The Danube Delta (Romanian: Delta Dunării, pronounced [ˈdelta ˈdunərij] ; Ukrainian: Дельта Дунаю, romanized: Del'ta Dunaju, pronounced [delʲˈtɑ dʊnɐˈju]) is the second largest river delta in Europe, after the Volga Delta, and is the best preserved on the continent.[2] Occurring where the Danube River empties into the Black Sea, most of the Danube Delta lies in Romania (Tulcea County), with a small part located in Ukraine (Odesa Oblast).[3][4] Its approximate surface area is 4,152 square kilometres (1,603 square miles), of which 3,446 km2 (1,331 sq mi) is in Romania. With the lagoons of Razim–Sinoe (1,015 km2 or 392 sq mi with 865 km2 or 334 sq mi water surface), located south of the main delta, the total area of the Danube Delta is 5,165 km2 (1,994 sq mi). The Razim–Sinoe lagoon complex is geologically and ecologically related to the delta proper; the combined territory is listed as a World Heritage Site.
| UNESCO World Heritage Site | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Location | Tulcea County, Romania and Odesa Oblast, Ukraine |
| Criteria | Natural: vii, x |
| Reference | 588 |
| Inscription | 1991 (15th Session) |
| Area | 312,440 ha |
| Coordinates | 45°12′N 29°30′E / 45.200°N 29.500°E |
| Designated | 21 May 1991 |
| Reference no. | 521[1] |
  Location of Danube Delta in Romania | |
Geography and geology
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The modern Danube Delta began to form after 4000 BC in a bay of the Black Sea when the sea rose to its present level. A sandy barrier blocked the Danube bay where the river initially built its delta. Upon filling the bay with sediment, the delta advanced outside this barrier-blocked estuary after 3500 BC, building several successive lobes:[5] the St. George I (3500–1600 BC), the Sulina (1600–0 BC), the St. George II (0 BC–present) and the Chilia or Kilia (1600 AD–present). Several other internal lobes were constructed in the lakes and lagoons bordering the Danube Delta to the north (Chilia I and II) and toward the south (Dunavatz).[6] Much of the alluvium in the delta and major expansion of its surface area in the form of lobes resulted from soil erosion associated with human clearing of forests in the Danube basin during the 1st and 2nd millennium.[7][6] Geologist Liviu Giosan told The New York Times:
Probably 40 percent of the Delta was built in the last 1000 years. Finding that was like a eureka moment.[7]
At present, the delta suffers from a large sediment deficit, after the construction of dams on the Danube and its tributaries in the later half of the 20th century. However, construction of a dense network of shallow channels in the delta over the same period, a sedimentation enhancing strategy, attenuated the deficit on the delta plain but increased erosion along the coast[8][9] The Danube Delta is a low alluvial plain, mostly covered by wetlands and water. It consists of an intricate pattern of marshes, channels, streamlets and lakes. The average altitude is 0.52 m, with 20% of the territory below sea level, and more than half not exceeding one meter in altitude. Dunes on the most extensive strand plains of the delta (Letea and Caraorman strand plains) stand higher (12.4 m and 7 m respectively). The largest lakes are lakes Dranov (21.7km2), Roșu (14.5km2) and Gorgova (13.8km2).
Distributaries of the Danube
editThe Danube branches into three main distributaries into the delta, Chilia, Sulina, and Sfântul Gheorghe (Saint George). The last two branches form the Tulcea channel, which continues as a single body for several kilometers after the separation from the Chilia. At the mouths of each channel gradual formation of new land takes place, as the delta continues to expand.
| Danube arm | Length (km) | Flow (m3/s) (1921–1990) |
|---|---|---|
| Chilia | 120 | 3800 |
| Sulina | 64 | 1250 |
| Sfântu Gheorghe
(Saint George) |
70 | 1500 |
Chilia, in the north, the longest, youngest, and most vigorous, with two secondary internal deltas and one microdelta in full process of formation at its mouth (to Ukraine).
Sulina, the central and thus the shortest arm, which consequently led to its extensive use for traffic and severe transformation. At its mouth is located the main port and a single settlement with urban characteristics of the Romanian part of the delta. Because of the alluvium deposited at its mouth, a channel gradually advancing into the sea (presently it has 10km) was built in order to protect navigation.
Sfântul Gheorghe (Saint George in English), in the south, is the oldest and most sparsely populated. Its alluvium has led to the creation, beginning in 1897, of the Sacalin Islands, which today measures 19km in length.
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Climate
editThe Danube Delta is considred to be among Romania's sunniest and driest regions.[10] The mean annual temperature is 11°C (−1°C in January and 22 °C in July), with mean precipitation between 400mm/year and 300mm/year.
