List of characters in the Mahabharata

The Mahabharata is one of the two major Sanskrit epics of ancient India composed by Veda Vyasa. At its heart lies the epic struggle between the Pandavas and the Kauravas. The central characters include the five Pandava brothers—Yudhishthira, Bhima, Arjuna, Nakula, and Sahadeva—along with their wife Draupadi. On the opposing side, the hundred Kaurava brothers are led by the elder brother, Duryodhana. However, the Mahabharata is richly populated with other notable figures including Krishna, Bhishma, Drona, Karna, Kunti, Dushasana, Kripa, Dhritrashtra, Gandhari, Shakuni, Ashwatthama, Balarama, Subhadra, Vyasa, Abhimanyu, Pandu, Satyavati and Amba.

The Mahabharata manuscripts exist in numerous versions, wherein the specifics and details of major characters and episodes vary, often significantly. Except for the sections containing the Bhagavad Gita which is remarkably consistent between the numerous manuscripts, the rest of the epic exists in many versions.^[1] The differences between the Northern and Southern recensions are particularly significant, with the Southern manuscripts more profuse and longer.^[2] The manuscripts found in the North and South India have "great divergence" in details, though the thematic essence is similar.^[3] Scholars have attempted to construct a critical edition, relying mostly on a study of the Bombay edition, the Poona edition, the Calcutta edition and the south Indian editions of the Mahabharata manuscripts. The most accepted version is one prepared by scholars led by Vishnu Sukthankar at the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, preserved at the Kyoto University, the Cambridge University and various Indian universities.^[4]^[5]

This list follows the Critical Edition of the Mahabharata, but may have characters exclusive to a particular recension.^{[note 1]}

A

Abhimanyu

Abhimanyu was the son of third Pandava prince Arjuna and Yadava princess Subhadra. He was a disciple of his maternal uncles Krishna and Balarama. He was killed unfairly on the 13th day of Kurukshetra War.^[6]

Adhiratha

Adhiratha was the foster-father of Karna. According to the Bhagavata Purana, Adhiratha was descended from Yayati and therefore was related to Krishna. He was also the descendant of Romapada,^[7] the king of Anga and brother-in-law of Dasharatha's descendant Shighra, king of Ayodhya. His wife was Radha and their biological sons were Shona and Shatrunjaya/Chitrasena.

Adrika

Adrika was an apsara, who was cursed to become a fish and only to be liberated when she gives birth to a human. Adrika, as a fish, lived in the river Yamuna. Once she came in contact with the semen of Uparichara and impregnated herself. After 10 months, some fishermen caught her, cut open her womb and found two children—Matsyagandha and Matsya. After the incident, Adrika was liberated from her curse and returned to heaven.^[8]^{[page needed]}

Agni

Agni is the Hindu god of fire. In the Vana Parva, sage Markandeya told the story of Agni's marriage. In the Khandava-daha Parva, Agni in disguise approaches Krishna and Arjuna seeking sufficient food for gratification of his hunger and expressed his desire to consume the forest of Khandava protected by Indra for the sake of Takshaka, the chief of the Nagas. Aided by Krishna and Arjuna, Agni consumes the Khandava Forest. Later, as a boon, Arjuna got all his weapons from Indra and also the bow, Gandiva, from Varuna.^[9]

Alambusha

Alambusha was a Rakshasa. In the Kurukshetra War, he fought from the Kaurava side. During the war, he defeated abimanu, son of Pandava prince Arjuna. Later on the 14th day of Kurukshetra war, Alambusha was killed by Bhima's son, Ghatotkacha.^[10]

Alayudha

He was a demon and friend of another demon named Alambusha. He and Alambusha were killed by Bhima's demon son Ghatotkacha during the Night war on the fourteenth day of the war.

Amba

Amba was the eldest daughter of Kashya, the king of Kashi and the sister of Ambika and Ambalika. Amba was abducted by Kuru prince Bhishma and holds him responsible for her misfortune. Her sole goal in life becomes his destruction, to fulfill which she is reborn as Shikhandini/Shikhandi.^[11]

Ambalika

Ambalika is the daughter of Kashya, the King of Kashi, and wife of Vichitravirya, the King of Hastinapur. She was also the mother of Pandu, stepmother of Dhritarashtra and grandmother of Pandavas.^[12]

Ambika

Ambika is the daughter of Kashya, the King of Kashi, and wife of Vichitravirya, the king of Hastinapura.^[13] She was also the mother of Dhritarashtra and stepmother of Pandu and grandmother to the Kauravas.^[14]

Ambika's maid (Parishrami)

The chief maid of Ambika named parishrami or maryada was sent by Ambika and Ambalika to Maharishi Vyasa. From their union, Vidura was born.

At epic Mahabharata, When queen Satyawati had two kids, One Dhritarastra who were blind and One Pandu who were physically paralyzed since birth. So Satyawati needed perfect child for hastinapura kingdom's future. But in niyoga, ambika and ambalika doesn't want to niyog again with vyasa. So ambika calls her maid, Parishrami for niyoga. In niyog ambika were eye closed, she got blind son, ambalika got scared, she got paralyzed son, but Parishrami didn't closed her eyes, didn't scared, at result she got healthy, smart child named Vidura. That's how she became famous.

Amitaujas

Amitaujas is the mighty warrior of Panchala Kingdom. He was the maharatha on the side of Pandavas.^[15]

Anjanaparvana

He was the son of Ghatotkacha and Mourvi. His grandparents were Bhima and Hidimbā. He was killed by Ashwatthama in the Kurukshetra War.

Arjuna

Arjuna was the third of the Pandava brothers and was son of the god Indra. He was known for his archery skills and killed great warriors like Bhishma, Jayadratha and Karna by following the god Krishna.^[16]^[17]

Aruni

In the Mahabharata, Aruni appeared in the Adi Parva. Aruni was a disciple of sage named Dhaumya. Once a flood took place in the fields of the ashram (school). A breach was formed in the embankment. Dhaumya sent Aruni to stop the water from entering the embankment. After a long time, Aruni had not returned. So, Dhaumya went out to find Aruni. The latter lying in the breach of the embankment to prevent the water from entering it. Because of his loyalty, Aruni is also known as Gurubhakta Aruni.

Ashvins

The Ashvins or the Ashvini a pair of twin demigods. Their father is Surya and his mother is Saranyu. They are the demigods of medicine and health. In the epic, Kunti felt bad for Madri as she did not have any children due to a curse and shared her secret mantra with her. Madri, using the mantra, invoked the Ashvins and had one pair of twins, Nakula and Sahadeva.^[18]

Ashwatthama

Ashwatthama was the son of guru Drona and fought on the Kaurava side against the Pandavas in the Kurukshetra War.Ashwatthama had various divine weapons like Narayanastra, Brahmastra and Bhramshira astra. He had a divine gem on his forehead which granted him powers above Humans,Danavas, Rakshas, Nagas, Gandharvas, Pisach .Ashvatthama was appointed as the final commander-in-chief of the Kauravas, after which he slaughters most of the Pandava camp in a single night offensive. Ashwatthama is believed to be alive even today.

Astika

Astika was a rishi, and he was a son of Jaratkaru by the serpent goddess Manasa – a sister of the great serpent king Vasuki. He saved the life of a serpent Takshaka, the king of snakes, when the king Janamejaya organized a snake sacrifice known as Sarpa Satra, where he made great sacrifices of serpents, to avenge for the death of his father Parikshit.

Avantini

She was the wife of Shalya and the mother of Madranjaya, Rukmanagada, Rukmanaratha,Sabidha,Tejasree and Senajiti. She was the princess of Avanti.

Ayu

Ayu or Ayus was an ancestor of Shantanu. He was a son Pururavas and his apsara wife, Urvashi. He married Prabha, an asura princess (daughter of Swarbhanu). He was succeeded by his son Nahusha.^[19]

Ayodhaumya

Ayodhaumya/ Dhaumya was a sage of Avanti. He had three disciples namely Aruni of Panchal, Upamanyu and Veda. He even accompanied the Pandavas into the forest of Kurujangala during their exile. He sang songs of Sama Veda referring to Yama.

B

Babhruvahana

Babruvahana was one of the sons of Arjuna, begotten through Chitrangada, the princess of Manipur. During the Ashvamedha yagna, he killed his father Arjuna without knowing his identity. But Arjuna's other wife Ulupi brought back his life with the help of Nagamani.

Bahlika

Bahlika, also spelled as Vahlika, was the king of Bahlika kingdom and the elder brother of Shantanu, who was a king of Hastinapur. Along with his son, Somadatta, and grandson, Bhurishravas, he fought on the side of the Kaurava army in the Kurukshetra War and was slain by Bhima on the 14th day of the war when it continued after sunset.

Bakasura

Bakasura was a demon who was killed by Bhima near the city of Ekacakrā.

Balarama

Balarama is the elder brother of Krishna.^[20] He taught both Duryodhana of the Kauravas and Bhima of the Pandavas the art of fighting with a mace. He did not participate in the Kurukshetra War.

Banasena

He was a son of Karna by his wife chandravali. He was an excellent Mace-wielder. On the 16th day of the war, Banasena was fighting with Bhima and later killed.^[21]

Bhadra and Madira

Bhadra and Madira were 3rd and 4th wives of Vasudeva. They were the daughters of Giribhanu/Sumukha and Padmavati/Pataladevi,and elder sisters of Yashoda. Bhadra's sons were Upanidhi, Gada and Keshi. Madira's sons were Nanda, Upananda, Kritaka and Shura. They cremated themselves with Vasudeva.

Bhadrakali

Bhadrakali is the fierce form of Devi. To destroy Daksha yajna, She appeared with Veerabhadra. She also mentioned in Shalya Parva, when she was the one of followers of Kartikeya.^[22]^[23]

Bhagadatta

Bhagadatta was the son of Naraka, king of the Pragjyotisha Kingdom and second in a line of kings of Naraka dynasty. He sided with Kaurava in the Mahabharata war as he was an enemy of Krishna and father in law of Duryodhan. He was killed by Arjuna on the 12th day of battle.

Bharadvaja

Bharadvaja was a sage with divine powers. He was one of the sons of god Brihaspati and the father of Drona and Shrutavati. Bharadvaja trained his son and his other disciple, Drupada.

Bharata

Bharata is an ancestor of the Pandavas and the Kauravas. According to the epic, Bharata was the son of Dushyanta and was a Chakravartin.

Bhima

Bhima is the second born of the Pandavas and son of Vayu. Bhima was considered one of the strongest warriors and slayed prominent figures like demons Bakasura, Hidimbasura, Kirmira, Jatasura; warriors like Jarasandha and Kichaka. In Kurukshetra war, Bhima alone killed 100 Kaurava brothers.

Bhima of Vidarbha

In the Vana Parva of the epic, sage Markandeya narrated the story of Nala and Damayanti. Bhima was the king of Vidarbha and the father of Damayanti.

Bhishma

Originally named 'Devavrata', he was the eighth son of the Kuru King Shantanu and the river goddess Ganga. Bhishma was blessed with a boon from his father that he could choose the time of his death or he may remain immortal till he desires. He was related to both the Pandavas and the Kauravas through his half-brother, Vichitravirya (son of Satyavati). He was the commander in chief of the Kaurava army for the first 11 days.

Bhrigu

Sauti said in the Pauloma Parva that Bhrigu was the son of Brahma. He was married to Puloma, who gave birth to Chyavana. When the demon Puloma was carrying off his wife Puloma, she gave birth to his son, Chyavana, by whose brightness the demon was burnt into ashes. When Bhrigu saw his wife crying, he asked the reason. Puloma stated that Agni had said to the demon Puloma that I was the girl with whom Puloma was betrothed. In anger, Bhrigu cursed Agni to engulf everything whether pure or impure.

Bhurishravas

Bhurishravas was the son of Somadatta and the grandson of Bahlika, hence making him the cousin of Dhritarashtra, Pandu, and Vidura. Bhurishravas had two brothers – Bhuri and Shala. Bhurishravas, in the Kurukshetra War, is known to have a rivalry with Yadava general Satyaki. Bhurishravas is eventually killed by Satyaki in the War.

Budha

Budha is the illegitimate son of Chandra, the moon god, and Tara, wife of Brihaspati and foster son of Brihaspati. He met Ilā and married her. From their union, a son was born, who was known as Pururava. Pururavas founded the great lunar dynasty.

Brihaspati

Brihaspati is the son of Angirasa, and husband of Tara. He is the father of Bharadvaja and his descendants are Drona and Ashwatthama. He is the foster father of Budha. He is the guru of the devas.

C

Chandra

Chandra is the moon god. He is the son of Anusuya and Atri. The Chandravamsha (lunar dynasty) is named after him. Chandra had an affair with Tara, Brihaspati's wife. From their union, Tara became pregnant with Chandra's son, Budha. Budha's son, Pururavas, was the first king of the lunar dynasty. Later, Chandra married Rohini and a son named Varchas was born.

