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2015 Clinton Correctional Facility escape

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The 2015 Clinton Correctional Facility escape was a jailbreak that took place on June 6, 2015, when two inmates, Richard Matt and David Sweat, were discovered missing during a 5:17 a.m. bed check at the maximum security Clinton Correctional Facility in Dannemora, New York, United States. Matt was serving 25 years to life and Sweat was serving life without parole, both for murder.[1] The two prisoners had escaped by cutting a hole in their cell walls, gaining access to the utility areas behind and above their cells. Eventually they cut a hole in a steam pipe and used the pipe to escape from the prison into the city sewer, with tools obtained from two cooperating prison employees. Nearly three weeks after the escape, Matt was found in Malone, New York, where he was shot and killed;[2] two days after that, Sweat was shot and taken into custody.[3]

2015 Clinton Correctional Facility escape
Clinton Correctional Facility
DateJune 6, 2015 (2015-06-06)
LocationClinton Correctional Facility
Village of Dannemora, New York, United States
Coordinates44°43′23″N 73°43′08″W / 44.72306°N 73.71889°W / 44.72306; -73.71889
PerpetratorRichard Matt and David Sweat
Outcome
  • Richard Matt killed
  • David Sweat captured
  • Joyce Mitchell pleaded guilty and sentenced to 7 years in prison
Deaths1
Non-fatal injuries1

Inmates

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Richard Matt

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Main article: Richard Matt

Richard William Matt (June 25, 1966 – June 26, 2015) was born and raised in Tonawanda, New York, a suburb of Buffalo, and began receiving foster care along with his brother Robert early in life. A career criminal, Matt served recurrent prison terms in the 1980s and 1990s for various crimes including burglary, rape, theft and assault.[4] Having first escaped from a group home in his early teens, Matt had a history of escaping from correctional facilities.

On December 3, 1997, Matt and an accomplice named Lee Bates kidnapped William Rickerson, Matt's former boss, from his home in North Tonawanda in an attempt to rob him. Matt demanded to know the location of a large sum of money he believed Rickerson possessed. He and Bates drove to Ohio and back for approximately twenty-seven hours with Rickerson in the trunk of the car, periodically stopping to open the trunk to beat and torture their victim. Matt eventually killed Rickerson by breaking his neck before dismembering his body, throwing the parts into the Niagara River and escaping to Mexico.[4]

On February 20, 1998, while in the border city of Matamoros, Tamaulipas, Matt murdered a second man, Charles Arnold Perreault, an American engineer working at a local factory. Matt tried to rob Perreault and then stabbed him to death at a bar as he was using the restroom. Matt was soon arrested and given a 23-year sentence for murder in a Mexican court. In 2007, he was extradited back to the U.S. to face trial for Rickerson's murder, where Bates testified against him, and Matt received a 25-years to life sentence for second-degree murder, with no chance of parole until 2032.[4]

David Sweat

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David Paul Sweat (born June 14, 1980) was raised in the Binghamton metropolitan area by his single mother, Pamela Sweat, along with his two sisters. Sweat had a troubled childhood characterized by violent tendencies.[5] After being sent to Florida to be raised by an uncle, he stole and wrecked his aunt's car and soon went into foster care.[4] By the time they were in their late teens, Sweat and his cousin Jeffrey A. Nabinger Jr. were sporadically homeless. The two held short-lived jobs and became involved in the trade of marijuana.[6] Sweat was known for elaborately planning burglaries he intended to commit with Nabinger, and they were arrested several times in the late 1990s and were sent to prison.[4]

In the early morning hours of July 4, 2002, Sweat, Nabinger and a third accomplice, Shawn Devaul, burglarized a fireworks store in Great Bend, Pennsylvania, to steal firearms. Upon returning to New York, they were spotted by Kevin Tarsia, a Broome County sheriff's deputy, while transferring the stolen firearms in a parking lot from one vehicle to another. Sweat opened fire on Tarsia, hitting him multiple times, before running him over with a car. As he was still alive, Nabinger shot Tarsia two more times in the face, killing him. The three men were arrested a few days later. During the trial, Sweat and Nabinger both pled guilty to first degree murder and received life without parole to avoid capital punishment.[6] Devaul, who cooperated with authorities, was sentenced to five years in prison plus five years of supervised release.[7] Unlike Matt, Sweat had no history of escaping from prison.

