Protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 1B (PPP1R1B), also known as dopamine- and cAMP-regulated neuronal phosphoprotein (DARPP-32), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PPP1R1B gene.[5][6]
Function
editMidbrain dopaminergic neurons play a critical role in multiple brain functions, and abnormal signaling through dopaminergic pathways has been implicated in several major neurologic and psychiatric disorders. One well studied target for the actions of dopamine is DARPP32. In the densely dopamine- and glutamate-innervated rat caudate-putamen, DARPP32 is expressed in medium-sized spiny neurons[7] that also express dopamine D1 receptors.[8] The function of DARPP32 seems to be regulated by receptor stimulation. Both dopaminergic and glutamatergic (NMDA) receptor stimulation regulate the extent of DARPP32 phosphorylation, but in opposite directions.[9] Dopamine D1 receptor stimulation enhances cAMP formation, resulting in the phosphorylation of DARPP32;[8] (this is disputed by more recent research that claims cAMP signaling induces dephosphorylation of DARPP32[10]) phosphorylated DARPP32 is a potent protein phosphatase-1 (PPP1CA) inhibitor.[11] NMDA receptor stimulation elevates intracellular calcium, which leads to activation of calcineurin and dephosphorylation of phospho-DARPP32, thereby reducing the phosphatase-1 inhibitory activity of DARPP32.[5][9] DARPP-32 is critical for dopamine dependent striatal synaptic plasticity,[12] possibly by serving as a dopamine-dependent gating mechanism for calcium/CaMKII signaling.[13] It has been predicted that DARPP-32, in conjunction with ARPP-21, could also be involved in setting-up of eligibility trace-like temporal window for striatal postsynaptic signaling.[13]
Clinical significance
editCNS
editThis gene is also known as DARPP-32, highlighting its role as a dopamine- and cyclic AMP-regulated phosphoprotein. As such PPP1R1B affects dopamine,[14] glutamate and adenosine; and there is some support for a role of the gene in schizophrenia, as well as being involved in the action of drugs including cocaine, amphetamine, nicotine, LSD, caffeine, PCP, ethanol and morphine,[15] and in Parkinson's disease or EPS (Extra-pyramidal symptoms).[16] DARPP-32 levels are decreased in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and lymphocytes of both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder patients.[17][18][19] This alteration is suggested to be related to the pathology, since antipsychotics do not regulate the expression of DARPP-32.[20][21]
A considerable proportion of the psychomotor effects of cannabinoids can be accounted for by a signaling cascade in striatal projection neurons involving PKA-dependent phosphorylation of DARPP-32, achieved via modulation of dopamine D2 and adenosine A2A transmission.[22]
PPP1R1B has also been associated with improved transfer of information between the striatum and the prefrontal cortex, suggesting that variants of PPP1R1B can in some circumstances lead to improved and more flexible cognition, while, in the presence of other genetic and environmental factors, it may lead to symptoms of schizophrenia.[23]
Cancer
editThere are two protein products encoded by PPP1R1B: DARPP-32 and t-Darpp. t-Darpp is a truncated version of DARPP-32 as it is missing the first 36 amino acids at the N-terminus.[24] Both isoforms are overexpressed in a number of cancers including those derived from gastric, colon, prostate, esophageal, breast, and lung tissues.[25][26] In Her-2-positive breast cancer cells, t-Darpp overexpression imparts resistance to Trastuzumab (Herceptin), the chemotherapy drug that shuts down the Her-2 signaling pathway.[27][28][29]
Regulation
editBrain-derived neurotrophic factor regulates the expression of DARPP-32.[30] The Akt and CDK5/p35 intracellular pathway is suggested to be involved on this regulation.[31] Also, neuronal calcium sensor-1 was suggested to modulate the expression of DARPP-32.[32]
Discovery
editPPP1R1B was discovered by Paul Greengard and his co-workers.[6]
Interactive pathway map
editClick on genes, proteins and metabolites below to link to respective articles.[§ 1]
Nicotine Activity on Dopaminergic Neurons edit
- ^ The interactive pathway map can be edited at WikiPathways: "NicotineDopaminergic_WP1602".
References
edit- ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000131771 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000061718 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ a b "Entrez Gene: PPP1R1B protein phosphatase 1, regulatory (inhibitor) subunit 1B (dopamine and cAMP regulated phosphoprotein, DARPP-32)".