Chandravarma Kamboja

Chandravarma Kamboja is the first Kamboja king mentioned by name in the Mahābhārata. He was an ancestor of Duryodhana's wife Bhanumati.^[24]^[25]^[26]^[27] He appears to have been an ancient very powerful and renowned (vikhyaat) ruler of the Kambojas. He finds mention in the Adiparva section of the epic Mahābhārata, where he is stated to be an Asura or a demonic ruler.^[28]^[29]^[30]

Chitrasena

Chitrasena was a son of Kashyapa and Arishta/Pradha and the King of the Gandharvas who prevented the Kauravas from putting up their camp near the pond where he himself had encamped.

Chitrasena was also introduced in the epic in the Vana Parva, as a teacher of music by Indra. Indra foresaw that Arjuna would have to spend one year at King Virata's palace as a eunuch, during which time he would need the knowledge of music and dance. He wanted Arjuna to be trained by the king of the Gandharvas, Chitrasena. Chitrasena began his classes soon and the two also became good friends.^[31] When Urvashi cursed Arjuna to remain a eunuch for life, it was Chitrasena along with Indra who mediated with her to reduce the tenure of her curse to a single year. Chitrasena was able to achieve this by narrating to her the story of the Pandavas and the bravery of Arjuna.^[32]

Chekitana

Chekitana was the son of Kekaya king Dhrishtaketu and Queen Shrutakirti, a Yadava. He was the leader of Andhaka sect of Yadavas.Chekitana was described to be a valorous warrior, who fought with warriors like Susharma, Kripacharya and Dronacharya. He also rescued Nakula from the clutches of Duryodhana. On the 18th day, he was killed by Duryodhana.

Chitra and Chitrasena

Chitra and Chitrasena were brothers and the two kings of the Abhisara Kingdom. Both of them sided with the Kauravas in the Kurukshetra War. Chitra was killed by Prativindhya on the 16th day, whereas Chitrasena was killed by Shrutakarma on the same day.

Chitrāngada

Chitrāngada was a king in ancient India. In the Mahabharata, he is the elder son of Shantanu and Satyavati, ascending the throne of Hastinapura after his father's death. However, he is killed by a Gandharva named Chitrāngada soon after that.

Gandharva Chitrāngada

Chitrangada was a Gandharva, who was jealous of Shantanu's son Chitrāngada, for sharing a name. One day, the Gandharva challenged the prince and killed him.

Chitrāngada of Kalinga

Chitrāngada was the king of the Kalinga kingdom. In the Shanti Parva of the epic, Narada narrated that Chitrangada's daughter (Bhanumati) with Kaurava Duryodhana. After him, Srutayudha became the king of Kalinga as he had no son. Possibly, his wife was Chandramudra.

Chitrāngadā

Chitrāngadā was the warrior princess of Manipura. She was the only heir of king Chitravahana and one of Arjuna's consorts. She had a son named Babhruvahana with him. Later, Babhruvahana unknowingly killed his father but was revived by Ulupi, Chitrāngadā's friend, and co-wife.

Chitravahana

He was the king of Manipura and the father of Chitrangadaa. He was also the grandfather of Babruvahana. His wife was Queen Vasundhara.

D

Damayanti

Damayanti is a character in a love story found in the Vana Parva book of the Mahabharata. She was a princess of the Vidarbha Kingdom, who married King Nala of the Nishadha Kingdom. Her story is set long before the Kurukshetra War.

Dantavakra

Dantavakra was the king of Karusha according to the Mahabharata and the Puranas.

Danda and Dandadhara

Danda and Dandadhara is the two princes of Magadha Kingdom. They fought the side of Kauravas and killed by Arjuna during Kurukshetra war.^[33]^[34]

Dasharaja

Dasharaja was the fisherman chieftain of Hastinapura and the father of Satyavati. He was the one who asked Satyavati's heir to be the ruler of Hastinapura, due to which Bhishma took a vow of celibacy and a vow not to rule Hastinapura. He is a great-great-grandfather of the Pandavas and the Kauravas.

Darada

Darada is the king of Bahlika Kingdom. Shushipala eulogized him when he was born the earth was cleaved because of his weight.

Devaki

Devaki was the daughter of Devaka, the cousin of Kamsa, wife of Vasudeva Anakadundubhi, the biological mother of Krishna.

Devayani

Devayani was the daughter of Shukra, the guru of the Asuras. She was married to Yayati and gave birth to two sons—Yadu and Turvasu, and a daughter—Madhavi. Before her marriage, she once fell in love with Brihaspati's son, Kacha. However, Kacha later refused to marry her. She had a friend named Sharmishtha who was secretly in relationship with her husband Yayati.^[35]

Devika

Devika was the daughter of Govasena, the king of the Sivi Kingdom of Shaivya tribe, and the second wife of Yudhishthira they got married in a self choice ceremony. They had a son called Yaudheya.

Dhrishtadyumna

Dhrishtadyumna was the son of Drupada and the brother of Draupadi, Shikhandi, and Satyajit in the epic Mahabharata. He had four sons – Kshatradharman, Kshatravarman, Kshatranjaya, and Dhrishtaketu. He was the commander-in-chief of the Pandava army during the entire Kurukshetra War i.e. for 18 days. Dhrishtadyumna killed Drona, the royal guru, when he was meditating which was against the rules of engagement.

Dhritrashtra

In the epic Mahabharata, Dhritarashtra is the King of Kuru Kingdom with its capital Hastinapur. He was born to Vichitravirya's first wife Ambika. Dhritarashtra was born blind and became father to 100 sons and one daughter Dushala by his wife Gandhari (Gāndhārī), and another son Yuyutsu by Sughada, his wife's maid. These children, including the eldest son Duryodhana, came to be known as the Kauravas.

Dhrishtaketu of Chedi

Dhrishtaketu was the son of Chedi king Shishupala, who was a cousin of Krishna. Dhrishtaketu became the king of Chedi after his father's death and became an ally of the Pandava. Dhrishtaketu and his brothers and sons participated in the Kurukshetra War, where they all were killed.

Dhrishtaketu of Kekeya

Dhrishtaketu was the ruler of Kekeya, and his wife was Shrutakirti, a Yadava who was the daughter of Shurasena. Many of Dhrishtaketu's sons participated in the Kurukshetra War, participating on both sides. Vrihadkshatra and Chekitana were two of his notable sons. Dhrishtaketu's daughter Bhadra was married to Krishna, who bore him many sons.

Draupadi

Draupadi also referred to as Panchalī, is the most important female and one of the most important characters in Mahabharata. She was born from a yajna organized by Panchala King Drupada and is described to be the most beautiful woman of her time. She was the common wife of the Pandavas, who fought their cousins, the Kauravas in the great Kurukshetra War. She had five sons from each Pandava, who were collectively addressed as the Upapandavas.

Drona

In the epic Mahabharata, Droṇa or Droṇāchārya was the royal preceptor to the Kauravas and Pandavas. He was the son of rishi Bharadvaja and a descendant of sage Angirasa. He was a master of advanced military arts, including the divine weapons or Astras. He was also the second commander-in-chief of kaurava army from 11th day to 15th day. He was beheaded by Dhrishtadyumna when he was meditating to release his soul on the battlefield.^[8]

Drupada

Drupada was the son of King Prishata. He was the king of the land of Southern Panchala. His capital was known as Kampilya. He was father of Shikhandi, Satyajit, Dhrishtadyumna and Draupadi. He was friend turned rival of Droṇa and rivalry developed when he humiliated Droṇa in front of his ministers. Later, with the help of Arjuna, Droṇa took half of Drupada's kingdom. This led Drupada to perform a yajna from which Draupadi and Dhrishtadyumna emerged. He was killed by Droṇa during the Kurukshetra War.

Durmasena

Durmasena was the son of Dushasana. He helped his father many times in the Kurukshetra war. He was also present inside the Chakra Vyuha on the thirteenth day of the war. He was deprived of his chariot by Abhimanyu and saved by Ashwatthama by cutting Abhimanyu's arrow in mid air. After that, Durmasena killed brutally injured Abhimanyu in a mace duel. On 14th day, Durmasena was brutally killed by Draupadi's sons, the Upapandavas, in revenge for Abhimanyu.

Duryodhana

Duryodhana also is known as Suyodhana, is a major antagonist in Mahabharata and was the eldest of the Kauravas, the hundred sons of a blind king Dhritarashtra and Queen Gandhari. Being the firstborn son of the blind king, he was the crown prince of Kuru Kingdom and its capital Hastinapura along with his cousin Yudhishtra who was older than him. Karna was Duryodhana's closest friend and his brother, he died at bhima 's hands at the 18th day of the war.

Duryodhana's wife (Bhanumati)

Duryodhana's wife—named Bhanumati in later retelling—is a minor character is in Mahabharata, and mainly appears in the folk tales.^[36] She is unnamed in the epic, but it is described that she was the princess of Kalinga Kingdom and was the daughter of Chitrangada. She was abducted by Duryodhana with the help of his friend Karna. From Duryodhana, she is the mother of a son, Laxman Kumara, and daughter, Lakshmanaa. Bhanumati's mother-in-law Gandhari described her to Krishna in the posterior to the battle of Kurukshetra.^[37]

Durga

Goddess Durga is also mentioned in the Mahabharata. In Virata Parva and Bhishma Parva of the epic, she was eulogized by Yudhishthira and Arjuna.^[38]^[39]

Dushala

Dushala was the daughter of Dhritarashtra and Gandhari, the sister of the Kauravas and the wife of the king of Sindhu, Jaydrath. She was the only daughter of Gandhari from the 101 children. She had a son named Suratha, who succeeded his father, after Jayadratha was killed by Arjuna in the Mahabharata War. Suratha was slewn by Arjuna during his campaign in Sindhu.

Dushasana

Dushasana was a Kaurava prince, the second son of the blind king Dhritarashtra and Gandhari and the younger brother of Duryodhana in the Hindu epic Mahabharata. Dushasana married the princess of the Trigarta Kingdom. In a later retelling, she is known as Chandramukhi.^{[citation needed]} They had a son named Drumasena.

Dushyanta

Dushyanta was an ancestor of Shantanu and a king of Hastinapura. He was the husband of Shakuntala and the father of the Emperor Bharata.

E

Ekalavya

Ekalavya (English: एकलव्य, ékalavya) is a character from the epic the Mahābhārata. He was a young prince of the Nishadha, a confederation of jungle tribes (Adivasi) in Ancient India.

G

Gandhari

Gandhari is one of the prominent characters in the Indian epic the Mahabharata. She was a princess of Gandhara (modern-day Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa) and the wife of Dhritrashtra, the blind king of Hastinapura, and the mother of a hundred sons, the Kauravas.

Gandhari's maid

The chief maid of Gandhari—named Sughada in later retelling—was the mother of Yuyutsu. When Gandhari was pregnant for more than nine months, Dhritrashtra, in fear that there would be no heir, impregnated the maid. Later Gandhari gave birth to the 100 Kauravas and Sughada gave birth to Yuyutsu.

Ganesha

Ganesha is the god of beginnings. He is the son of Shiva and Parvati. The epic poem Mahabharata says that the sage Vyasa asked him to serve as his scribe to transcribe the poem as he dictated it to him. Ganesha agreed but only on the condition that Vyasa recites the poem uninterrupted, that is, without pausing. The sage agreed but found that to get any rest he needed to recite very complex passages so Ganesha would have to ask for clarifications.^{[note 2]}

Ganga

In the Mahabharata, Ganga was the first wife of Shantanu, and the mother of heroic warrior-patriarch, Bhishma. When she met Shantanu for the first time, Shantanu asked her to become his wife. She agreed on the condition that he would not ask her a single question. Later, she gave birth to 8 children, who were Vasus reborn as mortals due to a curse. Ganga drowned her seven sons as the Vasus requested her to do so. However, Shantanu stopped her from drowning their eighth son, who was Bhishma, and asked her questions. Ganga's condition was broken and she left Shantanu. However, she promised him to return his son. When Bhishma is mortally wounded in the Kurukshetra War, Ganga came out of the water in human form and wept uncontrollably over his body.

Ghatotkacha

Ghatotkacha was the son of the Pandava Bhima and Hidimbi. His name comes from the fact that his head was hairless (utkaca) and shaped like a ghatam. He died in Kurukshetra War in the hands of Karna.

Ghritachi

Ghritachi is one of the prominent Apsara. In the Mahabharata, she appeared in Adi Parva. According to the story, she was bathing in a river. Bharadvaja was passing by, then he saw her. He was filled with desire and discharged his seed. It fell into a pot and Drona was born.

H

Hanuman

Unlike Ramayana, lord Hanuman does not have a large role in Mahabharata. He appears during the exile of Pandavas. In the story, Bhima, Hanuman's celestial brother, performed a penance to gain more strength. Hanuman wanted to test Bhima and appeared as a normal monkey in front of him. The monkey asked Bhima to lift his tail if he believed in his strength. But, Bhima was not able to lift the tail. Later, he realised who the monkey was and apologized.^[40] Hanuman taught battle-skills to Bheema for some time.

