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Anscombe Bioethics Centre

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The Anscombe Bioethics Centre is a Catholic academic institute based in Oxford, which engages in scholarship, public debate, and education. Established in 1977, it is the oldest bioethical research institution in the United Kingdom.

The Anscombe Centre was formerly known as the Linacre Centre for Healthcare Ethics and was based in London at the Hospital of St John and St Elizabeth.[1] Upon moving to Oxford in 2010, it was renamed in honour of Elizabeth Anscombe, who had died in 2001 and was notable for her contribution to moral philosophy both in relation to the understanding of intention[2] and in relation to practical ethical issues such as contraception, abortion, and euthanasia.[3][4][5][6] While alive, Anscombe had contributed to the centre, most notably drafting a key section of its 1982 report on Euthanasia and Clinical Practice.

Other academics associated with the Centre include John Finnis and John Keown, both of whom were Governors for more than a decade and both of whom contributed to multiple Centre publications (see below).

Anthony Fisher has described the centre as “not just as the premier Christian bioethics institute in Britain, but as one of the finest in the world, Christian or secular”.[7]

The Anscombe Bioethics Centre is not attached to any Institute of Higher Education but regularly collaborates with St Mary's University in Twickenham and with Blackfriars Hall in Oxford. The centre hosts lectures, seminars, conferences and courses, often in collaboration with other institutions. It engages with consultations by governmental and nongovernmental bodies and gives advice to healthcare professionals and others concerned about ethical issues in biomedicine. It produces reports and briefing papers and Centre staff publish books, book chapters and journal articles.

The current director (January to July 2001 and 2010 to present), is Professor David Albert Jones[8] who is also Professor of Bioethics at St Mary's University in Twickenham[9] and Research Fellow at Blackfriars Oxford[10] Its previous directors were:

  • Helen Watt (2001–2010)
  • Luke Gormally (1981–2000)
  • David Williams (1977–1980)

Present and former academic staff include Teresa Iglesias (Research Fellow 1981–1985), Fred Fitzpatrick (Education and Research Officer 1984–1990), Agneta Sutton (Research Fellow 1986-1989 and Deputy Director 1989–1994), Hugh Henry (Education Officer 2003–2004), Patrick Carr (Education Officer 2005–2006), Anthony McCarthy (Research Fellow 2002–2010), Stephen Barrie (Education and Research Officer 2007–2016), Michael Wee (Education and Research Officer 2016–2021), and Chris Wojtulewicz (Education and Research Officer 2021-).

Publications

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  • Euthanasia and Clinical Practice (1982)[11]
  • Ethics in Nursing Practice (1988)[12]
  • IVF and Justice (1990)[13]
  • Prenatal Diagnosis (1990)[14]
  • The Dependent Elderly (1992)[15]
  • Infertility and Assisted Conception (1993)[16]
  • Euthanasia, Clinical Practice and the Law (1994)[17]
  • Genetic Intervention on Human Subjects (1996)[18]
  • Issues for a Catholic Bioethic (1999)[19]
  • Life and Death in Healthcare Ethics (2000)[20]
  • Healthcare Allocation (2001)[21]
  • Culture of Life – Culture of Death (2002)[22]
  • Cooperation, Complicity and Conscience (2006)[23]
  • Incapacity and Care (2009)[24]
  • Fertility and Gender (2011)[25]
  • Human Embryo Research (2011)[26]
  • Chimera’s Children (2012)[27]
  • On the Ethics of organ transplantation (2014)[28]
  • Thinking Christian ethos (2015)[29]
  • The Moral Philosophy of Elizabeth Anscombe (2016)[30]
  • The Ethics of Pregnancy, Abortion and Childbirth (2016)[31]
  • Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia (2017)[32]

Notable associates of the Centre

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In addition to a small in-house staff, other academics have been associated with the Centre through co-writing, co-editing, or contributing to reports or publications or through acting as Governors of the centre, Associate Research Fellows, Visiting Research Fellows, members of the Academic Review Panel or Anscombe Memorial Lecturers. These have included (with reference to notable association though they have also have collaborated in other ways):