- ^ a b Brené S, Lindefors N, Ehrlich M, Taubes T, Horiuchi A, Kopp J, Hall H, Sedvall G, Greengard P, Persson H (March 1994). "Expression of mRNAs encoding ARPP-16/19, ARPP-21, and DARPP-32 in human brain tissue". The Journal of Neuroscience. 14 (3 Pt 1): 985–98. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.14-03-00985.1994. PMC 6577526. PMID 8120638.
- ^ Ouimet CC, Greengard P (February 1990). "Distribution of DARPP-32 in the basal ganglia: an electron microscopic study". Journal of Neurocytology. 19 (1): 39–52. doi:10.1007/BF01188438. PMID 2191086. S2CID 33812522.
- ^ a b Walaas SI, Greengard P (January 1984). "DARPP-32, a dopamine- and adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate-regulated phosphoprotein enriched in dopamine-innervated brain regions. I. Regional and cellular distribution in the rat brain". The Journal of Neuroscience. 4 (1): 84–98. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.04-01-00084.1984. PMC 6564747. PMID 6319627.
- ^ a b Halpain S, Girault JA, Greengard P (January 1990). "Activation of NMDA receptors induces dephosphorylation of DARPP-32 in rat striatal slices". Nature. 343 (6256): 369–72. Bibcode:1990Natur.343..369H. doi:10.1038/343369a0. PMID 2153935. S2CID 4319592.
- ^ Nishi A, Bibb JA, Snyder GL, Higashi H, Nairn AC, Greengard P (November 2000). "Amplification of dopaminergic signaling by a positive feedback loop". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 97 (23): 12840–5. Bibcode:2000PNAS...9712840N. doi:10.1073/pnas.220410397. PMC 18851. PMID 11050161.
- ^ Hemmings HC, Greengard P, Tung HY, Cohen P (1984). "DARPP-32, a dopamine-regulated neuronal phosphoprotein, is a potent inhibitor of protein phosphatase-1". Nature. 310 (5977): 503–5. Bibcode:1984Natur.310..503H. doi:10.1038/310503a0. PMID 6087160. S2CID 4307053.
- ^ Yagishita S, Hayashi-Takagi A, Ellis-Davies GC, Urakubo H, Ishii S, Kasai H (September 2014). "A critical time window for dopamine actions on the structural plasticity of dendritic spines". Science. 345 (6204): 1616–20. Bibcode:2014Sci...345.1616Y. doi:10.1126/science.1255514. PMC 4225776. PMID 25258080.
- ^ a b Nair AG, Bhalla US, Hellgren Kotaleski J (September 2016). "Role of DARPP-32 and ARPP-21 in the Emergence of Temporal Constraints on Striatal Calcium and Dopamine Integration". PLOS Computational Biology. 12 (9): e1005080. Bibcode:2016PLSCB..12E5080N. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005080. PMC 5008828. PMID 27584878.
- ^ Scott L, Forssberg H, Aperia A, Diaz-Heijtz R (October 2005). "Locomotor effects of a D1R agonist are DARPP-32 dependent in adult but not weanling mice". Pediatric Research. 58 (4): 779–83. doi:10.1203/01.PDR.0000180553.23507.31. PMID 16189209.
- ^ Svenningsson P, Nairn AC, Greengard P (October 2005). "DARPP-32 mediates the actions of multiple drugs of abuse". The AAPS Journal. 7 (2): E353-60. doi:10.1208/aapsj070235. PMC 2750972. PMID 16353915.
- ^ Clinton SM, Ibrahim HM, Frey KA, Davis KL, Haroutunian V, Meador-Woodruff JH (October 2005). "Dopaminergic abnormalities in select thalamic nuclei in schizophrenia: involvement of the intracellular signal integrating proteins calcyon and spinophilin". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 162 (10): 1859–71. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.10.1859. PMID 16199832.
- ^ Albert KA, Hemmings HC, Adamo AI, Potkin SG, Akbarian S, Sandman CA, Cotman CW, Bunney WE, Greengard P (August 2002). "Evidence for decreased DARPP-32 in the prefrontal cortex of patients with schizophrenia". Archives of General Psychiatry. 59 (8): 705–12. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.59.8.705. PMID 12150646. S2CID 1672878.