Hayagriva

Hayagriva was a horse headed avatar of Vishnu. He incarnated to slay the demons named Madhu and Kaitabha and brings the Vedas to Brahma.^[41]

Hidimb/ Hidimba

Hidimba was a Rakshasa and the brother of Hidimbi. He was killed by Bhima, who later married his sister.

Hidimbi

Hiḍimbī or Hiḍimbā was a Rakshasi in the Mahābhārata. Hidimbi, along with her brother, Hidimba, tried to eat the Pandavas, when they entered their forest. But when she met Bhima, she fell in love with him and told them the plan. After Bhima killed Hidimba, Hidimbi married Bhima and gave birth to Ghatotkacha.

I

Ila

Ila or Ilā was a character from Mahabharata who could change his/her gender. As a woman, she married Budha, son of Chandra, and had a son named Pururavas. Pururavas's descendants founded the lunar dynasty.

Indra

In the epic, Indra appears numerous times. He is son of Kashyapa and Aditi. He is the spiritual father of Arjuna. He was the reason for the separation of Urvashi and Pururavas. During his temporary absence, Nahusha took his place as the king. He is called by Kunti after Dharmaraj and Vayu. Later in the epic, he is shown protecting Takshaka's forest from Arjuna. The Pandavas named their capital, Indraprastha, after him. During the exile of Pandavas, Arjuna came to meet him. During the Kurukshetra war, he took the indestructible armor and earrings from Karna and gave him a powerful weapon. These were some of his appearances in the epic.

Iravan

Iravan also is known as Aravan and Iravat^[42] is a minor character in Mahabharata. He was a son of Pandava prince Arjuna (one of the main heroes of the Mahabharata) and the Naga princess Ulupi, Iravan is the central deity of the cult of Kuttantavar which is also the name commonly given to him in that cult—and plays a major role in the cult of Draupadi. Iravan played a huge role in the Kurukshetra War. On the 7th day, he massacred the Kaurava army and killed many brothers of Shakuni. However, on the 8th day, in a battle of many illusions and magical powers, Iravan is beheaded by the demon Alambusha.

J

Jambavati

Jambavati is second of the Ashtabharya, the eight principal queen-consorts of Krishna. She was the only daughter of the bear-king Jambavan. Krishna married her, when he defeated Jambavan to retrieve the stolen Syamantaka jewel.^[43]

Janamejaya

Janamejaya was a Kuru king and a descendant of Arjuna. He was the son of Parikshit and the grandson of Abhimanyu and Uttarā. He performed a snake sacrifice called Sarpa Satra to avenge his father's death, who was killed by Takshaka, Arjuna's naga enemy. Astika, son of Manasa, stopped the sacrifice.

Janapadi

Janapadi is an Apsara, who once roamed in the forests. One day, upon seeing her, Shardavan, son of Gautama Maharishi discharged his seed. From his seed, Kripa and Kripi were born.

Jara

Jara was a demoness. When King Brihadratha's queen threw away their half-born child, Jara joined the two halves. The child was named Jarasandha.

Jarasandha

According to the Hindu epic Mahabharata, Jarasandha was a powerful king of Magadha. He was a descendant of a king Brihadratha, the creator of the Barhadratha dynasty of Magadha. He was killed by second Pandava Bhima.

Jaratkaru

Jaratkaru was a sage who wandered all over the earth and remained unmarried. He encountered his ancestors who hung upside down, leading to hell for he did not have any son. This led to his marriage with the snake goddess, Manasa. They gave birth to Astika who saved the snakes from being burnt during the snake sacrifice.

Jatasura

According to the Vana Parva of Mahabharata, Jatasura was a demon. He attacked the Pandavas in there exile. Then Bhima killed him.

Jaidrath

Jaidrath was King of Sindhu Kingdom. He was the son of King Vridhakshtra. He was married to Kauravas' only sister and only daughter of Dhritarashtra and Gandhari, Dushala. He kidnapped Draupadi on Duryodhana's order but was stopped by Arjuna and Bhima. His hairs were cut off as a punishment. He was the biggest reason for Abhimanyu's death. Abhimanyu's father Arjuna swore to kill Jaidrath and he fulfill his oath.

Jayatsena

Jayatsena is the son of Jarasandha and king of Magadha. He is stated as one of the powerful kings of the time, who could be summoned to the cause of the Pandavas, before Kurukshetra war. He accepted that and came with an Akshauhini on the side of Pandavas.

K

Kadru

Kadru was the daughter of Daksha and wife of Kasyapa. She was the mother of thousand nāgas. She even cursed her children for not obeying her to be burnt in the snake sacrifice.

Kaalvakra

He was the most loyal companion, commander-in-chief and main bodyguard of Kamsa. He was always appreciated by Kamsa. He was also cruel like Kamsa. When Krishna was killing Kamsa, Balarama killed him by beating him and cutting his head with hands.

Kalaratri

Kalaratri is the seventh among the Navadurgas. She is stated in Sauptika Parva. When she appears to the Pandava soldiers in dreams, she appears amidst the fighting during an attack by Drona's son Ashwatthama.^[44]

Kalki

Kalki is the final incarnation of the preserver deity, Vishnu. He is stated in Vana Parva of the epic, to incarnate at the end of the Kali Yuga and protect dharma, by destroying the sinners and Mlecchas.^[45]^[46]

Kacha

Kacha's story is mentioned in Mahabharata's Adi Parva. He was the son of Brihaspati and Tara. He was sent by Devas to Sukracharya's ashram to learn about Mrita Sanjeevani mantra. Sukra's daughter Devyani fell in love with him. However, Kacha later refused to marry her.^[47]

Kamsa

Kamsa or Kamsa was the tyrant ruler of the Vrishni kingdom with its capital at Mathura. He is the brother of Devaki, the mother of the god Krishna who later slew Kamsa.

Kanika

Kanika was a sage of Hastinapur. He acted as a counselor to Dhritarashtra. When Yudhisthira was announced the crown prince, Dhritarashtra became sad for his sons were deceived. And at this time Kanika was summoned to counsel the king, who advised Dhritarashtra not to resort to fight but remove his foes secretly. Unethical methods may also be adopted for killing a foe, was his advice. Then he narrated a story of a jackal, who deceived his companions (tiger, mongoose, wolf, and mouse) by tricking them. Influenced by his counsels Dhritarashtra exiled the Pandavas to Varanavata and constructed the house of lac.^[48]

Karenumati

Karenumati was the daughter of Damaghosha,and Srutashrava. And the sister of Chedi king Shishupala, and Dhrishtaketu. She was the wife of Pandava Nakula and begot him a son, Nirumitra. Nirumitra succeeded his father Nakula to the throne of the Northern Madra Kingdom.

Karna

In the epic, Karna is one of the main antagonist, he was the spiritual son of Surya (the Sun deity) and son of princess Kunti (later the Pandu's queen). He was raised by foster Suta parents named Radha and Adhiratha after his mother abandoned him at birth. Adhiratha was the charioteer and poet profession working for king Dhritarashtra. Karna grows up to be an accomplished warrior, a gifted speaker and becomes a loyal friend of Duryodhana.^[49] He is appointed the king of Anga (Bengal) by Duryodhana. Karna joined the Duryodhana's side in the Kurukshetra War and was defeated by many warriors like Arjuna, Bhima, Abhimanyu and Satyaki. Karna fought valiantly after the fall of Bhishma, and killed various warriors on the Pandava side, he was born with a natural armour and earrings. He was one of the 9 warriors who unfairly killed Abhimanyu inside the Chakravyuh, he shared a great rivalry with Arjuna; though after his death he was loved and missed by the Pandavas. He had 3 curses and was killed by Arjuna on 17th Day of the War.

Karna's adoptive brothers

Adhiratha and Radha, the adoptive parents of Karna, had some biological children. Karna's adoptive brothers were killed during the Kurukshetra War.^[50] In later retelling, one of them is named Shona, who was killed by Abhimanyu on the 13th day of Kurukshetra War.

Karna's wives

In the original Mahabharata, there are some mentions of Karna's wife. Her name is not revealed, sometimes assumed as Vrushali.It is described that she belonged to Suta (charioteer) community.^[50] The names and stories appear in later texts and interpolation.

Kauravas

Kauravas were the 102 sons of Dhritarashtra. Out of which, 101 were his legitimate children from his wife Gandhari. He had one illegitimate son named Yuyutsu, who was conceived through a maid during Gandhari's two-year-long pregnancy. Out of these children, Dushala is the only girl. The names of the 102 Kauravas are:

Duryodhana
Yuyutsu
Dushasana
Duhsaha
Duhshal
Durmukha
Vivinsati
Vikarna
Jalasandha
Sulochna
Vinda
Anuvinda
Durdharsha
Suvahu
Dushpradharshana
Durmarshana
Dushkarna
Karna
Chitra
Vipachitra
Chitraksha
Charuchitra
Angada
Durmada
Dushpradharsha
Vivitsu
Vikata
Sama
Urananabha
Padmanabha
Nanda
Upanandaka
Sanapati
Sushena
Kundodara
Mahodara
Chitravahu
Chitravarman
Suvarman
Durvirochana
Ayovahu
Mahavahu
Chitrachapa
Sukundala
Bhimavega
Bhimavala
Valaki
Bhimavikrama
Ugrayudha
Bhimaeara
Kanakayu
Dridhayudha
Dridhavarman
Dridhakshatra
Somakirti
Anadara
Jarasandha
Dridhasandha
Satyasandha
Sahasravaeh
Ugrasravas
Ugrasena
Kshemamurti
Aprajita
Panditaka
Visalaksha
Duradhara
Dridhahasta
Suhasta
Vatavega
Suvarchasa
Adityaketu
Vahvasin
Nagadatta
Anuyaina
Nishangi
Kuvachi
Dandi
Dandadhara
Dhanugraha
Ugra
Bhimaratha
Vira
Viravahu
Alolupa
Abhaya
Raudrakarman
Dridharatha
Anadhrishya
Kundaveda
Viravi
Dhirghalochana
Dirghavahu
Mahavahu
Vyudhoru
Kanakangana
Kundaja
Chitraka
Dushala

Kauravya

He was the father of Ulupi and grandfather of Iravan. His wife was Vishvahini.

Keechak

Keechak was the general of the Matsya kingdom. He was the brother of Sudeshna, queen of Matsya. He was very powerful and feared by Virata and the citizens of the kingdom. He was killed by Bhima when he tried to molest Draupadi.

Kirmira

Kirmira was a demon and younger brother of demons Baka. When Pandavas and Draupadi went Kamyaka Forest, Kirmira encountered them and challenged Bhima for a fight as Bhima killed his brother Baka. After a tough fight, Bhima beheaded Kirmira.

Kratha

Kratha is the Kshatriya king and the reincarnation of Rahu. He fought the side of Kauravas and killed by a Kulinda king during Kurukshetra war.^[51]

Kripa

Kripa was the son of Śaradvān and Jānapadī, born in a particularly extraordinary manner. He was the grandson of Maharishi Gautama. He was a descendant of sage Angiras. He along with his sister Kripi were adopted by King Shantanu. Later on Kripa became an acharya, teacher of the royal children, giving him the honorific Kripacharya. His twin sister Kripi married Drona. Kripa was among the Maharathis who fought on the Kauravas's side against the Pandavas in the Kurukshetra war in the Hindu epic of the Mahabharata.

Kripi

Kripi was the sister of Kripa. She and her brother were adopted by the Rajguru of King Shantanu. Her actual parents were Saradvan and Janapadi. She married Dronacharya, who was poor at that time. When they wanted a powerful son, they prayed to Shiva, and a son named Ashwathama was born.

Krishna

Krishna is a Hindu deity. He is also a major character in epic Mahabharata. He was an eighth avatar of Vishnu. He was born to Devaki and her husband, Vasudeva of the Yadava clan in Mathura. During the Kurukshetra War, he became strategist of Padavas and charioteer of Arjuna. At the start of the Dharma Yudhha (righteous war) between Pandavas and Kauravas, Arjuna is filled with moral dilemma and despair about the violence and death the war will cause in the battle against his own kin. He wonders if he should renounce and seeks Krishna's counsel, whose answers and discourse constitute the Bhagavad Gita. Krishna counsels Arjuna to "fulfill his Kshatriya (warrior) duty to uphold the Dharma" through "selfless action".

Kritavarma

Kritavarma was one of the Yadava warriors and chieftain, and a contemporary of Krishna. During Kuruksetra war, Kritavarma fought for Kauravas along with Krishna's Narayani sena and was one of survivors of the war.

Kunti-Bhoja

In Mahabharata, Kunti-Bhoja (or Kuntibhoja) was the adoptive father of Kunti and cousin of Shurasena. He was the ruler of the Kunti Kingdom. Kunti was a daughter of King Shurasena but was later given to Kuntibhoja since he was devoid of children.^[52] Kuntibhoja raised her as his own daughter and loved her.^[53] She was very beautiful and intelligent and later married Pandu.^[54] When Kunti was a young girl, the sage Durvasa visited Kuntibhoja one day and sought his hospitality. The king entrusted the sage to Kunti's care and tasked Kunti with the responsibility of serving the sage and meeting all his needs during his stay with them.^[55] Eventually, the sage was gratified. Before departing, he rewarded Kunti by teaching her Atharvaveda mantras which enabled her to invoke any god of her choice to beget children by them.^[56] His son Visharada succeeded him who was killed by Duryodhana on the eighth day.