  • G. E. M. Anscombe – wrote the key section of the 1982 report on Euthanasia and Clinical Practice
  • Professor David Albert Jones[33]
  • Nicanor Austriaco – Visiting Research Fellow 2014; member of working party that produced On the ethics of organ transplantation (2014);[34] Anscombe Memorial Lecturer (2021)
  • John Berry – Associate Research Fellow (1991–2019); contributed to Fertility and Gender (2011)[35]
  • Nigel Biggar – Academic Review Panel (2010–2012)
  • Joseph Boyle – contributed to The Dependent Elderly (1992);[36] Visiting Research Fellow (2010, 2015), Anscombe Memorial Lecturer (2015)
  • Patricia Casey – Anscombe Memorial Lecturer (2018); Governor (2019–present)
  • Maureen_L._Condic – Anscombe Memorial Lecturer (2019)
  • Willem Eijk – Anscombe Memorial Lecturer (2016)
  • John Finnis – Governor (1981–2007, 2010–2016); contributed to The Dependent Elderly (1992)[15], Euthanasia, Clinical Practice and the Law (1994),[37] Issues for a Catholic Bioethic (1999)[19], Culture of Life–Culture of Death (2002),[38] Cooperation, Complicity & Conscience (2006),[39] Incapacity & Care (2009),[40] and The Moral Philosophy of Elizabeth Anscombe (2016);[41] Anscombe Memorial Lecturer (2014)
  • Anthony Fisher – Oxford DPhil, supervised by John Finnis, was the basis for Healthcare Allocation 2001;[42] contributed to Culture of Life – Culture of Death (2002)[43] and Cooperation, Complicity and Conscience (2006)[23]; Anscombe Memorial Lecturer (2012)
  • Kevin Flannery – contributed to Fertility and Gender (2011)[44] and The Moral Philosophy of Elizabeth Anscombe (2016);[45] Academic Review Panel (2014–2018)
  • Chris Gastmans – co-edited Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide (2017)[46] and helped organise the conference on which it was based
  • Robert P. George – contributed to Culture of Life–Culture of Death (2002);[47] Anscombe Memorial Lecturer (2011)
  • John_Haldane_(philosopher) – contributed to Issues for a Catholic Bioethic (1999);[48] Academic Review Panel (2010–2012); general editor for series in which The Moral Philosophy of Elizabeth Anscombe (2016)[5] was published; Governor (2022-)
  • Stephan Kampowski – Visiting Research Fellow (2017)
  • Anthony Kenny – Inaugural Anscombe Memorial Lecturer (2010)
  • John Keown – Governor (1990–2002); contributed to The Dependent Elderly (1992),[49] Euthanasia, Clinical Practice and the Law (1994)[50] and Issues for a Catholic Bioethic (1999);[51] Visiting Research Fellow (2011); Academic Review Panel (2018–2021)
  • Calum MacKellar – co-edited Chimera's Children (2012)[52] and Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide (2017)[53]
  • Christopher McCrudden – Academic Review Panel dates (2015–2018)
  • Anselm Müller – Visiting Research Fellow and Anscombe Memorial Lecturer (2013); contributed to The Moral Philosophy of Elizabeth Anscombe (2016[54])
  • Aidan O’Neill – Anscombe Memorial Lecturer (2021)
  • David Paton – contributed to Fertility and Gender (2011),[55] Governor (2019–2022)
  • Andrew Pinsent – Associate Research Fellow (2010–2019); contributed to Thinking Christian ethos (2015)[56]
  • Thomas Pink – Governor 2007–2013; contributed to The Moral Philosophy of Elizabeth Anscombe (2016)[57]
  • O. Carter Snead – Associate Research Fellow (2010–2019); contributed to Human Embryo Research (2011)[58]
  • Daniel Sulmasy – Visiting Research Fellow (2012); contributed to Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia (2017)[59]
  • Roger Teichmann – co-edited The Moral Philosophy of Elizabeth Anscombe 2016[60] and helped organise the conference on which this was based
  • Nicholas Tonti-Filippini – drafted the report On the Ethics of Organ Transplantation (2014)[61]
  • John Wyatt – Academic Review Panel (2014–2018)

Examples of public policy engagement

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House of Lords Select Committee on Medical Ethics 1993

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According to Keown the substantial submission of the centre, drafted by Gormally and Finnis, was said by one member of the committee to have been “the best submission the Committee received” and the subsequent report of the committee “reflected several of the key points made in the submission”.[62]