Main ecosystems
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The Danube Delta falls within the Pannonian steppe ecosystem of eastern Europe, with Mediterranean influences. As a young region in full process of consolidation, the Danube Delta represents a very favourable place for the development of highly diverse flora and fauna, unique[clarification needed] in Europe, with numerous rare species. It hosts 23 natural ecosystems, but due to the extent of wetlands an aquatic environment is prevalent; a terrestrial environment is also present on the higher grounds of the continental levees, where xerophile ecosystems have developed. Between the aquatic and terrestrial environments is interposed a swampy, easily flooded strip of original flora and fauna, with means of adaptation to water or land, depending on the season or hydrological regime. At the contact between freshwater and sea water, some special physical, chemical and biological processes take place, which have led biologists to consider this area as a very different ecosystem called beforedelta. Musura Gulf, north of Sulina, and Saint George Gulf are considered the most representative of this type of ecosystem.
Situated on major migratory routes, and providing adequate conditions for nesting and hatching, the Danube Delta is a magnet for birds from six major ecoregions of the world, including the Mongolian, Arctic and Siberian. There are over 320 species of birds found in the delta during summer,[11] of which 166 are hatching species and 159 are migratory. Over one million individual birds (including swans, ducks, and coots) winter here.
Ecosystem of running water
editThis comprises the arms of the Danube, and a series of its more important streamlets and channels. It is an environment rich in plankton, worms, molluscs, grubs, and sponges, with numerous species of fish, such as the carp, pike, pike perch, sheat-fish, and freshwater sturgeons (sterlet, Vyza[check spelling] and Danube mackerel[check spelling]).
Ecosystem of stagnant water
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This environment includes the lakes, and various ponds, streamlets and channels. It is characterized by a rich floating and submerse flora (Myriophyllum, Ceratophyllum, Vallisneria, under the water; Nymphaea alba, Nuphar lutea, Trapa natans, Alisma plantago, floating plants with roots near the lakes' borders; and Salvinia natans, Stratiotes aloides, Spirogyra, floating plants without roots, having negative effect for aquatic bioproductivity). Of the fish, the most important are Tench (Tinca tinca), common bream (Abramis brama), common rudd (Scardinius erythropthalmus), Prussian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio), wels catfish (Silurus glanis), European perch (Perca fluviatilis), and northern pike (Esox lucius).
Ecosystem of marshy and flooding areas
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Reed plants and floating reed islands (called plaur in Romania) are the most common and well-known components of the Danube Delta. Vegetation of this ecosystem consists of the common reed (Phragmites communis) and, on near river banks, mace reed/cattail (Typha latifolia, Typha angustifolia), sedge (Carex dioica, Carex stricta), Dutch rush (Scirpus radicans, Schoenoplectus lacustris), and brook mint (Mentha aquatica). They provide ideal spawning and nesting grounds. The plaur are a mixture of reed roots, grass and soil, usually floating or anchored to the riverbed. As a rule, the reed surrounds the lakes and ponds, and slowly invades the water surface.
This type of ecosystem is noted for its variety and large population of birds, some of them are very rare. The most important are the tufted duck (Aythya fuligula), red-crested pochard (Netta rufina), mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), greylag goose (Anser anser), pygmy cormorant (Microcarbo pygmeus), purple heron (Ardea purpurea), great white egret (Egretta alba), little egret (Egretta garzetta), Eurasian spoonbill(Platalea leucorodia), great white pelican (Pelecanus onocrotalus), Dalmatian pelican (Pelecanus crispus), mute swan (Cygnus olor), and glossy ibis (Plegadis falcinellus). A recent and welcomed newcomer is the pheasant (Phasianus colchicus).
Among the mammals, there is the Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra), European mink (Mustela lutreola), little ermine (Mustela erminea aestiva), wild boar (Sus scrofa), and wild cat (Felis silvestris), in winter the European hare (Lepus europaeus) and, on the brink of disappearing from the delta, the wolf and the fox. During the Middle Ages, the Caspian tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) was a resident across the steppes of Ukraine, including Danube Delta, and once, they were hunted to extinction and they're extirpated. The East Asian raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides), bizam/introduced muskrat (Ondatra zibethica), and to some extent South American nutria (Myocastor coypus), are recent species that have successfully adapted.