Kunti

Kunti or Pritha was the daughter of Shurasena, and the foster daughter of his cousin Kuntibhoja. She was married to King Pandu of Hastinapur and was the mother of Karna and the Pandavas Yudhishthira, Bhima, Arjuna. She was the paternal aunt of Krishna, Balarama, and Subhadra. She was the step mother of Nakula and Sahadeva. She was very beautiful and intelligent.

Kuru

Kuru is the name of the ancestor of the clan of the Kurus in the Mahabharata. He was the son of Samvarana and of Tapati, the daughter of the Sun.^[57]

In the literature, Kuru is an ancestor of Pandu and his descendants, the Pandavas, and also of Dhritarashtra and his descendants, the Kauravas. This latter name derived as a patronym from "Kuru", is only used for the descendants of Dhritarashtra.^[58]

King Kuru had two wives named Shubhangi and Vahini. He had a son named Viduratha with Shubhangi, and five sons with Vahini, named Ashvavat, Abhishyat, Citraratha, Muni, and Janamejaya.^[59]^[60] Due to his merits and great ascetic practices the region "Kurujangal" was named after him. It has also been known as Kurukshetra since ancient Vedic times.^[61]

L

Lakshmana Kumara

In the Hindu epic Mahabharata, Laxman Kumara or simply Laxman (Lakshman(a)) is the son of Duryodhana, and grandson of Dhritarashtra. He had a twin sister called Lakshmanaa who was kidnapped by Samba (Krishna's son). Not much is revealed about Laxman in the Mahabharata, He was beheaded by Abhimanyu.

Lakshmanaa

In the Bhagavata Purana, Lakshmanaa (also spelled Laxmanaa or Lakshmanā), also known as Lakshana, is the daughter of Duryodhana. Little is revealed about Laxmanaa in the text other than her marriage to Krishna's son Samba.

M

Madanjaya

He was Prime Minister of Kuru Kingdom before Vidura. When Bhishma gave his post to Vidura, he tried to kill Vidura but he fought and was beheaded by Bhishma.

Madhavi

Madhavi was the daughter of King Yayati.

Madranjaya

He was eldest son of Shalya and Avantini who was killed on second day of war by Virata.

Madrasena

He was younger brother of Shalya and elder brother of Madri. He was uncle of Nakula and Sahadeva. He was unmarried and was killed by Yudhishthira along with Shalya on the last day of war.

Madri

In the Mahabharata epic, Madri, was sister of Shalya, princess of the Madra Kingdom, second wife of Pandu and the mother of two sons: Nakula and Sahadeva.^[62]^[63] One day, Pandu and Madri made love; this led Pandu to die due to his curse and Madri to commit suicide.

Malini

She was maid of Draupadi married to a Kshatriya soldier Pralanksena. Her son Nakusha was Bodyguard of Drupada. Her husband and son were killed by Drona before Drupada's death on the 15th day of war.

Manasa

In the Mahabharata, Naga Goddess Manasa is the wife of Jaratkaru. They had a son, Astika, who saved the serpents including Takshaka from Sarpa Satra organised by king Janamejaya to avenge his father's death.^[64]

Manimat

Manimat or Maniman is the king who was the rebirth of Vritra, the son of Danayu. He fought the side of Pandavas and killed by Bhurishravas in the Kurukshetra war.^[65]

Marisha

Shurasena was married to a Nāga (or serpent) woman named Marisha. She bore all of his children and was the cause for Vasuki’s boon to Bhima.^[66]^[67]^[68] after whom the Surasena Kingdom or mahajanpada and the Yadava sect of Surasenas^[69] were named. She was the mother of Kunti and Vasudeva as well.

Markandeya

Markandeya was blessed by Shiva to remain young till the end of Kali Yuga. In the Mahabharat, Markandeya visits the Pandavas during their exile and tells them the story of Nala and Damayanti, Savitri and Satyavan, etc.

Menaka

Menaka was a beautiful apsara. She was sent by Indra to fill Vishwamitra with lust and destroy his penance. Upon seeing her, Vishwamitra was filled with desire and from their union, Shakuntala, mother of great king Bharat, was born. Menaka left Shakuntala and Vishwamitra again started to meditate. Shakuntala was left with sage Kanva.

Muchukunda

Muchukunda, son of King Mandhata, and brother of equally illustrious Ambarisha, was born in the Ikshvaku dynasty. He later became a sage and his divine powers killed Kalyavana.^[70]

N

Nala

Nala is the main character of a love story in the Vana Parva of Mahabharata. He was king of Nishada. He fell in love with Damayanti and married her. But they struggled a lot after their marriage. His story is set long before the Kurukshetra war.

Nahusha

Nahusha was a king from lunar dynasty and an ancestor of Shantanu. He was the son Ayu and Prabha. He was equal to Indra in every way and was made the ruler of Swarga in Indra's absence. He married Ashokasundari/Viraja, the daughter of Devi Parvati and Shiva, and had a son named Yayati. He was removed from his position as the king because of his arrogance and cursed to a snake. His curse was over when he met Yudhishthira in a forest.

Nakula

Nakula was fourth of the five Pandava brothers. Nakula and Sahadeva were twins born to Madri, who had invoked the Ashwini Kumaras. Nakula and his brother Sahadeva, are both called as Ashvineya (आश्विनेय), as they were born from Ashvinas. Nakula was said to be a skilled master in sword-fighting. On the 18th day of Kurukshetra War, Nakula had killed three sons of Karna.

Nand

Nand was the head of the Gopas tribe of Yadava cowherds referred as Holy Gwals. He was a friend of Vasudev, spouse of Yashoda and the foster father of Krishna.

Narakasura

Narakasura was the son of Bhumi, the earth goddess. He gained a boon that only his mother could kill him. He captured and married women forcefully. Krishna and Satyabhama (the human incarnation of Bhumi) killed him.

Niramitra

In the Hindu epic Mahabharata, Niramitra (Sanskrit: निरमित्र, lit. 'he who has no enemies') was the son of Nakula and his wife Karenumati.^[71]^[72]

P

Padmavati

Padmavati is the goddess who mentioned in Tantras.^[73] She also mentioned in Shalya Parva of the epic, as one of the followers of Kartikeya.^[23]

Parashara

Parashara was a sage. He was the grandson of Vasishtha, the son of Śakti Maharṣi, and the father of Vyasa. Before Satyavati married Shantanu, she had an affair with Parashara. During that time, she was known as Matsyagandha. Later they had a child named Vyasa. However they parted away but before leaving, Parashara restored Matsyagandha's virginity and gave her an enchanting scent.

Parashuram

Parashuram is the sixth avatar of Vishnu in Hinduism and he is one of the chiranjeevis who will appear at the end of the Kali Yuga. He was born to destroy evil Kshatriya, who had begun to abuse their power. Parashurama is also the Guru of Bhishma, Dronacharya, and Karna.^[74]^[75]

Parikshit

Parikshit was a king from kuru lineage. He was the son of Abhimanyu (Arjuna's son) and Uttarā. When he was in his mother's womb, he was attacked and killed by Ashwatthama using Brahmastra. However Shri Krishna revived him and named him Parikshit. After the Pandavas and Draupadi retired for heaven, he was crowned as the new king. Later, Kali (demon) manipulated Parikshit and he placed a dead snake on a meditating rishi. The Rishi's son saw it and cursed him to die by a snakebite. After he was bitten and killed by Takshaka, his son Janamejaya performed Sarpa Satra. This is where he hears the story of his great-grandfathers.

Pandu

Pandu was the king of Hastinapur, the son of Ambalika and Vichitravirya. He is popularly known as the father of the Pandavas, who were called so after him. Pandu was responsible and a great warrior, who expanded his kingdom during his rule. He had two wives named Kunti and Madri. He died early due to a curse of a sage.

Pandya

He is the king of Pandya Kingdom. He came to help the Pandavas with an army and also an maharathi on the side of Pandavas.

Paurava

Paurava is a king and the rebirth of Asura Sarabha. He fought the side of Kauravas and was killed by Arjuna during Kurukshetra war.

Prabha

Prabha, sometimes Indumati, was the daughter of Asura Svarbhanu, who later became Rahu and Ketu. She married Ayu, son of Pururavas of lunar dynasty, and had a son named Nahusha.

Pradyumna

Pradyumna was the son of Krishna and Rukmini. He is the reincarnation of Kamadeva, who was burnt by Shiva for shooting arrow of love at him. After his birth, he was kidnapped by Sambara and thrown into water. However, he survived and was raised by Mayawati (reincarnation of devi Rati). Later, he defeated Sambara and returned to Dvaraka. He married Mayawati, Prabhavati and Vidarbha princess Rukmavati, and had a son Aniruddha.

Pratipa

Pratipa was a king in the Mahabharata, who was the father of Shantanu and grandfather of Bhishma.^[76]

Prativindhya

Prativindhya was the son of Yudhishthira and Draupadi. He was the eldest brother among Upapandavas.

Prishati

Prishati (lit. daughter-in-law of Prishata) was the wife of King Drupada and the mother of Shikhandini, Dhrishtadhyumna, Draupadi (Panchali) and the sister-in-law of Satyajit, Drupada's younger brother. After Drupada performed a yajna (fire-sacrifice) to obtain a powerful son, she was asked by the sages to consume the sacrificial offering to conceive a child. However, Prishati had perfumed saffron in her mouth and requested the sages to wait till she had a bath and washed her mouth. The sages criticised her untimely request and poured the offering into the flames of the yajna, from which Dhrishtadhyumna and Draupadi emerged. Overwhelmed by their arrival, Prishati requested the sages to declare her as the mother of Dhrishtadhyumna and Draupadi.^[77]

Purochana

Purochana was the builder of the Lakshagraha. However, he, along with his wife and her sons, perished in the fire. He was the royal chief architect in Hastinapura. He was a friend of Shakuni and Duryodhana. Purochana built the Lakshagraha palace and burnt it. He was killed by Bhima in the Lakshagraha palace. Purochana had a wife and many sons. In his last life, Purochana had been Prahasta, Ravana's uncle and commander-in-chief of his army. Shakuni and Duryodhana made another plan to kill the Pandavas. Shakuni told Purochana to build a really beautiful palace in Varnavrata out of only materials that can catch and spread fire easily. Purochana quickly did as Shakuni had said. Purochana called the palace Lakshagraha. It was made out of materials such as wax and twigs. After some time, Shakuni convinced the Pandavas and Kunti to visit Lakshagraha. Purochana and his wife welcomed the Pandavas and Kunti grandly. After 10 days, during the night, Purochana set fire on the palace. The Pandavas woke up and realized that this had been another one of Duryodhana and Shakuni's evil schemes. Bhima got really mad. While Purochana and his sons and wife were trying to escape, Bhima killed all of them, including Purochana. The Pandavas barely managed to escape the fire.

Pururavas

Pururavas was the first king from the lunar dynasty. He was the son of Budha and Ila. He married Urvashi but she left him. He was succeeded by his son, Ayu.^{[citation needed]}

R

Radha

Radha was the foster mother of Karna, one of the central characters in the Hindu epic Mahabharata. She was the wife of Adhiratha, the charioteer of Bhishma. Radha also bore a son named Shon. The young Kunti used a mantra to beget a son from the Sun god Surya. Afraid of the taint of being an unwed mother, she placed the baby in a basket and set him afloat a river. The child later known as Karna was found and adopted by Radha and Adiratha, who raised Karna as their own. Karna is known by the matronymic Radheya. Karna, once he knows from Krishna and Kunti about his birth secret, having done so much harm to his brothers Pandavas, was in no position to abandon Duryodhana.^[78]

Revati

In Mahabharata, Revati was daughter of King Kakudmi and consort of Balarama, the elder brother of Krishna.

Rohini (wife of Vasudeva)

She was the wife of Vasudeva and mother of Balrama. She looked after Balaram in his childhood. After Vasudeva and Devaki were released, she started living with them. After the passing of Vasudeva in the Yadu massacre, Rohini cremates herself on Vasudeva's pyre along with his other wives Devaki, Bhadra and Madira.^[79]

Rochamana

Rochamana was Kshatriya king of Aswamedha kingdom. He was a warrior on the side of Pandavas and killed by Karna in the Kurukshetra war.

Rukmi

Rukmi was the ruler of Vidarbha. He was the son of king Bhishmaka and elder brother of Rukmini.

Rukmini

Rukmini was the first and chief queen consort of Krishna. She was an avatar of goddess Lakshmi. She was the daughter of king Bhishmaka, sister of Rukmi and the princess of Vidarbha.