- ^ Ishikawa M, Mizukami K, Iwakiri M, Asada T (August 2007). "Immunohistochemical and immunoblot analysis of Dopamine and cyclic AMP-regulated phosphoprotein, relative molecular mass 32,000 (DARPP-32) in the prefrontal cortex of subjects with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder". Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 31 (6): 1177–81. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.04.013. PMID 17521792. S2CID 27481326.
- ^ Torres KC, Souza BR, Miranda DM, Nicolato R, Neves FS, Barros AG, Dutra WO, Gollob KJ, Correa H, Romano-Silva MA (March 2009). "The leukocytes expressing DARPP-32 are reduced in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder". Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 33 (2): 214–9. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2008.10.020. PMID 19059449. S2CID 8431767.
- ^ Souza BR, Motta BS, Rosa DV, Torres KC, Castro AA, Comim CM, Sampaio AM, Lima FF, Jeromin A, Quevedo J, Romano-Silva MA (March 2008). "DARPP-32 and NCS-1 expression is not altered in brains of rats treated with typical or atypical antipsychotics". Neurochemical Research. 33 (3): 533–8. doi:10.1007/s11064-007-9470-2. PMID 17763944. S2CID 27727055.
- ^ Souza BR, Torres KC, Miranda DM, Motta BS, Scotti-Muzzi E, Guimarães MM, Carneiro DS, Rosa DV, Souza RP, Reis HJ, Jeromin A, Romano-Silva MA (June 2010). "Lack of effects of typical and atypical antipsychotics in DARPP-32 and NCS-1 levels in PC12 cells overexpressing NCS-1". Journal of Negative Results in Biomedicine. 9: 4. doi:10.1186/1477-5751-9-4. PMC 2912242. PMID 20565907.
- ^ Andersson M, Usiello A, Borgkvist A, Pozzi L, Dominguez C, Fienberg AA, Svenningsson P, Fredholm BB, Borrelli E, Greengard P, Fisone G (September 2005). "Cannabinoid action depends on phosphorylation of dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein of 32 kDa at the protein kinase A site in striatal projection neurons". The Journal of Neuroscience. 25 (37): 8432–8. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1289-05.2005. PMC 6725667. PMID 16162925.
- ^ Meyer-Lindenberg A, Straub RE, Lipska BK, Verchinski BA, Goldberg T, Callicott JH, Egan MF, Huffaker SS, Mattay VS, Kolachana B, Kleinman JE, Weinberger DR (March 2007). "Genetic evidence implicating DARPP-32 in human frontostriatal structure, function, and cognition". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 117 (3): 672–82. doi:10.1172/JCI30413. PMC 1784004. PMID 17290303.
- ^ El-Rifai W, Smith MF, Li G, Beckler A, Carl VS, Montgomery E, Knuutila S, Moskaluk CA, Frierson HF, Powell SM (July 2002). "Gastric cancers overexpress DARPP-32 and a novel isoform, t-DARPP". Cancer Research. 62 (14): 4061–4. PMID 12124342.
- ^ Belkhiri A, Zhu S, El-Rifai W (April 2016). "DARPP-32: from neurotransmission to cancer". Oncotarget. 7 (14): 17631–40. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.7268. PMC 4951238. PMID 26872373.
- ^ Alam SK, Astone M, Liu P, Hall SR, Coyle AM, Dankert EN, Hoffman DK, Zhang W, Kuang R, Roden AC, Mansfield AS, Hoeppner LH (2018-05-03). "DARPP-32 and t-DARPP promote non-small cell lung cancer growth through regulation of IKKα-dependent cell migration". Communications Biology. 1 (1): 43. doi:10.1038/s42003-018-0050-6. PMC 5959014. PMID 29782621.
- ^ Gu L, Waliany S, Kane SE (July 2009). "Darpp-32 and its truncated variant t-Darpp have antagonistic effects on breast cancer cell growth and herceptin resistance". PLOS ONE. 4 (7): e6220. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.6220G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006220. PMC 2704867. PMID 19593441.
