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Duladeo Temple

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The Duladeo Temple (Devanagri: दुलादेव मंदिर) is a Hindu temple in Khajuraho, Madhya Pradesh, India. The temple is dedicated to the god Shiva in the form of a linga, which is deified in the sanctum.[1][2] 'Dulodeo' means "Holy Bridegroom".[3] The temple is also known as "Kunwar Math".[1] The temple faces east and is dated to 1000–1150 AD.[1] It is the last of the temples built during the Chandela period. The temple is laid in the seven chariot plan (saptarata).[4] The figurines carved in the temple have soft expressive features unlike other temples. The walls have a display of carved celestial dancers (apsara) in erotic postures and other figures.[5][6] As part of the Khajuraho Group of Monuments, the temple was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1986.[7]

Duladeo Temple Khajuraho
दुलादेव मंदिर
Duladeo Temple at Khajuraho
Duladeo Temple at Khajuraho
Religion
AffiliationHinduism
DistrictChattarpur, Khajuraho[1]
DeityShiva[1]
Location
LocationKhajuraho[1]
StateMadhya Pradesh
CountryIndia
Duladeo Temple is located in Madhya Pradesh
Duladeo Temple
Location in Madhya Pradesh
Geographic coordinates24°51′11″N 79°55′10″E / 24.85306°N 79.91944°E / 24.85306; 79.91944
Architecture
CreatorChandella Rulers
CompletedCirca A.D. 1000–1150.[1]
Temple(s)1

Location

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The temple is located on the bank of the Khodar River in the southern group of the Khajuraho Group of temples in Khajuraho village in an area spread over 6 square kilometres (2.3 sq mi). It is 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) away from the Khajuraho village close to the Jain enclosure.[8][1] The approach road is rough.[9]

History

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A 19th century artist's depiction of king Kirttivarman visit to the temple in the 11th century CE

Duladeo Temple is one of the 22 temples to the Hindu god Shiva, which are among the 87 temples that were created by the Chandela rulers of Central India. The peak period of building activity was from 950 to 1050 AD in the small village of Khajuraho. The temples belong to the traditional religions of Hinduism and Jainism. They are identified under three groups or three zones - the western zone, the eastern zone and the southern zone. Ibn Batuta, the Moroccan traveller had attested to the existence of these temples even in 1335. The temples in the southern group are the Duladeo and Chaturbhujs. All the extant temples were inscribed in 1986 under the UNESCO List of World Heritage Sites under Criterion III for its artistic creation and under Criterion V for the culture of the Chandellas that was popular till the country was invaded by Muslims in 1202.[10] It is also said that Madanaverman (1128–1165) of the Chandela dynasty built this temple during his reign.[11]

The sculptures in the temple have strong identity with those found among the remnants of a temple in Jamsor near Kanpur in Uttar Pradesh. From this similarity it has been inferred that the sculpturing at both locations were the handiwork of the same sculptors and further that they were created during the period from 1060 to 1100, during the reign of Kirttivarman.[12] However, Archaeological Survey of India has inferred the period of temple building activity in Khajuraho from 950 to 1150 AD based on palaeography and the architectural style.[1]

From the name Vasala inscribed at a number of locations in the temple, it is inferred that the name is of the chief sculptor who created the sculptures.[13]

Architecture

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Sculpture of Shiva on the outer wall .
 
Nandi, devas and erotic sculptures on the external walls

The temple is categorized as a nirandhara temple. Nirandhara means a layout without the ambulatory path[14] consisting of a sanctum without an ambulatory, a vestibule, main hall (maha-mandapa), and an entrance porch.[1] The layout of the temple does not have a circumambulatory passage which is probably due to the fact that it was the last of the temples built in the 12th century during the reign of Chandelas, when the peak period of their construction phase had already passed.[15] The temple pinnacle (shikhara) is created in three rows of minor shikharas.[1] Its features are in general conformity with those adopted for the other temples in the Khajuraho complex. The classification according to the physical characteristics of the monuments consists of a raised base, which is a sub structure over which the richly decorated structure rises and is covered with rich sculptures.[16] The architectural style is Nagara, representing Mount Kailash, the abode of Shiva.[16]