Ruru

Ruru was a rishi(sage) of the epic Mahabharata. He was the son of Pramati and Ghritachi, the celestial dancer and a descendant of Bhrigu. Ruru married Pramadvara, foster-daughter of sage Sthulakesha. He was the father of Sunaka.

S

Sahadeva

Sahadeva was the youngest of the five Pandava brothers. Nakula and Sahadev were twins born to Madri who had invoked the Ashvins. Sahadeva had two wives, Draupadi and Vijaya. Draupadi was the common wife of Pandavas, while Vijaya was the beloved wife of Sahadeva. Similar to his twin brother Nakula, Sahadeva was also accomplished in swordsmanship. On the 18th of war, Sahadeva had killed Shakuni who was mainly responsible for the Kurukshetra War.

Sahadeva of Magadha

Sahadeva was the son of powerful king Jarasandha. When Bhima slew his father, Krishna declared him to be the new ruler of Magadha. Sahadeva is a frequent ally of the Pandavas, and attended the rajasuya of Yudhishthira. During the Kurukshetra War, he fought on the side of Pandavas, and was slain by Karna.

Sakradeva

He was son of King Srutayudha and Queen Sakrayani of Kalinga. He was the yuvaraja (crown prince) of Kalinga. He was killed by Bhima on the second day of war along with many soldiers, and two generals, Satya and Satyadeva.

Samba

Samba is the mischievous son of Krishna and his second wife, Jambavati. He was born as a boon of Shiva. Samba was the husband of Lakshmana, Duryodhana's daughter. Later in the epic, his mischief becomes the reason for the destruction of Krishna's Yadu clan, owing to the curse of Gandhari.

Samudrasena

Samudrasena is a king. Once, Bhima defeated Samudrasena and his son, Chandrasena, during his war of conquest. In the Kurukshetra War, he fought on the side of the Pandavas and was killed by the Kaurava army.^[80]

Shamika

Shamika is a sage featured in the epic. One day, while hunting, Parikshit had wounded a deer, but lost it in the woods. Searching for it, fatigued, he asked the meditating Shamika about the deer. The sage did not answer as he was observing the vow of silence. This angered the king, who placed a dead snake on Shamika's shoulder. Sringin, the son of Shamika, enraged by this act, cursed Parikshit to be killed by Takshaka (snake) within seven days.

Samvarana

Samvarana was a king from the Lunar dynasty and an ancestor of Shantanu. He married Tapati, daughter of Surya, and had a child named Kuru.

Sanjaya

Sanjaya was Dhritarashtra's advisor and also his charioteer. Sanjaya was a disciple of the sage Vyasa and was immensely devoted to his master, King Dhritarashtra. Sanjaya – who has the gift of seeing events at a distance (divya-drishti) right in front of him, granted by the sage Vyasa – narrates to Dhritarashtra the action in the climactic battle of Kurukshetra, which includes the Bhagavad Gita.

Sarama

Sarama, according to the Mahabharata, is a celestial female dog. Janamejaya and his brothers beat one of her sons without any reason when the dog arrives at an occasion of sacrifice. This angers Sarama, and she curses the princes and Janamejaya that evil may happen to them.

Satrajit

Featured in the Mahabharata and the Bhagavata Purana, Satrajit was a Yadava king who was a great devotee of Surya, the Sun god. He is famous for his role in the story of Syamantaka gem. He was the father of Satyabhama, who became Krishna's third wife.^[81]^[82]

Satyabhama

Satyabhama is the third consort of Krishna. She is believed to be an avatar of Bhumi, the goddess of the Earth. According to some traditions, she is regarded to have aided Krishna in defeating the demon Narakasura. She visited the Pandavas during their exile and had a conversation with Draupadi.

Satyajit

Satyajit was the brother of King Drupada and brother-in-law of Queen Prishati and the younger paternal uncle of Shikhandini/Shikhandi, Dhrishtadyumna, and Draupadi. Not much is written about him in the epic, but he acted as a regent while his brother, the king, was away for some time for summoning the sages Yaja and Upayaja for a powerful penance to beget children.

Satyaki

Yyudhana, also known as Satyaki, was a powerful warrior belonging to the Vrishni clan of the Yadavas, to which Krishna also belonged. Satyaki was also a student of Arjuna, due to which he fought on the Pandavas's side.

Satyavati

Satyavati is a matriarch of the Kuru dynasty in the Mahabharata. She was a fisherwoman before her marriage with Shantanu. She, along with her father, Dasharaja, proposed the conditions that led Bhishma to take his vow of celibacy. Married to Shantanu, she became the mother of Chitrangada and Vichitravirya. She is also the mother of the Vyasa, the author of the epic, whom she called to engage in niyoga when Vichitravirya died without leaving an heir.

Savitri and Satyavan

In the Mahabharata, Savitri and Satyavan are characters appearing in the Vana Parva of the epic. Savitri is a princess born by the boon of Savitr. Described to be wise and beautiful, she fell in love with and married Satyavan, a prince who was destined to die at a very young age. The latter part of the story describes Savitri's love, and her wit, which saves her husband from Yama, the god of death.

Senavindu

Senavindu, also called as Senabindu, is a king and the rebirth of the asura Tuhunda. Arjuna twice defeated this king during his digvijaya. He is stated by Drupada as one of the kings who could be summoned to the cause of the Pandavas in the Kurukshetra War. He was killed by the Kauravas in the war.

Shakuni

Shakuni was the prince of Gandhara Kingdom in present-day Gandhara. He is a major antagonist in the epic. He was the brother of Gandhari and hence Duryodhana's maternal uncle. Shakuni was killed by Sahadeva on the 18th day of the Kurukshetra War.

Shakuntala

Shakuntala was the wife of Dushyanta and the mother of Emperor Bharata. Her story is told in the Mahabharata and dramatized by many writers, the most famous adaption being Kalidasa's play Abhijñānaśākuntala (The Sign of Shakuntala).

Shalva

Shalva was the king of the Shalva kingdom. He and Amba, the princess of Kashi, fell in love, and Amba decided to choose him during her svayamvara. However, Bhishma won the princesses for his brother Vichitravirya. When Amba told Bhishma about her love, he sent her with honour to Shalva. But Shalva rejected her and told her that he would not be able marry her as she had been won by Bhishma.

Shalya

In the epic Mahabharata, King Shalya was the brother of Madri (mother of Nakula and Sahadeva), as well as the ruler of the Madra kingdom. A powerful spear fighter and a formidable charioteer, he was tricked by Duryodhana to fight the war on the side of the Kauravas. On the last day of the Kurukshetra War, Yudhishthira killed him during a spear fight.

Shankha

Shankha was third son of King Virata. He was killed by Bhishma on the very first day of the war.

Shantanu

Shantanu was a Kuru king of Hastinapura in the epic Mahabharata. He was a descendant of the Bharata race, of the Lunar dynasty, and great-grandfather of the Pandavas and Kauravas. He was the youngest son of King Pratipa of Hastinapura and had been born in the latter's old age. He was the husband of Ganga and Satyavati. He was the father of Devavrata (Bhishma), Chitrāngada, and Vichitravirya.

Sharmishtha

Sharmishtha was an asura princess and a spouse of Yayati, an ancestor of Shantanu.

Shatanika

Shatanika was the son of Nakula and Draupadi. He was the third brother among the Upapandavas.

Shaunaka

Shaunaka headed the sages during their conclave at his twelve-year sacrifice, where Ugrashravas Sauti recited the Mahabharata.

Shikhandi

Shikhandi was born as a girl named Shikhandini, to Drupada, the king of Panchala. She changed her sex with a yaksha and took the name Shikhandi. He fought in the Kurukshetra War for the Pandavas along with his father Drupada and brother Dhristadyumna. He was the princess Amba in his previous birth.

Shishupala

Shishupala was the son of Damaghosha. He was slain by his cousin Krishna, at the great coronation ceremony of Yudhishthira as punishment for his exceeding insults against the deity. He was also called Chaidya, being a member of the Chedi kingdom.

Shrutakarma

Shrutakarma was the son of Arjuna and Draupadi. He was the youngest brother among the Upapandavas.

Shrutasena

Shrutasena was the son of Sahadeva and Draupadi. He was the fourth brother among Upapandavas.

Shukra

Shukra is the son of sage Bhrigu and his wife Kavyamata. After the devas killed his mother (who was later revived), Shukra developed a deep hatred towards the devas and became the guru of the asuras. He had a daughter named Devayani, who was married to the king Yayati. But Yayati had an affair with Devayani's maid, Sharmishtha. This led Shukra to curse Yayati to lose his youth.

Shveta

He was the second son of Virata, also called Shvetavarman. He was killed on the first day of the war by Bhishma.

Shvetaki

Shvetaki was a king who performed numerous yajnas. He is the reason of the destruction of the Khandava forest (Khandava Dahana).^[83]

Sons of Karna

Great Karna's sons were Vrishasena, Vrishaketu, Banasena, Chitrasena, Satyasena, Sushena, Shatrunjaya, Dvipata, and Prasena. All except for Vrishaketu were killed in the war.

Sons of Shalya

Shalya and Avantini's three sons were Madranjaya, Rukmanagada, and Rukmanaratha. Madranjaya was the eldest than other two with a gap of 10 years. Rukmanagada and Rukmanaratha were twins. Madranjaya was killed on 2nd day of war by Virata and other two were killed by Abhimanyu inside the chakravyuha on 13th day.

Sons of Shishupala

The four sons of Chedi King Shishupala were Dhrishtaketu, Mahipala, Suketu, Sarabha. They had a sister named Karenumati who was younger than Dhrishtaketu but elder than other three. Dhrishtaketu succeeded the throne of Chedi after Shishupala's death. Dhrishtaketu was killed by Drona on 6th day of war and other three were killed by Shakuni's son Vrikasura.

Shreniman

Shreniman was a king. He ruled the Kumaradesa. Nakula defeated him during his digvijaya. In the Kurukshetra War, he fought on the side of the Pandavas and was killed by Drona.

Subala

Subala was the father of Shakuni and Gandhari. He was the King of Gandhara and he was the husband of Sudharma.

Subhadra

In the epic, she is the sister of Krishna and Balarama, wife of Arjuna and mother of Abhimanyu and grandmother of Parikshit. She is the daughter of Vasudeva and Rohini. When Arjuna visited Dvaraka, he fell in love with Subhadra and ran away with her. Hindus believe Subhadra to be a form of the goddess named Yogamaya.

Sudakshina

Sudakshina was a king of the Kambojas, and fought on the side of the Kauravas in the Kurukshetra War. She was so beautiful in all order

Sudeshna

Sudeshna was the wife of King Virata, at whose court the Pandavas spent a year in concealment during their exile. She was the mother of Uttara, Uttarā, Shveta, and Shankha. She had a younger brother named Kichaka and a brother-in-law named Sahtanika.

Sunaka

Sunaka was the son of Sage Ruru and Pramadvara. This royal sage was a member of Yudhishthira's assembly. He received a sword from King Harivamsha and presented it to the king Ushinara.^[84]^[85]

Surya

Surya is the god of the Sun. He is a son of Aditi and Kashyapa. He is the consort of Saranyu. In the epic, he was the first god called by Kunti using the mantra given by the sage Durvasa to obtain a child. She did it out of curiosity and gave birth to Karna, who was born with indestructible armour and earrings. During that time, as she was not married, she had to abandon the child. Later in the epic, Surya gave the Akshaya Patra to Yudhishthira.

Susharma

Susharma was the king of the Trigarta Kingdom. He supported the Kauravas in the war. He was a friend of Duryodhana. He was killed by Arjuna on the fourteenth day of the war.

Sutasoma

Sutasoma was the son of Bhima and Draupadi. He was the second brother among the Upapandavas.

Svaha

Svaha is the daughter of Prajapati Daksha and the wife of Agni. In the Vana Parva, the sage Markandeya narrated her story to the Pandavas. As per the story, Agni visited the ashram of the seven Saptarshi and saw their wives. He was attracted towards them, but controlled his lust. Svaha was attracted to Agni, and wishing to sleep with him, she assumed the form of the wives of sages (except Arundhati), slept with Agni six times, later becoming his consort.

T

Takshaka

Takshaka was the king of nagas. He lived in a city named Takshasila, which was the new territory of Takshaka after his race was banished by Pandavas led by Arjuna from the Khandava Forest and Kurukshetra, where they built their new kingdom. Because of this, he made a fierce rivalry with Arjuna. During the Kurukshetra war, he sat on an arrow of Karna which was shot at Arjuna. However Krishna saved Arjuna. After his failure, Takshaka vowed to end Arjuna's lineage. After the Pandavas and Draupadi left for heaven, Takshaka killed Parikshit.

Tapati

Tapati is a river goddess. She is daughter of Surya and Chhaya. She married Samvarana and had a child named Kuru. Kuru was an ancestor of Shantanu.