Escape

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On June 6, 2015, Matt and Sweat were determined to be unaccounted for during the 5:30 a.m. morning count, having been last seen at the 10:30 p.m. count the previous night.[8] It was reported that an "external breach" was found on a street approximately 500 feet (150 m) outside of the prison wall. The inmates had tunneled out of the facility. Matt and Sweat had been housed in Honor Block, a privileged housing unit that allowed them access to cooking stations, televisions, wall-mounted telephones, showers, and card tables in the cell house at specified intervals during the day.[1][9] According to news reports, the escapees used tools from contractors to cut their escape tunnel during the nights and returned them to their toolboxes afterwards.[10]

The escape was elaborate and has been compared to the escape made in the 1962 Alcatraz escape and the fictional novella and film The Shawshank Redemption.[11] New York Governor Andrew Cuomo took a walking tour of the facility with publicity cameras present.[12]

Authorities found that the two had planned to be picked up by a prison employee, Joyce Mitchell; however, according to a relative, Mitchell developed chest pains and was hospitalized.[13][14] A second employee, prison guard Gene Palmer, was also charged with aiding the escape.[15] Palmer admitted to investigators that he smuggled tools into the prison and did other favors for Richard Matt in exchange for paintings.[16]

A note was left behind on the pipe the two escapees had cut to escape, reading, "Have a nice day," with a stereotypical "Asian smiley face" wearing a triangular rice hat.[17]

Manhunt

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Authorities searched the farms and fields around the town of Willsboro, New York, after receiving a tip that Matt and Sweat may have been spotted there on June 9.[18]

Authorities spent June 9 and 10 retracing their steps near Dannemora after searching Willsboro, and also expanded the search to the border with Vermont, saying the two may have tried to flee to the state. Authorities in Canada, including the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) and departments along the border with the U.S., and Mexico, where Matt had previously been convicted of murder, were also alerted. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP), the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF), state and local police, and the New York State Forest Rangers (the Adirondack Park Preserve covers the area) were all involved in the search, which was being led by the local police and the United States Marshals Service working with prison officials. A $50,000 bounty was set for each inmate by Cuomo and was subsequently increased to $75,000 when the U.S. Marshals added $25,000 for each escapee. There were no reports of break-ins, robberies, or homicides, but there were two reported sightings.[citation needed]

A stretch of nearby New York State Route 374 was closed until further notice on June 11. School classes were canceled in Dannemora and Saranac. Later that day, the number of officers present in the area near the prison was increased to more than 500, from the initial estimate of between 300 and 400. That afternoon and evening, after bloodhounds picked up a scent and authorities discovered a footprint and a wrapper, police began methodically searching, until nightfall, a wooded area near the nearby town of Cadyville, New York. Police, however, said this was not a lead that produced definite evidence that the escapees were still in that area. Areas of the more populous nearby city of Plattsburgh and parts of Lake Champlain had also been searched, and billboards asking for help were put up in New York, New Jersey, Massachusetts, Vermont,[19] Pennsylvania, and along the Canada–U.S. border.[20][21][22][23][24][25]

On June 12, the seventh day of the search, there were still no confirmed sightings of the escapees.[26] Later that day, prison worker Joyce Mitchell was arrested and charged with aiding the escapees.[27][28] On June 13, the search included helicopters, all-terrain vehicles, and search dogs. However, bad weather conditions, including rain, hampered search efforts.[29] On June 20, the search continued in Allegany County in western New York based on a sighting in the town of Friendship, New York.[30] On June 22, the search shifted back to an area near the prison after a cabin near Owls Head in Franklin County appeared to have been broken into. DNA from the inmates was found in the cabin, and investigators concluded that they had been there within the previous 24 hours.[31] In the days after the escape, some prisoners reported having been beaten by guards in an attempt to obtain information as to the whereabouts and plans of the escaped inmates.[32]

The manhunt and investigation were said to have cost about $23 million.[33]