House of Lords Select Committee on Stem Cell research 2001

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A submission by Jones as director to the House of Lords Select Committee on Stem Cell Research 2001 was co-signed by twenty-three theologians including Cahal Daley, Kallistos Ware and Rowan Williams. Though the Committee did not reference this submission, it devoted an appendix to providing an alternative account of the Christian tradition.[63] The submission was subsequently published as a journal article[64] and in two edited collections[65][66] and was the starting point for the book The Soul of the Embryo[67] which was described by Michael J Gorman as “perhaps the first attempt at a full history of the theological status of the embryo”[68] and by Julia Neuberger as “a surprisingly calm look at what Christians and others have had to say”.[69] It was shortlisted for the Michael Ramsey Prize for Theological Writing.[70]

Brüstle stem cell ruling 2011

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Jones was author of a letter published in Nature, co-signed by an international group of 25 bioethicists, arguing that the question of whether to permit patenting of technologies derived from human embryo research “ought to be more than a question of European commercial interest”.[71] He welcomed the subsequent decision of the European Court of Justice ruling against patentability,[72] and later expressed the view that one positive consequence of Brexit was that it would “remove the 'malign influence' of the UK over human embryo research policy in Europe”.[73]

Assisted suicide and suicide rates 2015

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After giving evidence Scottish Committee on Health and Sport in relation to the Assisted Suicide (Scotland) Bill[74] and producing an evidence guide[75] to inform debate in Westminster over Marris Bill, Jones published a paper, together with the economist David Paton, on impact of physician assisted suicide on rates of suicide. The paper concluded that legalising physician assisted suicide was associated with an increase in total suicides (inclusive if assisted suicide) of 6.3%, a result that was statistically significant after controlling for confounding factors and state and year effects.[76] The paper was quoted in the debate in Germany over a law to restrict organised forms of assisted suicide[77] and was also quoted in the context of the debate over voluntary assisted dying in New Zealand[78] and in Western Australia.[79] The paper has been subject to scholarly criticism[80][81] to which Jones has responded.[82]

Criticism of the Centre

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The utilitarian bioethicist John Harris in a highly critical review of the Linacre publication Ethics in Nursing Practice coined the term ‘linacracy’ for its approach: “If theodicy consists in justifying the ways of God to man, 'linacracy' is justifying the ways of Catholics to each other... [this book shows] once and for all the wickedness to which Catholic philosophy can lead”.[83]

John Walton, who chaired the 1993 House of Lords Select Committee on Medical Ethics, found the centre's work on euthanasia to be “useful” but also “biased”: “Although this book is so closely argued that it is not recommended for light bedside reading, it repays careful study and represents a useful, if biased, contribution to a topical and highly emotive subject”.[84] Similarly, MacKenna Roberts of Progress Educational Trust,[85] found the approach taken by speakers at a conference on human embryo research hosted by the Anscombe Centre to be “uncompromising”. However, in contrast to Walton, while she registered her “disagreements”, she did not perceive the perspectives she disagreed with to be expressions of bias: “Catholic perspectives on the human embryo may be infamously uncompromising, but the intelligent and thought-provoking presentations at this conference allayed my concerns of bias, and demonstrated how taking account of the Catholic view can enrich and inform public debate and policy”.[86]