Tilottama

In the Hindu epic Mahabharata, Tilottama is described to have been created by the divine architect Vishwakarma, at Brahma's request, by taking the best quality of everything as the ingredients. She was responsible for bringing about the mutual destruction of the Asuras, Sunda and Upasunda. Even gods like Indra are described to be enamoured by Tilottama. Her story was told by sage Narada to the Pandavas as he wanted to tell them how a woman can lead to rivalry between brothers.

Tara

Tara is the goddess of felicity. She is spouse of Brihaspati, a guru of gods and mother of Kacha. Brihaspati often ignored Tara and she started to have an affair with Chandra, the moon god and eloped with him. From their union, Budha was born, whose son, Pururavas, founded the lunar dynasty.

U

Usha

Uṣā or Usha was daughter of Banasura, powerful king of Sonitpur and a devotee of Shiva. Later Usha was married to Aniruddha, grandson of Krishna.^[86]

Ugrasena

Ugrasena (Sanskrit: उग्रसेन) is a Yadava king in Mahabharata epic. He was the king of Mathura, a kingdom that was established by the powerful Vrishni tribes from Yaduvanshi clan. Krishna was the grandson of Ugrasena. He established his grandfather as the ruler of Mathura again after defeating his uncle, King Kamsa who was a cruel and greedy ruler. Before this, King Ugrasena was overthrown from power by his own son Kamsa and was sentenced to prison along with his daughter Devaki and son in law Vasudeva to prison. Devki and Vasudev were parents of Krishna.

Ugrashravas Sauti

Ugrashravas Sauti was the son of Lomaharsana. He was the Lomaharshana. He was a disciple of Vyasa. He was the narrator of Mahabharata and several Puranas before the gathering of the sages in Naimisha Forest.

Uluka

Uluka was eldest son of Shakuni and Arshi. He was sent as messenger to Pandavas by Duryodhana. He was killed by Sahadeva on 18th day of war before his father's death.

Ulupi

Ulupi was daughter of Kauravya, the king of Nāgas, she was among the four wives of Arjuna. She had a son named Iravan.

Urvashi

Urvashi was a celestial maiden in Indra's court and was considered the most beautiful of all the Apsaras. She was the consort of Pururavas, an ancestor of Pandavas and Kauravas. Later she left him and returned to heaven.^{[citation needed]} When Arjuna came to heaven to meet Indra, she fell in love with him. But Arjuna refused her as he thought her as his mother.

Uttamaujas

In the epic Mahabharata, Uttamaujas was a powerful Panchala warrior. He is described to be a protector of Arjuna. With his brother Yudhamanyu, they fought a battle against Duryodhana. He was killed during Ashwatthama's night raid. Sometimes, he is described to be Drupada's son and identified with Satyajit.

Uttanka

In the Mahabharata, Uttanka is described as the disciple of the sage Gautama. In both legends, he is a learned sage who goes through many hurdles in procuring the earrings demanded by his guru's wife as the fee for the teacher (gurudakshina).

Uttara

Uttara or Uttara Kumara was the prince of Matsya Kingdom and the son of King Virata, at whose court the Pandavas spent one year in concealment during their exile. His sister Uttarā was given in marriage to Abhimanyu, son of Arjuna.

Uttarā

Uttarā was the daughter of King Virata, at whose court the Pandavas spent a year in concealment during their exile. She was sister of Prince Uttara. She was wife of Abhimanyu and mother of Parikshit.

V

Vajra

He was the son of Aniruddha. Vajra was crowned as the King of Indraprastha on the request of Krishna by the Pandavas after the Yadava fratricide just before the Pandavas' journey to Mount Sumeru.

Vajranabh

Vajra in the Vayu Purana and the Harivamsa, described as the son of Bhanu, the eldest son of Krishna and Satyabhama. He had a sister named Bhanusammati.

Valandhara

Valandhara was the princess of the Kashi Kingdom, daughter of King Devesha and wife of Bhima. They both had a son Sarvaga, who became the King of Kashi after the Kurukshetra War. Sarvaga's granddaughter Vapusthama married Janamejaya, the great-grandson of Arjuna, and bore him two sons – Shatanika and Sahashranika.^[87]

Vapusthama

Vapusthama was the princess of Kashi,present day Benaras, the daughter of Subarnavarma,the granddaughter of King Sarvaga and great-granddaughter of Bhima, the second Pandava. Vapusthama was married to Arjuna's great-grandson Janamejaya, and bore him two sons – Shatanika and Sankukarna.

Varaha

Varaha is the boar-incarnation of Vishnu. He is stated in Vana Parva of the epic, when he rescued Bhumi during the Mahapralaya (great-flood).^[88]

Vasudeva

Vasudeva the father of the Hindu deities Krishna, Balarama and Subhadra. He was a member of Vrishnis and a Yadava. He was the son-in-law of the Yadava king Shurasena. His sister Kunti was married to Pandu.

Vasundhara

She was the queen of Manipura and the mother of Chitrangada. She was also the grandmother of Babruvahana. Her husband was King Chitravahana.

Vayu

Vayu deva is the god of wind. He is son of Aditi and Kashyapa. In the epic, he is the spiritual father of Hanuman and the Pandava, Bhima. He was the second god called by Kunti after her marriage using a mantra as her husband could not conceive due to a curse.

Veerabhadra

Veerabhadra was the fierce god who incarnated from Shiva to destroy Daksha's yajna. He is also stated in Shanti Parva of the epic Mahabharata.^[22]

Vichitravirya

Vichitravirya (Sanskrit: विचित्रवीर्य, vicitravīrya) was a king and the younger son of queen Satyavati and king Shantanu and grandfather of the Pandavas and Kauravas.

Vidura

In the epic Mahabharata, Vidura is described as the prime minister of the Kuru Kingdom and also the uncle of the Pandavas and Kauravas. He was born from Niyoga- between sage Vyasa and Parishrami, a handmaiden to the queens- Ambika and Ambalika.

Vidura's wife (Sulabha)

The wife of Vidura, the half-brother of King Dhritarashtra and the Prime Minister of Hastinapur. She was also a chaste woman of supreme order. She too had a high degree of devotion and abdication. When Krishna visited Hastinapur as an emissary of Pandavas, he had not accepted Duryodhana's request to stay in his palace but instead he chose to stay at Vidura's home and accepted a simple meal there. She is named Sulabha in later versions of the Mahabharata.^[89]^[90]^[91] Sulabha was a great devotee of Krishna. One day he came to her home for a surprise meal. She was enchanted by his glowing face. In absence of her husband, she offered him peels of banana instead of the fruit. And he ate them respecting her bhakti note.^[91]

Vijaya

In the Hindu epic Mahabharat, Vijaya was the daughter of king Dyutimata of Madra (Bahalika) and wife of Sahadeva. They got married in a self choice ceremony. Vijaya was Nakula's maternal uncle's daughter. They had a son Suhotra.^[71] After the Kurukshetra War, Vijaya lived in Madra.

Vikarna

Vikarna was third Kaurava, son of Dhritarashtra and Gandhari and a brother to the crown prince Duryodhana. Vikarna is universally referred to as the third-most reputable of Kauravas. Usually, he is also indicated as the third-oldest son, but in other sources, the "third-strongest" reputation remained and it is implied that Vikarna is just one of Gandhari's 99 children (after Duryodhana and Dussasana). Vikarna was the only Kaurava who questioned the humiliation of Draupadi, the wife of his cousin Pandavas after they lost her in a game of dice to Duryodhana.

Vinata

Vinata, was the mother of Aruna and Garuda (the birds). She was also the daughter of Daksha and wife of sage Kasyapa.

Vinda and Anuvinda

Vinda and Anuvinda were brothers, and the two kings of Avanti. They were the sons of Jayasena and Rajadhidevi. They also had a sister, Mitravinda, who married Krishna. They were good friends of Duryodhana, and fought for his cause in the Kurukshetra War.

Viraja

In the Harivamsa, (an appendix of Mahabharata), the spouse of Nahusha is mentioned to be Viraja, the daughter of Pitrs.^[92] Later, she was replaced by Ashokasundari, the daughter of goddess Parvati and Shiva.

Virata

In the epic, Virata was the king of Matsya Kingdom with its Virata Kingdom, in whose court the Pandavas spent a year in concealment during their exile. Virata was married to Queen Sudeshna and was the father of Prince Uttara and Princess Uttarā, who married Abhimanyu, the son of Arjuna.

Vishoka

Vishoka was the charioteer of Pandava Bhima during the Kurukshetra War.

Vrihanta

Vrihanta was king of the Ulukas. His name appears at several places in the Mahabharata.

Vridhakshtra

He was former king of Singhu Kingdom. He was father of Jayadratha and Vijayadratha. He later became a rishi. When Arjuna beheaded his son Jayadratha, his head came on his lap while he was doing tapa and when he stood up and Jayadratha's head blasted, killing Vridhakshtra.

Vrishaketu

Vrishaketu is a figure in the Sanskrit epic Mahabharata. He was the youngest and only surviving son of Karna and Arjuna teaches him many more skills of great warrior. Later, he becomes King of Anga.

Vrishasena

Vrishasena was the son of Karna and Vrishali. With his father, he entered battle field on the 11th day of Kurukshetra war and fought for Kauravas. He was killed by the pandavas, his uncles to avenge abhimanyu's death,who later blessed him on his deathbed.

Vyasa

Vyasa was the author of epic Mahabharata. According to the Mahabharata, the sage Vyasa was the son of Satyavati and Parashara. He was also the surrogate father of Dhritarashtra, Pandu and Vidura. They were born through Niyoga. Later, he helped in birth of 101 children of Dhritarashtra and Gandhari. He also helped the Pandavas many times.

Y

Yama

In the epic, the death god Yama—often identified with the god Dharma—is the spiritual father of Yudhishthira. He was the first god invoked by Kunti after her marriage using a mantra as her husband could not conceive. Yama also appeared in the tale of Savitri and Satyavan. In the story, he tried to take Satyavan's soul during his predestined time of death, but Savitri was able to persuade the deity to let her husband live. Dharma, later in the epic, appears testing Yudhishthira by taking form of a yaksha. When the Pandavas and Draupadi departed to heaven, he accompanied them by taking the form of a dog and was the only survivor left, along with Yudhishthira. In the end, he showed his true form to Yudhishthira.

Yamuna

Yamuna or Yami is a river goddess. She is the daughter of Surya and Saranyu as well as the twin of Yama. In the epic, she appears as Kalindi, becoming one of Krishna's eight wives.

Yashoda

Yashoda is the wife of Nanda (head of Gokulam) and the foster-mother of Krishna and Balarama. Krishna and Balarama spent their childhood with Yashoda and Nanda, and the couple took care of them. Her daughter, who was Vishnu's Yogamaya, was swapped by Vasudeva with Krishna during the birth of the deity.

Yaudheya

Yaudheya was the son of Yudhishthira and Devika, and the grandson of Govasena, who was the king of Sivi Kingdom. Yaudheya succeeded his grandfather after his death in the Kurukshetra War.

According to the Matsya Purana, Yaudheya is also the name of the eldest son of Prativindhya and his first wife Subala, however he does not succeed Yudhishthira to the throne of Hastinapura as he inherits his maternal kingdom.

Yayati

Yayati was an ancestor of Shantanu and the son of king Nahusha and Ashokasundari, the daughter of goddess Parvati. He had two wives, Devayani and Sharmishtha.

Yogamaya

Yogamaya or Vindhyavasini is a goddess who is the personified divine energy of the deity Vishnu. She was the daughter of Yashoda and Nanda, the foster parents of Krishna. Krishna and Yogamaya were born on the same day. They were exchanged by their parents to save Krishna from Kamsa. Many believe that Subhadra was her reincarnation.

Yudhishthira

Yudhishthira was the first among the five Pandavas, granted by death god Yama to Pandu and Kunti. He became the king of Indraprastha and later of Hastinapura (Kuru). He was the leader of the successful Pandava side in the Kurukshetra War. At the end of the epic, he ascended to heaven. He was also blessed with the spiritual vision of second sight by a celestial rishi as a boon.

Yuyutsu

Yuyutsu was the illegitimate son of Dhritarashtra with a Vaishya woman who is his wife Gandhari's maid. He was the paternal half–sibling to Gandhari's children: Duryodhana and the rest of the hundred Kaurava brothers and their sister Dushala. He was the only son of Dhritarashtra who survived in the Kurukshetra War .

Notes

^ The list tries to mention as many characters as possible, but is not complete. It contains characters appearing in Harivamsa, a book connected to Mahabharata. Characters appearing in folk tales are excluded.
^ This is scene not included in the Critical edition.