Death of Matt, capture of Sweat

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Matt was spotted in Franklin County, New York on June 26 after he shot at the driver of a passing recreational vehicle with a 20-gauge shotgun taken from a hunting camp. In the ensuing confrontation, he was shot and killed by three gunshot wounds to the head by U.S. Border Patrol Supervisory Agent and former Army Ranger Chris Voss in the wilderness of Owl's Head, south of Malone, New York, 50 miles (80 km) west of Clinton Correctional Facility. Sweat's location was unknown at the time of Matt's death.[2]

On June 28, New York State Trooper Sgt. Jay Cook passed Sweat as he walked along the road. As Cook circled back to question him, Sweat began running across a hay field towards a tree line. Cook, a firearms instructor, gave chase and when it became evident that Sweat might escape, fired two rounds from his .45-caliber Glock 37 pistol, hitting Sweat twice in his right shoulder and left arm at a range of 73 yards (67 m), near Constable, New York, roughly 16 miles (26 km) north of where Matt had been killed and just 1.5 miles (2.4 km) from the Canada–U.S. border. He was transported to the Alice Hyde Medical Center in Malone. He was later transferred to Albany Medical Center, where he was in critical condition.[3] His condition was later upgraded to fair by July 1.[34] Sweat was moved on July 5 to a Special Housing Unit in the maximum security Five Points Correctional Facility in Romulus, New York.

Investigation

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On June 15, 2015, Governor Andrew Cuomo directed Inspector General Catherine Leahy Scott to conduct a thorough investigation to determine all factors potentially involved in the escape of inmates Richard Matt and David Sweat from Clinton Correctional Facility.[35] At the governor's instruction, the Inspector General was to secure the services of a respected outside expert in corrections and law enforcement on issues such as prison design, operations and security with a view toward identifying how these inmates were able to escape, and recommend any potential reforms and best practices to prevent future incidents.

On the morning of June 16, Mitchell confessed to her involvement with the prisoners still eluding capture. The Associated Press reported Mitchell had confirmed providing Matt and Sweat with hacksaw blades, chisels, and other tools. According to Clinton County District Attorney Andrew Wylie, who oversaw the prosecution of Mitchell, "[s]he had agreed to be the getaway driver, but backed out because she still loved her husband and felt guilty for participating." The report also noted that the manholes used by the two inmates had since been welded shut. "Ms. Mitchell was Plan A and there was no Plan B, which is why authorities have now been concentrating their search to a perimeter around the maximum security prison," Wylie said.[36] According to the Associated Press, Mitchell waived a preliminary hearing, allowing the case to immediately proceed in county court.

On June 17, it was revealed that Mitchell, who had been suspended without pay from the $57,000-a-year position she held, had discussed having her husband, Lyle, killed in a potential murder-for-hire deal with Matt, whom she had been close to, and Sweat.[37] According to Joyce Mitchell's confession, Matt referred to her husband, Lyle, as the "glitch" and planned to kill him after the escape. Matt reportedly gave Mitchell two pills to give Lyle to incapacitate him to facilitate the murder. Reportedly, she later decided not to go through with Matt's plan and threw away the two pills out of sentiment for her husband. Authorities did not believe Mitchell's husband knew of or participated in the breakout. According to the Press-Republican, he visited his wife on June 16 and then the New York State Police barracks in Malone, New York, the next day, to speak with authorities. The search then expanded to an area beyond the 16 square miles around the prison that was being searched. Some roadblocks were lifted and the force reduced from over 800 to about 600.

Police received several tips during the last few days of the manhunt. They also deduced that Matt had fallen ill due to consuming spoiled food or dirty water, based on soiled undergarments discovered at one of the cabins the duo had broken into. Further investigation led to police finding Matt. Interrogations with Sweat after his capture revealed he and Matt practiced their escape once in the prison and were nearly found on two occasions during the manhunt. During the first instance, he and Matt were hiding in a cabin when three people arrived to check on it, debated whether they should stay or leave, and then left. On the second instance, Sweat was hiding in a hunting tree stand that was passed by a police officer. Sweat also claimed he and Matt separated on June 23 after Matt became unfocused and was "slowing him down".[34] An autopsy of Matt was released on August 6, which verified his cause of death as skull fractures and brain damage from being shot. It also revealed he had a blood alcohol level of 0.18%.