References

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  1. ^ "'About us', Anscombe Bioethics Centre website". www.bioethics.org.uk/about-us/..
  2. ^ G.E.M. Anscombe, Intention (1957).
  3. ^ G.E.M. Anscombe, Papers Vol III, Ethics Religion and Politics, (1983).
  4. ^ Luke Gormally and Mary Geach (eds), Human life Human Life, Action and Ethics: Essays by G.E.M. Anscombe (2006).
  5. ^ Luke Gormally and Mary Geach (eds), Faith in a Hard Ground: Essays on Religion, Philosophy and Ethics by G.E.M. Anscombe (2008).
  6. ^ Luke Gormally, Roger Teichmann and David Albert Jones, The Moral Philosophy of Elizabeth Anscombe, Exeter: Imprint Academic (2016).
  7. ^ A Fisher, ‘Review of Luke Gormally (ed) Euthanasia, Clinical Practice and the Law’, New Blackfriars, 76, 893 (May 1995): 258-260.
  8. ^ "Professor David Albert Jones".
  9. ^ "St Mary's University in Twickenham".
  10. ^ "Blackfriars Oxford".
  11. ^ Euthanasia and Clinical Practice: trends, principles and alternatives (London: Linacre Centre, 1982)
  12. ^ F Fitzpatrick, Ethics in Nursing Practice: Basic Principles and their application (London: Linacre Centre, 1988)
  13. ^ T Iglesias, IVF and Justice London: Linacre Centre, 1990.
  14. ^ A Sutton, Prenatal Diagnosis: Confronting the Ethical Issues (London: Linacre Centre, 1990).
  15. ^ L Gormally (ed), The Dependent Elderly: Autonomy, Justice and Quality of Care (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
  16. ^ A Sutton, Infertility and Assisted Conception (London: Linacre Centre 1993). (Published on behalf of the Bioethics Committee of the Catholic Bishops Conference of England and Wales.)
  17. ^ Luke Gormally (ed), Euthanasia, Clinical Practice and the Law (London: Linacre Centre, 1994).
  18. ^ Joint Bishops Bioethics Committee (Helen Watt, secretary), Genetic Intervention on Human Subjects: The Report of a Working Party (London: Linacre Centre, 1996).
  19. ^ L Gormally (ed), Issues for a Catholic Bioethic (London: Linacre Centre, 1999).
  20. ^ H Watt, Life and Death in Healthcare Ethics: A Short Introduction (London: Routledge, 2000).
  21. ^ A Fisher and L Gormally (eds), Healthcare Allocation: an ethical framework for public policy (London: Linacre Centre, 2001).
  22. ^ L Gormally (ed), Culture of Life – Culture of Death (London: Linacre Centre, 2002).
  23. ^ H Watt (ed), Cooperation, Complicity and Conscience. Problems in Healthcare, Science, Law and Public Policy (London: Linacre Centre, 2006).
  24. ^ H Watt (ed), Incapacity and Care. Controversies in Healthcare and Research (London: Linacre Centre, 2009).
  25. ^ H Watt (ed), Fertility and Gender. Issues in Reproductive and Sexual Ethics (Oxford: Anscombe Centre, 2011).
  26. ^ Papers from conference on ‘Human Embryo Research: Law, Ethics and Public Policy’ published in a special issue of Human Reproduction and Genetic Ethics 17.1 (2011).
  27. ^ D.A. Jones and C MacKellar (eds), Chimera’s Children: Ethical, Philosophical and Religious Perspectives on Human / Non-human Experimentation (London: Continuum, 2012).
  28. ^ M Jarmulowicz (chair) D.A. Jones (secretary) et al, On the ethics of organ transplantation: a Catholic perspective The Report of The report of a working party (Oxford: Anscombe Bioethics Centre, 2014.)
  29. ^ D.A. Jones and S Barrie, Thinking Christian ethos: the meaning of Catholic education (London: CTS, 2015).
  30. ^ Luke Gormally, David Albert Jones, and Roger Teichmann (eds), The Moral Philosophy of Elizabeth Anscombe (St Andrews Studies in Philosophy and Public Affairs) (Imprint Academic, 2016).
  31. ^ H Watt, The Ethics of Pregnancy, Abortion and Childbirth (London: Routledge 2016).
  32. ^ D.A. Jones, C Gastmans, and C MacKellar (eds), Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia: Lessons from Belgium (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017).
  33. ^ "Professor David Albert Jones".
  34. ^ M Jarmulowicz (chair) D.A. Jones (secretary) et al, On the ethics of organ transplantation: a Catholic perspective The Report of The report of a working party (Oxford: Anscombe Bioethics Centre, 2014.)