References

^ Minor, Robert N. (1982). Bhagavad Gita: An Exegetical Commentary. South Asia Books. pp. L–Li. ISBN 978-0-8364-0862-1.; Quote: "The current text of the Bhagavad gita is well-preserved with relatively few variant readings and none quite serious. This is especially remarkable in the light of the numerous variants for the remainder of the Mahabharata, some of which are quite serious. Secondary insertions are found in individual manuscripts of the Gita, but these are clearly secondary. The number of stanzas in the Gita is 700, a number confirmed by Shankara, and possibly deliberately chosen in order to prevent interpolations."
^ McGrath 2004, pp. 19–21 with footnotes.
^ McGrath 2004, pp. 21–22.
^ McGrath 2004, pp. 21–26 with footnotes.
^ Critical Edition Prepared by Scholars at Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute BORI, Muneo Tokunaga, Kyoto University (1998)
^ "Mythology 3 – Abhimanyu". Times of India Blog. 2019-04-06. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
^ Chib, Sukhdev Singh (1980). Bihar. p. 4.
^ ^a ^b Chakravarti 2007.
^ The Mahabharata. Vol. Book 1. pp. 434–447. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
^ Dalal, Roshen (2014-04-18). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin UK. ISBN 978-81-8475-277-9.
^ "The story of Amba | Mahabharata Stories, Summary, and Characters from Mahabharata". www.mahabharataonline.com. Retrieved 2020-08-28.
^ Mentor, Shopping (2017-05-10). "Revenge of Amba, Ambika & Ambalika". Indian Mythology. Retrieved 2020-08-28.
^ Law, B.C. (1973). Tribes in Ancient India, Poona: Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, p.105
^ Bhanu, Sharada (1997). Myths and Legends from India – Great Women. Chennai: Macmillan India Limited. pp. 35–6. ISBN 0-333-93076-2.
^ www.wisdomlib.org (2020-04-01). "Section CLXXII [Mahabharata, English]". www.wisdomlib.org. Retrieved 2022-11-26.
^ "Reasons for the names". The Hindu. 2018-07-08. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2020-07-01.
^ "Arjuna's Many Names". The Hindu. 14 August 2018. Retrieved 2020-06-21.
^ Hindu World: An Encyclopedic Survey of Hinduism. Volume II M-Z. Benjamin Walker. Routledge. 2019. Entry: "Pandava"
^ Mani 1975, p. 96.
^ Coulter, Charles Russell; Turner, Patricia (2013-07-04). Encyclopedia of Ancient Deities. Routledge. p. 90. ISBN 978-1-135-96390-3.
^ "The Mahabharata, Book 8: Karna Parva Index". Internet Sacred Text Archive.
^ ^a ^b "The Mahabharata, Book 12: Santi Parva: Mokshadharma Parva: Section CCLXXXIV". Internet Sacred Text Archive. Retrieved 2022-12-05.
^ ^a ^b "The Mahabharata, Book 9: Shalya Parva: Section 46". sacred-texts.com. Retrieved 2022-12-09.
^ Political History of Ancient India, 1953, p 150, Hemchandra Raychaudhuri, University of Calcutta.
^ The People and Culture of Bengal, a Study in Origins: A Study in Origins, 2002, p 564, Annapurna Chattopadhyaya.
^ Lord Mahāvīra and his times, 1974, p 213, Kailash Chand Jain.
^ Ancient Indian History, 1988, p 149, Madhavan Arjunan Pillai.
^ Epic Mythology, 1969, p 62, Edward Washburn Hopkins.
^ See epic referential link: [1].
^ Cf: Candravarma, the King of Kambojas, was the Asura or demon Candra, son of Diti... (Ref: Epic Mythology, 1915, p 62, Edward Washburn Hopkins – Hindu Mythology.
^ Chandra Roy, Pratap. The Mahābhārata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa. Forgotten Books. pp. 98–99. ISBN 9781451018240.
^ Chandra Roy, Pratap. The Mahābhārata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa. Forgotten Books. pp. 100–102. ISBN 9781451018240.
^ www.wisdomlib.org (2014-08-03). "Danda, Daṃḍa, Daṇḍa, Daṇḍā, Damda: 56 definitions". www.wisdomlib.org. Retrieved 2022-12-10.
^ www.wisdomlib.org (2017-04-20). "Dandadhara, Daṇḍadhara, Daṇḍadhāra, Daṇḍadharā, Danda-dhara, Damdadhara: 15 definitions". www.wisdomlib.org. Retrieved 2022-12-10.
^ Garg, Ashutosh (2020). Indra: The Saga of Purandar. Manjul Publishing. ISBN 978-93-89647-75-4.
^ Arthur Berriedale Keith (1992). The Sanskrit Drama in Its Origin, Development, Theory & Practice. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 213. ISBN 978-81-208-0977-2.
^ Valmiki; Vyasa (2018-05-19). Delphi Collected Sanskrit Epics (Illustrated). Delphi Classics. ISBN 978-1-78656-128-2.
^ "The Mahabharata, Book 4: Virata Parva: Pandava-Pravesa Parva: Section VI". sacred-texts.com. Retrieved 2022-12-16.
^ "The Mahabharata, Book 6: Bhishma Parva: Bhagavat-Gita Parva: Section XXIII". sacred-texts.com. Retrieved 2022-12-16.
^ Chandrakant, Kamala (1980). Bheema and Hanuman. India: Amar Chitra Katha. pp. 1–32.
^ "Hayagriva in Mahabharata, Book 12". sacred-texts.com. Retrieved 2022-06-30.
^ Sörensen (1902) p. 345 indexes the name as Irāvat.
^ "Chapter 56: The Syamantaka Jewel". Bhaktivedanta VedaBase: Śrīmad Bhāgavatam. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 27 February 2013.
^ "The Mahabharata, Book 10: Sauptika Parva: Section 8". Internet Sacred Text Archive. Retrieved 2022-12-08.
^ "The Mahabharata, Book 3: Vana Parva: Markandeya-Samasya Parva: Section CLXXXIX". sacred-texts.com. Retrieved 2022-05-28.
^ "The Mahabharata, Book 3: Vana Parva: Markandeya-Samasya Parva: Section CLXL". sacred-texts.com. Retrieved 2022-05-28.
^ Chandrakant, Kamala (1972). Kacha and Devayani: A Tale from the Mahabharata. India Book House. ISBN 978-81-7508-172-7.
^ Pratap Chandra Roy Mahabharata, Sambhava Parva and Jatugriha Parva, Pages 335–338
^ "The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Sambhava Parva: Section CXI". Internet Sacred Text Archive. Retrieved 2020-08-31.
^ ^a ^b McGrath, Kevin (2004-01-01). The Sanskrit Hero: Karṇa in Epic Mahābhārata. BRILL. p. 135. ISBN 978-90-04-13729-5.
^ www.wisdomlib.org (2017-10-16). "Kratha, Krātha: 11 definitions". www.wisdomlib.org. Retrieved 2022-12-10.
^ "Kunti". www.mythfolklore.net.
^ First Book Adi Parva Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa and Kisari Mohan Ganguli by Krishna Dwaipayana Vyasa. Page 272.
^ "The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Sambhava Parva: Section CXII". Internet Sacred Text Archive. Retrieved 2020-08-31.
^ "The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa, translated by Kisari Mohan Ganguli, Vana Parva, Section CCCI".
^ "The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa, translated by Kisari Mohan Ganguli, Adi Parva, Section CXI".
^ Monier Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (Oxford, 1899), p. 294.1
^ Monier Williams (1899), S. 294.1
^ Mbhr. 1.89.44 and 1.90.40 (Pune Critical Edition 1971)
^ J.A.B. van Buitenen, Mahabharata Book 1, Chicago 1973, pp. 212–214
^ M.M.S. Shastri Chitrao, Bharatavarshiya Prachin Charitrakosha (Dictionary of Ancient Indian Biography, in Hindi) Pune 1964, p. 151
^ "Sacred-Texts: Hinduism". Internet Sacred Text Archive.
^ "Madri, Mādrī, Mādri, Madrī: 14 definitions". 15 June 2012.
^ Wilkins, W. J. (2004). Hindu Mythology, Vedic and Puranic (First published: 1882 ed.). Kessinger Publishing. p. 428. ISBN 0-7661-8881-7.
^ www.wisdomlib.org (2017-01-21). "Maniman, Maṇimān, Maṇiman: 4 definitions". www.wisdomlib.org. Retrieved 2022-12-10.
^ "During the Mahabharata age the region around Mathura was ruled by the yadava dynasty." The Quarterly Review of Historical Studies, By Institute of Historical Studies (Calcutta, India), Published by Institute of Historical, Studies., 1983, Item notes: v.22, Original from the University of Michigan, Digitized 29 Aug 2008
^ "Surasena or shoorsaini was a Yadava. One of his descendants could, therefore, call himself a Yadava or a Surasena as he liked..." Chauhān Dynasties: A Study of Chauhān Political History, Chauhān Political Institutions, and Life in the Chauhān Dominions, from 800 to 1316 A.D., By Dasharatha Sharma, pp 103, Published by Motilal Banarsidass, 1975
^ Tales From the Mahabharat, pp31, By B.K. Chaturvedi, Published by Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. ISBN 81-288-1228-9, ISBN 978-81-288-1228-6
^ "As Bhadanaka-desa was almost coterminous with Surasena janapada, we may designate the Apabhramsa of the area as Apabhramsa..." Early Chauhān Dynasties: A Study of Chauhān Political History, Chauhān Political Institutions, and Life in the Chauhān Dominions, from 800 to 1316 A.D., By Dasharatha Sharma, pp 103, Published by Motilal Banarsidass, 1975
^ "Mythological Tales: Muchukunda". Urday.com. Archived from the original on 2009-12-15.
^ ^a ^b "The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Sambhava Parva: Section XCV". 16 January 2010. Archived from the original on 16 January 2010.
^ T. Rengarajan (1999). Glossary of Hinduism. Oxford & IBH Publishing Company. p. 229. ISBN 978-81-204-1348-1.
^ "identification request - Who is this goddess in the picture". Hinduism Stack Exchange. Retrieved 2022-12-15.
^ Constance Jones; James D. Ryan (2006). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Infobase Publishing. p. 324. ISBN 978-0-8160-7564-5.
^ James G. Lochtefeld (2002). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z. The Rosen Publishing Group. pp. 500–501. ISBN 978-0-8239-3180-4.
^ Monier Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (Oxford, 1899), p. 674.1
^ "The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Chaitraratha Parva: Section CLXIX". Internet Sacred Text Archive. Retrieved 2021-06-03.
^ Kotru, Umesh; Zutshi, Ashutosh (2015-03-01). Karna The Unsung Hero of the Mahabharata. One Point Six Technology Pvt Ltd. ISBN 978-93-5201-304-3.
^ "The Mahabharata, Book 16: Mausala Parva: Section 7". Sacred-texts.com. Retrieved 2018-07-18.
^ www.wisdomlib.org (2017-11-13). "Samudrasena: 6 definitions". www.wisdomlib.org. Retrieved 2022-12-10.
^ The Syamantaka gem. Amar Chitra Katha Private Limited. April 1971. ISBN 8189999648.
^ Mani 1975, pp. 701.
^ "The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Khandava-daha Parva: Section CCXXV (Story of Shvetaki)". sacred-texts.com. Retrieved 2022-05-05.
^ "The Mahabharata, Book 12: Santi Parva: Apaddharmanusasana Parva: Section CLXVI". sacred-texts.com. Retrieved 2022-05-07.
^ "The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Pauloma Parva: Section VII". sacred-texts.com. Retrieved 2022-05-07.
^ Fables and Folk-tales of Assam. Firma KLM. 1998. ISBN 9788171020751.
^ Hinduism, Glorious (1 January 2016). "Kasi Kingdom". Glorious Hinduism.
^ "The Mahabharata, Book 3: Vana Parva: Tirtha-yatra Parva: Section CXLI". sacred-texts.com. Retrieved 2022-06-03.
^ Vaidya, Sahna (2018-03-10). "My Beloved Lord Krishna: The man 'with and behind' every strong woman". Pravaah Wellness. Archived from the original on 2021-11-24. Retrieved 2021-01-19.
^ "Shun self". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2021-01-19.
^ ^a ^b "Mahabharata Characters 19 – Vidura 01 – A true friend, affectionate but not attached | The Spiritual Scientist". Retrieved 2021-01-19.
^ Mishra, S. P. (2007). Virajā, the Capital of Ancient Orissa. Pratibha Prakashan. ISBN 9788177021509.

Sources

Mani, Vettam (1975). Puranic encyclopaedia : a comprehensive dictionary with special reference to the epic and Puranic literature. Robarts – University of Toronto. Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 9780842608220.
Chakravarti, Bishnupada (2007-11-13). Penguin Companion to the Mahabharata. Penguin UK. ISBN 978-93-5214-170-8.
Dalal, Roshen (2014-04-18). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin UK. ISBN 978-81-8475-277-9.

[6] The list tries to mention as many characters as possible, but is not complete. It contains characters appearing in Harivamsa, a book connected to Mahabharata. Characters appearing in folk tales are excluded.

[41] This is scene not included in the Critical edition.

[1] Minor, Robert N. (1982). Bhagavad Gita: An Exegetical Commentary. South Asia Books. pp. L–Li. ISBN 978-0-8364-0862-1.; Quote: "The current text of the Bhagavad gita is well-preserved with relatively few variant readings and none quite serious. This is especially remarkable in the light of the numerous variants for the remainder of the Mahabharata, some of which are quite serious. Secondary insertions are found in individual manuscripts of the Gita, but these are clearly secondary. The number of stanzas in the Gita is 700, a number confirmed by Shankara, and possibly deliberately chosen in order to prevent interpolations."