Aftermath

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Sweat pleaded guilty to two felony counts of first-degree escape and an additional count of promoting prison contraband.[38] He was sentenced to three-and-a-half to seven years, to be served consecutively with his previous life sentence.[39] He was further ordered to pay $79,841 in restitution. In March 2022, Sweat, known for a history of hunger strikes in prison, was authorized by a judge to be force-fed, who additionally ordered Sweat to comply with the force feeding as well as cooperate with hydration and necessary medical treatment. The state was also granted permission by the judge to use physical restraints, medications, and chemical sedation if necessary.[40]

Joyce Mitchell, defended by a Clinton County public defender, pleaded guilty to promoting prison contraband and criminal facilitation.[41] She was sentenced to two-and-a-third to seven years in prison, fined $6,375, and ordered to pay $79,841 in restitution.[42][43] Mitchell was granted parole and released from prison in February 2020.[44]

Gene Palmer pleaded guilty to promoting prison contraband, a felony, and was sentenced to 6 months in jail and fined $5,375.[45][46] He served four months and was released for good behavior.[46]

The Inspector General's report was released in June 2016 and found "that longstanding, systemic failures in management and oversight by DOCCS enabled two convicted murderers to meticulously orchestrate their escape from a maximum security facility almost in plain sight."[47] The report noted the failures of 20 individual correctional employees, both civilian and uniformed. Other than Palmer and Mitchell, no criminal charges were brought against any prison employee. One was demoted, two were suspended pending arbitration, nine returned to work after lesser penalties were applied, and the remainder retired or resigned before being punished. The report was highly critical of a lack of cooperation, and misleading and lying testimony by prison employees.[48]

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On February 10, 2016, Law and Order: Special Victims Unit aired an episode called "Nationwide Manhunt" that reflected and referenced the events that transpired with the Clinton Facility Escape.[49]

The escape was the subject of a television movie in 2017, New York Prison Break: The Seduction of Joyce Mitchell. Penelope Ann Miller starred as Joyce Mitchell, with Matt played by Myk Watford and Joe Anderson as Sweat. It was directed and written by Stephen Tolkin, and aired on the Lifetime Network.[50][51]

In 2018, the story of the escape was adapted into a seven-part television miniseries for Showtime, Escape at Dannemora, created and written by Brett Johnson and Michael Tolkin, directed by Ben Stiller and starring Benicio del Toro as Matt, Paul Dano as Sweat and Patricia Arquette as Mitchell.[52] Mitchell criticized the mini-series, which includes several prison sex scenes, for containing "lies" and denied having sexual relations with the two inmates.[53]

On December 15, 2018, Oxygen Network premiered a special entitled Dannemora Prison Break, which features Bryce Dallas Howard as the narrator.[54]