  35. ^ H Watt (ed), Fertility and Gender. Issues in Reproductive and Sexual Ethics (Oxford: Anscombe Centre, 2011).
  36. ^ L Gormally (ed), The Dependent Elderly: Autonomy, Justice and Quality of Care (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
  37. ^ Luke Gormally (ed), Euthanasia, Clinical Practice and the Law (London: Linacre Centre, 1994).
  38. ^ L Gormally (ed), Culture of Life – Culture of Death (London: Linacre Centre, 2002).
  39. ^ H Watt (ed), Cooperation, Complicity and Conscience. Problems in Healthcare, Science, Law and Public Policy (London: Linacre Centre, 2006).
  40. ^ H Watt (ed), Incapacity and Care. Controversies in Healthcare and Research (London: Linacre Centre, 2009).
  41. ^ Luke Gormally and Mary Geach (eds), Faith in a Hard Ground: Essays on Religion, Philosophy and Ethics by G.E.M. Anscombe (2008).
  42. ^ A Fisher and L Gormally (eds), Healthcare Allocation: an ethical framework for public policy (London: Linacre Centre, 2001).
  43. ^ L Gormally (ed), Culture of Life – Culture of Death (London: Linacre Centre, 2002).
  44. ^ H Watt (ed), Fertility and Gender. Issues in Reproductive and Sexual Ethics (Oxford: Anscombe Centre, 2011).
  45. ^ Luke Gormally and Mary Geach (eds), Faith in a Hard Ground: Essays on Religion, Philosophy and Ethics by G.E.M. Anscombe (2008).
  46. ^ H Watt, The Ethics of Pregnancy, Abortion and Childbirth (London: Routledge 2016).
  47. ^ L Gormally (ed), Culture of Life – Culture of Death (London: Linacre Centre, 2002).
  48. ^ L Gormally (ed), Issues for a Catholic Bioethic (London: Linacre Centre, 1999).
  49. ^ L Gormally (ed), The Dependent Elderly: Autonomy, Justice and Quality of Care (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
  50. ^ Luke Gormally (ed), Euthanasia, Clinical Practice and the Law (London: Linacre Centre, 1994).
  51. ^ L Gormally (ed), Issues for a Catholic Bioethic (London: Linacre Centre, 1999).
  52. ^ D.A. Jones and C MacKellar (eds), Chimera’s Children: Ethical, Philosophical and Religious Perspectives on Human / Non-human Experimentation (London: Continuum, 2012).
  53. ^ H Watt, The Ethics of Pregnancy, Abortion and Childbirth (London: Routledge 2016).
  54. ^ Luke Gormally and Mary Geach (eds), Faith in a Hard Ground: Essays on Religion, Philosophy and Ethics by G.E.M. Anscombe (2008).
  55. ^ H Watt (ed), Fertility and Gender. Issues in Reproductive and Sexual Ethics (Oxford: Anscombe Centre, 2011).
  56. ^ D.A. Jones and S Barrie, Thinking Christian ethos: the meaning of Catholic education (London: CTS, 2015).
  57. ^ Luke Gormally and Mary Geach (eds), Faith in a Hard Ground: Essays on Religion, Philosophy and Ethics by G.E.M. Anscombe (2008).
  58. ^ Papers from conference on ‘Human Embryo Research: Law, Ethics and Public Policy’ published in a special issue of Human Reproduction and Genetic Ethics 17.1 (2011).
  59. ^ H Watt, The Ethics of Pregnancy, Abortion and Childbirth (London: Routledge 2016).
  60. ^ Luke Gormally and Mary Geach (eds), Faith in a Hard Ground: Essays on Religion, Philosophy and Ethics by G.E.M. Anscombe (2008).
  61. ^ M Jarmulowicz (chair) D.A. Jones (secretary) et al, On the ethics of organ transplantation: a Catholic perspective The Report of The report of a working party (Oxford: Anscombe Bioethics Centre, 2014.)
  62. ^ J Keown and R.P. George, Reason, Morality, and Law: The Philosophy of John Finnis. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013, p. 301).
  63. ^ Report from the Select Committee Stem Cell Research (HL 83(i); 27 February 2002, Appendix 4). https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200102/ldselect/ldstem/83/8301.htm
  64. ^ Jones D. (Autumn 2001). "A theologian's brief: on the place of the human embryo within the Christian tradition and the theological principles for evaluating its moral status". Ethics Med. 17 (3): 143–53. PMID 15080145.