The main hall in the temple is very large and octagonal in shape. Its ceiling has elegantly carved celestial dancers (apsaras). There are twenty such brackets carved with the apsaras, with two or three apsaras next to each other in each bracket, and arranged in the ceiling in a corbelled circle.[1] The damsels dancing around trees, and women in erotic poses are also part of the temple architecture. It is said to be the "last glow of Khajuraho's architectural and sculptural mastery".[8] The top rows in the facade have sculptures of supernatural beings (vidyadhara) in a vibrant mode. In the porch entrance, there are sculptures of river-goddesses under cover of umbrellas and decorations of pompons.[1]

A striking sculpture is of a profile carving of a celestial dancer in the inner passage of the temple hemmed between buttresses, which has decoration of a necklace with hands poised as if to throw a dice.[17] Another similarity noted between the ruins of Jamsor temple and Duladeo is the canopy of sculptures of mango trees and fruits, which are symbols of fertility. The figurines set with in these trees project out and have well finished front face but exhibit "double chin and sharply arched eyebrows". These are all richly decorated with ornaments.[12] Also notable are a carving of a flying god (deva), which is decorated with a long rectangular shaped necklace. There is also a carving of the trinity of Surya, Brahma and Shiva.[18]

 
Khajuraho Temple Map

A figure of Shiva is carved on the lintel at the entrance to the sanctum (garbhagriha). The central icon of the linga in the sanctum is not the original but a duplicate, as the original is untraced.[19] Worship is offered at the temple by the local people. A unique feature of the depictions on the linga is that it has 999 more lingas carved all around its surface. Its religious significance is that going round the linga would amount to taking of circumambulation a 1,000 times around it.[20]

The architecture copies the old style as it was built at the end of the Chandela period, and hence the sculptures are stated to be "wooden" and "stereotyped" compared with other earlier temples in the complex.[9] However, the elegance and grace of the figurines of women are more like "pin-ups" and there are also few figurines in the erotic poses of couples engrossed in love (mithuna).[9]

By the time the British arrived, the temple was in a state of disrepair and partly ruined. The shikara was restored as were the side walls and columns. The restored parts are discernible in the lighter colour of the sandstone, and that they are not carved and devoid of any sculptures or decoration.

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    Closer view of the restored pinnacle and walls
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    Various sculptures depicting Nandi and Shiva
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    Various sculptures depicting Shiva and Parvati
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    Southern Facade, Top Band of Images Shiva Parvati
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    Architecture of Dulhadeo Temple

See also

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References

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Notes
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) – DulaDeo Temple". Archaeological Survey of India (ASI). Retrieved 21 March 2012.
  2. ^ Pacaurī 1989, p. 35.
  3. ^ Kramrisch 1976, p. 365.
  4. ^ Shah 1988, p. 56.
  5. ^ Pacaurī 1989, p. 32.
  6. ^ Gajrani 2004, p. 88.
  7. ^ "Khajuraho Group of Monuments". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization. Retrieved 25 June 2023.
  8. ^ a b Kumar 2003, p. 114.
  9. ^ a b c Sajnani 2001, p. 201.
  10. ^ "Evaluation Report:World Heritage List No 240" (PDF). UNESCO Organization. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
  11. ^ Sullere 2004, p. 26.
  12. ^ a b Indian Sculpture: 700-1800. University of California Press. 1988. p. 115–. ISBN 978-0-520-06477-5.
  13. ^ Kramrisch 1976, p. 377.
  14. ^ "The Religious Imagery of Kajuraho" (PDF). Columbia Education. p. 178. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
  15. ^ Kuiper 2010, p. 309.
  16. ^ a b "World Heritage Centre (UNESCO) – 240 – Khajuraho Group of Monuments". UNESCO Organization. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
  17. ^ Kramrisch 1976, p. 381.
  18. ^ Gangoly 1957, p. 23.
  19. ^ Mitra 1977, p. 198.
  20. ^ Knapp 2009, p. 109.
Bibliography
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