In 2021, the escape was featured in an episode of Great Escapes With Morgan Freeman on History Channel.[55]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b McKinley, Jesse; Southall, Ashley (7 June 2015). "With Power Tools and a Ruse, 2 Killers Flee New York Prison". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 7 January 2022.
  2. ^ a b Margolin, Josh; Katersky, Aaron; Shapiro, Emily. "Escaped New York Inmate Richard Matt Shot and Killed by Police, Officials Say". ABC News. Retrieved 26 June 2015.
  3. ^ a b Feyerick, Deborah; Field, Alexandra; Ford, Dana (2015-06-28). "David Sweat shot and captured alive after New York manhunt". CNN. Retrieved 2016-02-10.
  4. ^ a b c d e Kleinfield, Nathan R. (June 12, 2015). "Broken Boys, Thieves, Killers, and Now Escapees". New York Times. Archived from the original on 6 January 2022. Retrieved February 20, 2021.
  5. ^ Swift, Tim (June 26, 2015). "Who are US fugitives Richard Matt and David Sweat?". BBC. Retrieved March 9, 2021.
  6. ^ a b "David Sweat's brutal path to prison". Press Connects. June 10, 2015. Retrieved February 20, 2021.
  7. ^ Pai, Akshay (November 26, 2018). "'Escape at Dannemora': Showtime series can't hide behind the brutal truth of the monstrous cop-killer David Sweat". meaww. Retrieved March 6, 2021.
  8. ^ Berlinger, Joshua (June 30, 2015). "New York prison break timeline". CNN. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
  9. ^ Genis, Daniel (9 June 2015). "New York State's Scariest Prison". Vice. Retrieved 10 June 2015.
  10. ^ Philly (15 June 2015). "Prosecutor: Escapees were patient with tools".
  11. ^ Shapiro, Emily; Keneally, Meghan (8 June 2015). "NY Prison Break and How It Compares to 'Shawshank Redemption". ABC News.
  12. ^ Ahmed, Saeed (June 8, 2015). "Source: Employee questioned in New York prison escape". CNN. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  13. ^ "Investigators believe prison employee was in on N.Y. escape plot". Chicago Tribune. 11 June 2015.
  14. ^ Esposito, Richard; Fieldstadt, Elisha (11 June 2015). "Prison Worker Joyce Mitchell Being Questioned in Connection With Brazen Escape". NBC News.
  15. ^ "Guard Gene Palmer charged with helping killers escape N.Y. prison". CBS News. June 25, 2015. Retrieved June 27, 2015.
  16. ^ Craig, Susanne; Rashbaum, William K.; Mueller, Benjamin (June 25, 2015). "New York Prison Escapee Traded Art for Favors From a Guard". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 8 April 2023. Retrieved June 27, 2015.
  17. ^ Lind, Dara (August 12, 2015). "Guards allegedly responded to the New York prison escape by beating other inmates". Vox. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
  18. ^ Botelho, Greg; Prokupecz, Shimon; Yan, Holly (9 June 2015). "Authorities search farms, fields for signs of New York escaped killers". CNN. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  19. ^ "Manhunt for Two Escaped Killers Expands to Vermont". wsj.com. 11 June 2015.
  20. ^ King, Robin Levinson (2015-06-10). "NY governor says escaped convicts are likely to kill again". The Star. Retrieved 2023-06-06.
  21. ^ Krieg, Felicia; Clermont, Lois; LoTemplio, Joe (2015-06-11). "Police: Every lead will be exhausted". Press-Republican. Retrieved 2023-06-06.
  22. ^ Kaye, Randi; Almasy, Steve; Botelho, Greg (2015-06-11). "New York prison break: Dogs pick up escapees' scent about mile from prison". CNN. Retrieved 2023-06-06.
  23. ^ "Swampy area in upstate New York town focus of hunt for escaped killers". Fox News. Retrieved 2023-06-06.
  24. ^ McKinley, Jesse; Rashbaum, William K. (2015-06-11). "Authorities Hunting for 2 Escapees Focus on 5-Square-Mile Area Near Prison". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 16 June 2022. Retrieved 2023-06-06.
  25. ^ De Avila, Joseph; Bellini, Jason (2015-06-11). "Earlier Investigation Focused on Alleged Relationship Between Female Prison Worker and Escaped Killer". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2023-06-06.
  26. ^ Good, Dan; Keneally, Meghan (12 June 2015). "NY Prison Escape: Gas Station the Latest Focus of Hunt for Convicts". ABC News.
  27. ^ Sanchez, Ray; Botelho, Greg; Karimi, Faith (12 June 2015). "Source: New York prison employee in custody, to be arraigned". CNN.
  28. ^ Susman, Tina (12 June 2015). "Woman suspected of aiding escapees pleads not guilty to charges". Los Angeles Times.
  29. ^ Helsel, Phil (13 June 2015). "Police Tell Escaped New York Killers: 'We're Coming for You'". NBC News.