- ^ Hamel S, Bouchard A, Ferrario C, Hassan S, Aguilar-Mahecha A, Buchanan M, Quenneville L, Miller W, Basik M (February 2010). "Both t-Darpp and DARPP-32 can cause resistance to trastuzumab in breast cancer cells and are frequently expressed in primary breast cancers". Breast Cancer Research and Treatment. 120 (1): 47–57. doi:10.1007/s10549-009-0364-7. PMID 19301121. S2CID 20958252.
- ^ Belkhiri A, Dar AA, Peng DF, Razvi MH, Rinehart C, Arteaga CL, El-Rifai W (July 2008). "Expression of t-DARPP mediates trastuzumab resistance in breast cancer cells". Clinical Cancer Research. 14 (14): 4564–71. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-0121. PMC 2842884. PMID 18579663.
- ^ Stroppolo A, Guinea B, Tian C, Sommer J, Ehrlich ME (December 2001). "Role of phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase in brain-derived neurotrophic factor-induced DARPP-32 expression in medium size spiny neurons in vitro". Journal of Neurochemistry. 79 (5): 1027–32. doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.00651.x. PMID 11739615. S2CID 35861963.
- ^ Bogush A, Pedrini S, Pelta-Heller J, Chan T, Yang Q, Mao Z, Sluzas E, Gieringer T, Ehrlich ME (March 2007). "AKT and CDK5/p35 mediate brain-derived neurotrophic factor induction of DARPP-32 in medium size spiny neurons in vitro". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 282 (10): 7352–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.M606508200. PMID 17209049.
- ^ Souza BR, Torres KC, Miranda DM, Motta BS, Caetano FS, Rosa DV, Souza RP, Giovani A, Carneiro DS, Guimarães MM, Martins-Silva C, Reis HJ, Gomez MV, Jeromin A, Romano-Silva MA (January 2011). "Downregulation of the cAMP/PKA pathway in PC12 cells overexpressing NCS-1". Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology. 31 (1): 135–43. doi:10.1007/s10571-010-9562-4. PMID 20838877. S2CID 25500946.
Further reading
edit- Hemmings HC, Nairn AC, Greengard P (December 1984). "DARPP-32, a dopamine- and adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate-regulated neuronal phosphoprotein. II. Comparison of the kinetics of phosphorylation of DARPP-32 and phosphatase inhibitor 1". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 259 (23): 14491–7. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)42626-3. PMID 6501303.
- Zachariou V, Sgambato-Faure V, Sasaki T, Svenningsson P, Berton O, Fienberg AA, Nairn AC, Greengard P, Nestler EJ (March 2006). "Phosphorylation of DARPP-32 at Threonine-34 is required for cocaine action". Neuropsychopharmacology. 31 (3): 555–62. doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300832. PMID 16123776.
- Rosack, J (20 September 2002). "DARPP-32 May Be Culprit in Schizophrenia Symptoms". Psychiatric News. 37 (18): 24. Archived from the original on 22 February 2007. Retrieved 3 June 2008.
- Meister B, Askergren J, Tunevall G, Hemmings HC, Greengard P (September 1991). "Identification of a dopamine- and 3'5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate-regulated phosphoprotein of 32 kD (DARPP-32) in parathyroid hormone-producing cells of the human parathyroid gland". Journal of Endocrinological Investigation. 14 (8): 655–61. doi:10.1007/bf03347888. PMID 1663529. S2CID 36936723.
- Meister B, Schultzberg M, Hemmings HC, Greengard P, Goldstein M, Hökfelt T (October 1991). "Dopamine- and adenosine-3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP)-regulated phosphoprotein of 32 kDa (DARPP-32) in the adrenal gland: immunohistochemical localization". Journal of the Autonomic Nervous System. 36 (1): 75–84. doi:10.1016/0165-1838(91)90132-M. PMID 1721636.
- Meister B, Arvidsson U, Hemmings HC, Greengard P, Hökfelt T (September 1991). "Dopamine- and adenosine-3':5'-monophosphate (cAMP)-regulated phosphoprotein of Mr 32,000 (DARPP-32) in the retina of cat, monkey and human". Neuroscience Letters. 131 (1): 66–70. doi:10.1016/0304-3940(91)90338-T. PMID 1791981. S2CID 1735579.
