339–47. Bibcode:2011OExpr..19.6339T. doi:10.1364/OE.19.006339. hdl:10261/47330. PMID 21451661.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Guo, Yu.. Newman, W., Cortes, C. L. and Jacob, Z. (2012). "Review Article: Applications of Hyperbolic Metamaterial Substrates". Advances in OptoElectronics. 2012: 1–9. arXiv:1211.0980. doi:10.1155/2012/452502.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Jacob, Z. and Narimanov, E. E. (2008). "Optical hyperspace for plasmons: Dyakonov states in metamaterials". Appl. Phys. Lett. 93 (22): 221109. Bibcode:2008ApPhL..93v1109J. doi:10.1063/1.3037208. S2CID 39395734.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Takayama, O., Artigas, D., and Torner, L. (2012). "Coupling plasmons and dyakonons". Optics Letters. 37 (11): 1983–5. Bibcode:2012OptL...37.1983T. doi:10.1364/OL.37.001983. PMID 22660095.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Takayama, O., Shkondin, E., Bogdanov A., Panah, M. E., Golenitskii, K., Dmitriev, P., Repän, T., Malureanu, R., Belov, P., Jensen, F., and Lavrinenko, A. (2017). "Midinfrared surface waves on a high aspect ratio nanotrench platform" (PDF). ACS Photonics. 4 (11): 2899–2907. doi:10.1021/acsphotonics.7b00924. S2CID 126006666.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Takayama, O., Dmitriev, P., Shkondin, E., Yermakov, O., Panah, M., Golenitskii, K., Jensen, F., Bogdanov A., and Lavrinenko, A. (2018). "Experimental observation of Dyakonov plasmons in the mid-infrared" (PDF). Semiconductors. 52 (4): 442–6. Bibcode:2018Semic..52..442T. doi:10.1134/S1063782618040279. S2CID 255238679.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Takayama, O.; Crasovan, L. C., Johansen, S. K.; Mihalache, D, Artigas, D.; Torner, L. (2008). "Dyakonov Surface Waves: A Review". Electromagnetics. 28 (3): 126–145. doi:10.1080/02726340801921403. S2CID 121726611.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Takayama, O.; Bogdanov, A. A., Lavrinenko, A. V. (2017). "Photonic surface waves on metamaterial interfaces". Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter. 29 (46): 463001. Bibcode:2017JPCM...29T3001T. doi:10.1088/1361-648X/aa8bdd. PMID 29053474.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Takayama, O.; Artigas, D., Torner, L. (2014). "Lossless directional guiding of light in dielectric nanosheets using Dyakonov surface waves". Nature Nanotechnology. 9 (6): 419–424. Bibcode:2014NatNa...9..419T. doi:10.1038/nnano.2014.90. PMID 24859812.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Liu, Hsuan-Hao; Chang, Hung-Chun (2013). "Leaky Surface Plasmon Polariton Modes at an Interface Between Metal and Uniaxially Anisotropic Materials". IEEE Photonics Journal. 5 (6): 4800806. Bibcode:2013IPhoJ...500806L. doi:10.1109/JPHOT.2013.2288298.