[FOOTNOTEMcGrath200419–21_with_footnotes-2] McGrath 2004, pp. 19–21 with footnotes.

[FOOTNOTEMcGrath200421–22-3] McGrath 2004, pp. 21–22.

[FOOTNOTEMcGrath200421–26_with_footnotes-4] McGrath 2004, pp. 21–26 with footnotes.

[5] Critical Edition Prepared by Scholars at Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute BORI, Muneo Tokunaga, Kyoto University (1998)

[7] "Mythology 3 – Abhimanyu". Times of India Blog. 2019-04-06. Retrieved 2020-08-16.

[Sukhdev_Singh_Chib-8] Chib, Sukhdev Singh (1980). Bihar. p. 4.

[FOOTNOTEChakravarti2007-9] Chakravarti 2007.

[10] The Mahabharata. Vol. Book 1. pp. 434–447. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)

[11] Dalal, Roshen (2014-04-18). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin UK. ISBN 978-81-8475-277-9.

[12] "The story of Amba | Mahabharata Stories, Summary, and Characters from Mahabharata". www.mahabharataonline.com. Retrieved 2020-08-28.

[13] Mentor, Shopping (2017-05-10). "Revenge of Amba, Ambika & Ambalika". Indian Mythology. Retrieved 2020-08-28.

[14] Law, B.C. (1973). Tribes in Ancient India, Poona: Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, p.105

[B-15] Bhanu, Sharada (1997). Myths and Legends from India – Great Women. Chennai: Macmillan India Limited. pp. 35–6. ISBN 0-333-93076-2.

[16] www.wisdomlib.org (2020-04-01). "Section CLXXII [Mahabharata, English]". www.wisdomlib.org. Retrieved 2022-11-26.

[17] "Reasons for the names". The Hindu. 2018-07-08. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2020-07-01.

[18] "Arjuna's Many Names". The Hindu. 14 August 2018. Retrieved 2020-06-21.

[19] Hindu World: An Encyclopedic Survey of Hinduism. Volume II M-Z. Benjamin Walker. Routledge. 2019. Entry: "Pandava"

[FOOTNOTEMani197596-20] Mani 1975, p. 96.

[21] Coulter, Charles Russell; Turner, Patricia (2013-07-04). Encyclopedia of Ancient Deities. Routledge. p. 90. ISBN 978-1-135-96390-3.

[22] "The Mahabharata, Book 8: Karna Parva Index". Internet Sacred Text Archive.

[:1-23] "The Mahabharata, Book 12: Santi Parva: Mokshadharma Parva: Section CCLXXXIV". Internet Sacred Text Archive. Retrieved 2022-12-05.

[:3-24] "The Mahabharata, Book 9: Shalya Parva: Section 46". sacred-texts.com. Retrieved 2022-12-09.

[25] Political History of Ancient India, 1953, p 150, Hemchandra Raychaudhuri, University of Calcutta.

[26] The People and Culture of Bengal, a Study in Origins: A Study in Origins, 2002, p 564, Annapurna Chattopadhyaya.

[27] Lord Mahāvīra and his times, 1974, p 213, Kailash Chand Jain.

[28] Ancient Indian History, 1988, p 149, Madhavan Arjunan Pillai.

[29] Epic Mythology, 1969, p 62, Edward Washburn Hopkins.

[30] See epic referential link: [1].

[31] Cf: Candravarma, the King of Kambojas, was the Asura or demon Candra, son of Diti... (Ref: Epic Mythology, 1915, p 62, Edward Washburn Hopkins – Hindu Mythology.

[32] Chandra Roy, Pratap. The Mahābhārata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa. Forgotten Books. pp. 98–99. ISBN 9781451018240.

[33] Chandra Roy, Pratap. The Mahābhārata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa. Forgotten Books. pp. 100–102. ISBN 9781451018240.

[34] www.wisdomlib.org (2014-08-03). "Danda, Daṃḍa, Daṇḍa, Daṇḍā, Damda: 56 definitions". www.wisdomlib.org. Retrieved 2022-12-10.

[35] www.wisdomlib.org (2017-04-20). "Dandadhara, Daṇḍadhara, Daṇḍadhāra, Daṇḍadharā, Danda-dhara, Damdadhara: 15 definitions". www.wisdomlib.org. Retrieved 2022-12-10.

[36] Garg, Ashutosh (2020). Indra: The Saga of Purandar. Manjul Publishing. ISBN 978-93-89647-75-4.

[keith-37] Arthur Berriedale Keith (1992). The Sanskrit Drama in Its Origin, Development, Theory & Practice. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 213. ISBN 978-81-208-0977-2.

[38] Valmiki; Vyasa (2018-05-19). Delphi Collected Sanskrit Epics (Illustrated). Delphi Classics. ISBN 978-1-78656-128-2.

[39] "The Mahabharata, Book 4: Virata Parva: Pandava-Pravesa Parva: Section VI". sacred-texts.com. Retrieved 2022-12-16.

[40] "The Mahabharata, Book 6: Bhishma Parva: Bhagavat-Gita Parva: Section XXIII". sacred-texts.com. Retrieved 2022-12-16.

[:2-42] Chandrakant, Kamala (1980). Bheema and Hanuman. India: Amar Chitra Katha. pp. 1–32.

[43] "Hayagriva in Mahabharata, Book 12". sacred-texts.com. Retrieved 2022-06-30.

[44] Sörensen (1902) p. 345 indexes the name as Irāvat.

[Jamba-45] "Chapter 56: The Syamantaka Jewel". Bhaktivedanta VedaBase: Śrīmad Bhāgavatam. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 27 February 2013.

[46] "The Mahabharata, Book 10: Sauptika Parva: Section 8". Internet Sacred Text Archive. Retrieved 2022-12-08.

[47] "The Mahabharata, Book 3: Vana Parva: Markandeya-Samasya Parva: Section CLXXXIX". sacred-texts.com. Retrieved 2022-05-28.

[48] "The Mahabharata, Book 3: Vana Parva: Markandeya-Samasya Parva: Section CLXL". sacred-texts.com. Retrieved 2022-05-28.

[49] Chandrakant, Kamala (1972). Kacha and Devayani: A Tale from the Mahabharata. India Book House. ISBN 978-81-7508-172-7.

[50] Pratap Chandra Roy Mahabharata, Sambhava Parva and Jatugriha Parva, Pages 335–338

[51] "The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Sambhava Parva: Section CXI". Internet Sacred Text Archive. Retrieved 2020-08-31.

[KarnaFam-52] McGrath, Kevin (2004-01-01). The Sanskrit Hero: Karṇa in Epic Mahābhārata. BRILL. p. 135. ISBN 978-90-04-13729-5.

[53] www.wisdomlib.org (2017-10-16). "Kratha, Krātha: 11 definitions". www.wisdomlib.org. Retrieved 2022-12-10.

[54] "Kunti". www.mythfolklore.net.

[55] First Book Adi Parva Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa and Kisari Mohan Ganguli by Krishna Dwaipayana Vyasa. Page 272.

[56] "The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Sambhava Parva: Section CXII". Internet Sacred Text Archive. Retrieved 2020-08-31.

[The_Mahabharata,_Vana_Parva,_Chapter_301-57] "The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa, translated by Kisari Mohan Ganguli, Vana Parva, Section CCCI".

[The_Mahabharata,_Adi_Parva,_Chapter_111-58] "The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa, translated by Kisari Mohan Ganguli, Adi Parva, Section CXI".

[59] Monier Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (Oxford, 1899), p. 294.1

[60] Monier Williams (1899), S. 294.1

[61] Mbhr. 1.89.44 and 1.90.40 (Pune Critical Edition 1971)

[62] J.A.B. van Buitenen, Mahabharata Book 1, Chicago 1973, pp. 212–214

[63] M.M.S. Shastri Chitrao, Bharatavarshiya Prachin Charitrakosha (Dictionary of Ancient Indian Biography, in Hindi) Pune 1964, p. 151

[64] "Sacred-Texts: Hinduism". Internet Sacred Text Archive.

[65] "Madri, Mādrī, Mādri, Madrī: 14 definitions". 15 June 2012.

[66] Wilkins, W. J. (2004). Hindu Mythology, Vedic and Puranic (First published: 1882 ed.). Kessinger Publishing. p. 428. ISBN 0-7661-8881-7.

[67] www.wisdomlib.org (2017-01-21). "Maniman, Maṇimān, Maṇiman: 4 definitions". www.wisdomlib.org. Retrieved 2022-12-10.

[68] "During the Mahabharata age the region around Mathura was ruled by the yadava dynasty." The Quarterly Review of Historical Studies, By Institute of Historical Studies (Calcutta, India), Published by Institute of Historical, Studies., 1983, Item notes: v.22, Original from the University of Michigan, Digitized 29 Aug 2008

[Surasena_as_Yadava-69] "Surasena or shoorsaini was a Yadava. One of his descendants could, therefore, call himself a Yadava or a Surasena as he liked..." Chauhān Dynasties: A Study of Chauhān Political History, Chauhān Political Institutions, and Life in the Chauhān Dominions, from 800 to 1316 A.D., By Dasharatha Sharma, pp 103, Published by Motilal Banarsidass, 1975

[70] Tales From the Mahabharat, pp31, By B.K. Chaturvedi, Published by Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. ISBN 81-288-1228-9, ISBN 978-81-288-1228-6

[ShooApabhramsa-71] "As Bhadanaka-desa was almost coterminous with Surasena janapada, we may designate the Apabhramsa of the area as Apabhramsa..." Early Chauhān Dynasties: A Study of Chauhān Political History, Chauhān Political Institutions, and Life in the Chauhān Dominions, from 800 to 1316 A.D., By Dasharatha Sharma, pp 103, Published by Motilal Banarsidass, 1975

[72] "Mythological Tales: Muchukunda". Urday.com. Archived from the original on 2009-12-15.

[auto-73] "The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Sambhava Parva: Section XCV". 16 January 2010. Archived from the original on 16 January 2010.

[Rengarajan1999-74] T. Rengarajan (1999). Glossary of Hinduism. Oxford & IBH Publishing Company. p. 229. ISBN 978-81-204-1348-1.

[75] "identification request - Who is this goddess in the picture". Hinduism Stack Exchange. Retrieved 2022-12-15.

[JonesRyan2006p324-76] Constance Jones; James D. Ryan (2006). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Infobase Publishing. p. 324. ISBN 978-0-8160-7564-5.

[Lochtefeld2002p500-77] James G. Lochtefeld (2002). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z. The Rosen Publishing Group. pp. 500–501. ISBN 978-0-8239-3180-4.

[78] Monier Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (Oxford, 1899), p. 674.1

[C169-79] "The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Chaitraratha Parva: Section CLXIX". Internet Sacred Text Archive. Retrieved 2021-06-03.

[80] Kotru, Umesh; Zutshi, Ashutosh (2015-03-01). Karna The Unsung Hero of the Mahabharata. One Point Six Technology Pvt Ltd. ISBN 978-93-5201-304-3.

[81] "The Mahabharata, Book 16: Mausala Parva: Section 7". Sacred-texts.com. Retrieved 2018-07-18.

[82] www.wisdomlib.org (2017-11-13). "Samudrasena: 6 definitions". www.wisdomlib.org. Retrieved 2022-12-10.

[83] The Syamantaka gem. Amar Chitra Katha Private Limited. April 1971. ISBN 8189999648.

[FOOTNOTEMani1975701-84] Mani 1975, pp. 701.

[85] "The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Khandava-daha Parva: Section CCXXV (Story of Shvetaki)". sacred-texts.com. Retrieved 2022-05-05.

[86] "The Mahabharata, Book 12: Santi Parva: Apaddharmanusasana Parva: Section CLXVI". sacred-texts.com. Retrieved 2022-05-07.

[87] "The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Pauloma Parva: Section VII". sacred-texts.com. Retrieved 2022-05-07.

[88] Fables and Folk-tales of Assam. Firma KLM. 1998. ISBN 9788171020751.

[89] Hinduism, Glorious (1 January 2016). "Kasi Kingdom". Glorious Hinduism.

[90] "The Mahabharata, Book 3: Vana Parva: Tirtha-yatra Parva: Section CXLI". sacred-texts.com. Retrieved 2022-06-03.

[91] Vaidya, Sahna (2018-03-10). "My Beloved Lord Krishna: The man 'with and behind' every strong woman". Pravaah Wellness. Archived from the original on 2021-11-24. Retrieved 2021-01-19.

[92] "Shun self". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2021-01-19.

[:0-93] "Mahabharata Characters 19 – Vidura 01 – A true friend, affectionate but not attached | The Spiritual Scientist". Retrieved 2021-01-19.

[94] Mishra, S. P. (2007). Virajā, the Capital of Ancient Orissa. Pratibha Prakashan. ISBN 9788177021509.

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