- Halpain S, Girault JA, Greengard P (January 1990). "Activation of NMDA receptors induces dephosphorylation of DARPP-32 in rat striatal slices". Nature. 343 (6256): 369–72. Bibcode:1990Natur.343..369H. doi:10.1038/343369a0. PMID 2153935. S2CID 4319592.
- Ouimet CC, Greengard P (February 1990). "Distribution of DARPP-32 in the basal ganglia: an electron microscopic study". Journal of Neurocytology. 19 (1): 39–52. doi:10.1007/BF01188438. PMID 2191086. S2CID 33812522.
- Girault JA, Hemmings HC, Williams KR, Nairn AC, Greengard P (December 1989). "Phosphorylation of DARPP-32, a dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein, by casein kinase II". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 264 (36): 21748–59. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(20)88248-9. PMID 2557337.
- Hemmings HC, Greengard P, Tung HY, Cohen P (1984). "DARPP-32, a dopamine-regulated neuronal phosphoprotein, is a potent inhibitor of protein phosphatase-1". Nature. 310 (5977): 503–5. Bibcode:1984Natur.310..503H. doi:10.1038/310503a0. PMID 6087160. S2CID 4307053.
- Walaas SI, Greengard P (January 1984). "DARPP-32, a dopamine- and adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate-regulated phosphoprotein enriched in dopamine-innervated brain regions. I. Regional and cellular distribution in the rat brain". The Journal of Neuroscience. 4 (1): 84–98. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.04-01-00084.1984. PMC 6564747. PMID 6319627.
- Brené S, Lindefors N, Ehrlich M, Taubes T, Horiuchi A, Kopp J, Hall H, Sedvall G, Greengard P, Persson H (March 1994). "Expression of mRNAs encoding ARPP-16/19, ARPP-21, and DARPP-32 in human brain tissue". The Journal of Neuroscience. 14 (3 Pt 1): 985–98. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.14-03-00985.1994. PMC 6577526. PMID 8120638.
- Maruyama K, Sugano S (January 1994). "Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides". Gene. 138 (1–2): 171–4. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8. PMID 8125298.
- Kwon YG, Huang HB, Desdouits F, Girault JA, Greengard P, Nairn AC (April 1997). "Characterization of the interaction between DARPP-32 and protein phosphatase 1 (PP-1): DARPP-32 peptides antagonize the interaction of PP-1 with binding proteins". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 94 (8): 3536–41. Bibcode:1997PNAS...94.3536K. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.8.3536. PMC 20474. PMID 9108011.
- Suzuki Y, Yoshitomo-Nakagawa K, Maruyama K, Suyama A, Sugano S (October 1997). "Construction and characterization of a full length-enriched and a 5'-end-enriched cDNA library". Gene. 200 (1–2): 149–56. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00411-3. PMID 9373149.
- Mayerhofer A, Hemmings HC, Snyder GL, Greengard P, Boddien S, Berg U, Brucker C (January 1999). "Functional dopamine-1 receptors and DARPP-32 are expressed in human ovary and granulosa luteal cells in vitro". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 84 (1): 257–64. doi:10.1210/jcem.84.1.5378. PMID 9920093. S2CID 41955399.
- Bibb JA, Snyder GL, Nishi A, Yan Z, Meijer L, Fienberg AA, Tsai LH, Kwon YT, Girault JA, Czernik AJ, Huganir RL, Hemmings HC, Nairn AC, Greengard P (December 1999). "Phosphorylation of DARPP-32 by Cdk5 modulates dopamine signalling in neurons". Nature. 402 (6762): 669–71. Bibcode:1999Natur.402..669B. doi:10.1038/45251. PMID 10604473. S2CID 4387962.
- Mayerhofer A, Fritz S, Grünert R, Sanders SL, Duffy DM, Ojeda SR, Stouffer RL (December 2000). "D1-Receptor, DARPP-32, and PP-1 in the primate corpus luteum and luteinized granulosa cells: evidence for phosphorylation of DARPP-32 by dopamine and human chorionic gonadotropin". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 85 (12): 4750–7. doi:10.1210/jcem.85.12.7084. PMID 11134138.
- El-Rifai W, Smith MF, Li G, Beckler A, Carl VS, Montgomery E, Knuutila S, Moskaluk CA, Frierson HF, Powell SM (July 2002). "Gastric cancers overexpress DARPP-32 and a novel isoform, t-DARPP". Cancer Research. 62 (14): 4061–4. PMID 12124342.