  30. ^ Katersky, Aaron; Tan, Avianne; Chiu, David (20 June 2015). "New York Police Search Allegany County for Possible Sighting of 2 Escaped Convicts". ABC News. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  31. ^ Katersky, Aaron; Margolin, Josh; Shapiro, Emily (22 June 2015). "NY Prison Escape: Prison-Issue Underwear Recovered at Upstate Cabin". ABC News. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
  32. ^ Schwirtz, Michael; Winerip, Michael (12 August 2015). "After 2 Killers Fled, New York Prisoners Say, Beatings Were Next". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 5 February 2023.
  33. ^ Katersky, Aaron (August 15, 2015). "NY Prison Escape: Manhunt Cost the State $1 Million a Day, Records Show". ABC News.
  34. ^ a b Shapiro, Emily (2015-06-30). "David Sweat Claims He Practiced Escape and Was Almost Caught Twice During 3-Week Manhunt". ABC News. Retrieved 2016-02-10.
  35. ^ Karimi, Faith; Prokupecz, Shimon; Shoichet, Catherine E. (June 15, 2015). "New York prison break: 9 days later, convicted killers still out there". CNN.
  36. ^ "Prosecutor: Worker discussed hiring inmates to kill husband". msn.com. Associated Press. 17 June 2015.
  37. ^ Fantz, Ashley (2015-07-29). "Ex-prison worker Joyce Mitchell's confession: Sex, a painting and a plan". CNN. Retrieved 2015-09-20.
  38. ^ Chuck, Elizabeth (13 November 2015). "David Sweat, New York Prison Escapee, Pleads Guilty to All Charges". NBC News. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
  39. ^ Siemaszko, Corky (3 February 2016). "David Sweat, Prison Escape Mastermind, Sentenced for Breakout". NBC News. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
  40. ^ Alsharif, Mirna; Hanna, Jason (19 April 2022). "Inmate David Sweat stages a hunger strike, and a court authorizes state to force-feed him". CNN. Retrieved 2022-05-09.
  41. ^ Winter, Tom; Connor, Tracy (28 July 2015). "Prison Seamstress Joyce Mitchell Pleads Guilty in Escape". NBC News. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
  42. ^ Morganstein, Mark (28 September 2015). "Joyce Mitchell, who aided prison break, going to prison herself". CNN. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
  43. ^ Denyer, Lee Anne (7 November 2015). "Joyce Mitchell to pay $80,000 in restitution". WPTZ. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
  44. ^ Hogan, Bernadette; Golding, Bruce (2020-02-06). "'Shawskank' Joyce Mitchell, who aided escape from Dannemora prison, released on parole". New York Post. Retrieved 2020-02-22.
  45. ^ "Prison Guard Involved in Dannemora Escape Gets 6 Months in Jail". New York Times. 29 February 2016. Archived from the original on 16 June 2022. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
  46. ^ a b Strzepa, Liz; Evans, Brad (Jul 25, 2016). "Former Corrections Officer Gene Palmer released from jail". mynbc5. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
  47. ^ Scott, Catherine Leahy. "Investigation of the June 5, 2015 Escape of Inmates David Sweat and Richard Matt from Clinton Correctional Facility" (PDF). State of New York Office of the Inspector General. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 January 2019. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
  48. ^ Winerip, Michael; Schwirtz, Michael (23 June 2016). "20 Corrections Workers Are Faulted in Killers' Escape. 9 Remain on the Job". New York Times. Archived from the original on 21 November 2018. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
  49. ^ Stanhope, Kate (February 10, 2016). "'Law & Order: SVU': How Nixed Four-Show Crossover Led to Greg Yates' Return". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on March 16, 2016. Retrieved March 14, 2016.
  50. ^ "About New York Prison Break: The Seduction of Joyce Mitchell, Lifetime". Lifetime.
  51. ^ Hammer, Mike (22 April 2017). "Joyce Mitchell, jail worker duped in 2015 upstate New York prison break, gets Lifetime movie". New York Daily News.
  52. ^ Sepinwall, Alan (14 November 2018). "'Escape at Dannemora' Review: Del Toro, Dano Pros at Playing Cons". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 15 November 2018.
  53. ^ Herbert, Geoff (2018-12-24). "Joyce Mitchell calls Ben Stiller a 'SOB liar' over 'Dannemora' TV show". syracuse. Retrieved 2020-02-22.
  54. ^ "Preview Oxygen's New Special 'Dannemora Prison Break'". Oxygen. 6 December 2018. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
  55. ^ Anderson, John (2021-11-03). "'Great Escapes With Morgan Freeman' Review: Breakout Performances". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2021-12-08.
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