  65. ^ B Waters and Cole-Turner (eds) God and the Embryo: Religious Voices on Stem Cells and Cloning. (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2003, pp. 190-203).
  66. ^ T Lysaught and J.J. Kotva (eds), On Moral Medicine: Theological Perspectives in Medical Ethics. (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans, 2012, pp. 675-680).
  67. ^ D.A. Jones, The Soul of the Embryo: An enquiry into the status of the human embryo in the Christian tradition. (London: Continuum, 2004).
  68. ^ Gorman, M. J. (2006). "'Book Review: The Soul of the Embryo: An Enquiry into the Status of the Human Embryo in the Christian Tradition'". Studies in Christian Ethics. 19 (1): 125–128. doi:10.1177/095394680601900112. S2CID 170459510.
  69. ^ J Neuberger (5 March 2005). "'Embryos and ensoulment: when does life begin?'". Lancet. 365 (9462): 837–838. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)71025-4. S2CID 54376666.
  70. ^ "Michael Ramsey Prize for Theological Writing, Books 2007". www.michaelramseyprize.org.uk.
  71. ^ Jones, D. (2011). "'More at stake in stem-cell patents'". Nature. 474 (579): 579. doi:10.1038/474579d. PMID 21720352. S2CID 205065558.
  72. ^ "Michael Cook, 'Interview: David Albert Jones on Brüstle stem cell ruling', Bioedge (25 October 2011)". bioedge.org. 25 October 2011.
  73. ^ "J Buxton, 'What's so special about the status of the embryo?', BioNews 886 (30 January 2017)". www.bionews.org.uk. 30 January 2017.
  74. ^ "Health and Sport Committee Stage 1, Report on Assisted Suicide (Scotland) Bill, SP Paper 712 6th Report, Session 4 (2015), 30 April 2015. See paragraphs 79, 99, 186, 202, 242, and 274" (PDF). www.archive2021.parliament.scot.
  75. ^ "Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide: A Guide to the Evidence (May 2022)". www.bioethics.org.uk.
  76. ^ Jones, David Albert; Paton, David (2015). "'How Does Legalization of Physician-Assisted Suicide Affect Rates of Suicide?'" (PDF). South. Med. J. 108 (10): 599–604. doi:10.14423/SMJ.0000000000000349 (inactive 1 November 2024). ISSN 0038-4348. PMID 26437189.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
  77. ^ "Deutscher Bundestag debate of 6 November 2015, pages 13157 and 13159" (PDF). www.bundestag.de.
  78. ^ New Zealand Ministry of Justice and Ministry of Health Departmental Report End of Life Choice Bill, December 2018. See page 18, paragraph 105: https://www.parliament.nz/resource/en-NZ/52SCJU_ADV_74307_JU65473/0ef8505fb4c7a82902a17f262f5f1d850a1057c2
  79. ^ Joint Select Committee on End of Life Choices. My Life, My Choice: The Report of the Joint Select Committee on End of Life Choices; Government of Western Australia: Perth, Australia, 2018, pp. 179-180: https://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/parliament/Commit.nsf/(Report+Lookup+by+Com+ID)/71C9AFECD0FAEE6E482582F200037B37/$file/Joint+Select+Committe+on+the+End+of+Life+Choices+-+Report+for+Website.pdf
  80. ^ Lowe MP, Downie J. (2017). "'Does legalization of medical assistance in dying affect rates of non-assisted suicide?'" (PDF). J Ethics Mental Health. 10. ISSN 1916-2405.
  81. ^ Dembo J; Schuklenk U; Reggler J. (Jul 2018). "'"For Their Own Good": A Response to Popular Arguments Against Permitting Medical Assistance in Dying (MAID) where Mental Illness Is the Sole Underlying Condition'". Can J Psychiatry. 63 (7): 451–456. doi:10.1177/0706743718766055. PMC 6099778. PMID 29635929.
  82. ^ D.A. Jones (2022). "'Euthanasia, Assisted Suicide, and Suicide Rates in Europe'". J Ethics Mental Health. 11. ISSN 1916-2405.
  83. ^ J Harris (2022). "Review of FJ Fitzpatrick Ethics in Nursing Practice". Journal of Applied Philosophy. 6 (2): 240–243.
  84. ^ J Walton (1994). "Review of Euthanasia, Clinical Practice and the Law". BMJ. 308 (989). doi:10.1136/bmj.308.6934.989. S2CID 72563063.
  85. ^ "Our History (Progress Educational Trust)". www.progress.org.uk.
  86. ^ "M Roberts, Event Review: Human Embryo Research - Law, Ethics and Public Policy". www.bionews.org.uk. 3 October 2011.
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