- Beckler A, Moskaluk CA, Zaika A, Hampton GM, Powell SM, Frierson HF, El-Rifai W (October 2003). "Overexpression of the 32-kilodalton dopamine and cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate-regulated phosphoprotein in common adenocarcinomas". Cancer. 98 (7): 1547–51. doi:10.1002/cncr.11654. PMID 14508844. S2CID 21961891.
- Varis A, Zaika A, Puolakkainen P, Nagy B, Madrigal I, Kokkola A, Väyrynen A, Kärkkäinen P, Moskaluk C, El-Rifai W, Knuutila S (April 2004). "Coamplified and overexpressed genes at ERBB2 locus in gastric cancer". International Journal of Cancer. 109 (4): 548–53. doi:10.1002/ijc.20001. PMID 14991576. S2CID 29950388.
- Stroppolo A, Guinea B, Tian C, Sommer J, Ehrlich ME (December 2001). "Role of phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase in brain-derived neurotrophic factor-induced DARPP-32 expression in medium size spiny neurons in vitro". Journal of Neurochemistry. 79 (5): 1027–32. doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.00651.x. PMID 11739615. S2CID 35861963.
- Bogush A, Pedrini S, Pelta-Heller J, Chan T, Yang Q, Mao Z, Sluzas E, Gieringer T, Ehrlich ME (March 2007). "AKT and CDK5/p35 mediate brain-derived neurotrophic factor induction of DARPP-32 in medium size spiny neurons in vitro". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 282 (10): 7352–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.M606508200. PMID 17209049.
- Souza BR, Torres KC, Miranda DM, Motta BS, Caetano FS, Rosa DV, Souza RP, Giovani A, Carneiro DS, Guimarães MM, Martins-Silva C, Reis HJ, Gomez MV, Jeromin A, Romano-Silva MA (January 2011). "Downregulation of the cAMP/PKA pathway in PC12 cells overexpressing NCS-1". Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology. 31 (1): 135–43. doi:10.1007/s10571-010-9562-4. PMID 20838877. S2CID 25500946.
- Albert KA, Hemmings HC, Adamo AI, Potkin SG, Akbarian S, Sandman CA, Cotman CW, Bunney WE, Greengard P (August 2002). "Evidence for decreased DARPP-32 in the prefrontal cortex of patients with schizophrenia". Archives of General Psychiatry. 59 (8): 705–12. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.59.8.705. PMID 12150646. S2CID 1672878.
- Ishikawa M, Mizukami K, Iwakiri M, Asada T (August 2007). "Immunohistochemical and immunoblot analysis of Dopamine and cyclic AMP-regulated phosphoprotein, relative molecular mass 32,000 (DARPP-32) in the prefrontal cortex of subjects with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder". Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 31 (6): 1177–81. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.04.013. PMID 17521792. S2CID 27481326.
- Souza BR, Motta BS, Rosa DV, Torres KC, Castro AA, Comim CM, Sampaio AM, Lima FF, Jeromin A, Quevedo J, Romano-Silva MA (March 2008). "DARPP-32 and NCS-1 expression is not altered in brains of rats treated with typical or atypical antipsychotics". Neurochemical Research. 33 (3): 533–8. doi:10.1007/s11064-007-9470-2. PMID 17763944. S2CID 27727055.
- Souza BR, Torres KC, Miranda DM, Motta BS, Scotti-Muzzi E, Guimarães MM, Carneiro DS, Rosa DV, Souza RP, Reis HJ, Jeromin A, Romano-Silva MA (June 2010). "Lack of effects of typical and atypical antipsychotics in DARPP-32 and NCS-1 levels in PC12 cells overexpressing NCS-1". Journal of Negative Results in Biomedicine. 9: 4. doi:10.1186/1477-5751-9-4. PMC 2912242. PMID 20565907.
- Torres KC, Souza BR, Miranda DM, Nicolato R, Neves FS, Barros AG, Dutra WO, Gollob KJ, Correa H, Romano-Silva MA (March 2009). "The leukocytes expressing DARPP-32 are reduced in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder". Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 33 (2): 214–9. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2008.10.020. PMID 19059449. S2CID 8431767.