River bank and levee ecosystems
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The firm land of the delta used to be covered with large groves of willow trees, which have been cut down almost entirely and replaced with Canadian poplars. On the river banks kept in their natural state, small groves of willow trees (Salix alba, Salix fragilis, Salix purpurea, Salix pentandra, and Salix triandra) can still be found, mixed with white poplar (Populus alba). Occasionally, the willow trees form corridors along the arms and bigger channels of the Danube. On the levees of Letea and Caraorman, mixed forests of oaks (Quercus robur, and Quercus pedunculiflora) with various other trees (Fraxinus pallisiae, Ulmus foliaceae, Populus tremula), shrubs (Prunus spinosa, Crataegus monogyna, Rosa canina, and Berberis vulgaris, among others), and vines (Vitis sylvestris, Hedera helix, Humulus lupulus, Periploca graeca, which reaches up to 25m) grow on sand dune areas. On the Letea levee, these exotic-looking forests grow especially in the depressions between the sand dunes, in small groves called hasmace. Fauna of this region include the meadow viper (Vipera ursinii), osprey (Pandion haliaetus), and Eurasian eagle owl (Bubo bubo).
Inhabitants
editThis article needs additional citations for verification. (August 2024) |
With an average population density of 2 people per km2, the Danube Delta is one of the least inhabited regions of temperate Europe.[12] On the Romanian side live about 20,000 people, of whom 4,600 live in the port of Sulina.[citation needed]. The rest of the population is scattered among 27 villages, of which only three, all situated marginally, had more than 500 people in 2002.[citation needed] The city of Tulcea, at the western edge of the delta, has a population of 92,000 (in 2002); it represents the node of the region and the gate to the delta.[12]
Its acute isolation and harsh conditions of living, based mainly on subsistence, made the Danube Delta a place of emigration, or transit at least. Very few of those born in the region stay there through adulthood; at the same time, the origins of its inhabitants vary widely, as people from many parts of Romania can be found in the delta. The total population has remained more or less constant throughout the 20th century; there were 12,000 inhabitants in the 1890s, and 14,000 before the Second World War.[citation needed] Romanians account for approximately 80% of the population, and Ukrainians for 10%. Other people living in the delta include ethnic minorities such as Greeks, Turks and Bulgarians (in 1992). Distinctive to the region, but very rare as an ethnic entity, are the Lipovans, descendants of the Orthodox Old Rite followers who fled from religious persecution in Russia during the 18th century.
On the Ukrainian side, located at the northern edge of the delta, the town of Izmail has a population of 85,000, Kiliya a population of 21,800, and Vilkovo, the main center of the Lipovan community, a population of 9,300.
History
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Recorded history notes that the Dacians lived in the Danube Delta before it was conquered by the Romans. After later invasion by the Goths, the region changed hands many times. During the 15th century, the Danube Delta became part of the Ottoman Empire. In 1812, following the Russo-Turkish War, the borders of the Ottoman and Russian Empires were set by the Kilia and Old Stambul Channels of the Danube, and in 1829 by the St George Channel. The Treaty of Paris of 1856, which ended the Crimean War, assigned the Danube Delta to the Ottoman Empire and established an international commission which undertook a series of works to help navigation. In 1878, following the defeat of Ottoman Empire by Russia and Romania, the border between the two countries was set by the Kilia and Old Stambul Channels.
In 1991, the Romanian part of the Danube Delta became part of UNESCO's list of World Heritage Sites. Around 2,733km2 of the delta are strictly protected areas.
In 1998, under UNESCO's Programme on Man and the Biosphere, the 6,264.03km2 of the Danube Delta were established as a biosphere reserve, shared by Romania and Ukraine.
Historically, in Romania, part of the Danube Delta was marked as a reserve in 1938.
In Ukraine, the Danube branch of the Black Sea State Reserve was established in 1973. In 1981, it was reorganized into the Natural Reserve "Danube Fluxes", and in 1998, it was extended into the Danube biosphere reserve.
Environmental issues
editThis section needs additional citations for verification. (August 2018) |
Large-scale works began in the Danube Delta as early as the second half of the 19th century.[13] First corrections of the Sulina arm began in 1862, and they continued throughout the 20th century. As a result, the length of the Sulina arm was reduced from 92 to 64 km, and its flow more than doubled, thus making it suitable for large-vessel navigation. Correcting the six large meanders on its course thereby reduced the length of the Sfântu Gheorghe branch from 108 to 70km, and its flow also increased somewhat. Both these increases were made to the detriment of the Chilia arm, which at present remains the most unspoiled arm of the main three. These corrections, as well as the digging of various secondary channels throughout the body of the delta, have had a serious impact on the ecosystem. Natural environments have been altered, the breeding pattern of fish has been disrupted, and the flows in the main arms have increased, with serious consequences regarding the discharge of alluvia and the erosion of banks.
Reed was intensively harvested during the Communist era. The regime had plans to transform the delta into a large agro-industrial zone. Although the first modern agricultural exploitation dates from 1939 (Ostrovul Tãtaru), only after 1960 were large areas drained and converted, to the detriment of the wetlands. In 1991, agricultural land in the delta surpassed 100,000 hectares, and more than a third of its surface has been affected by crop cultivation, forest plantation, or pisciculture (fish farming). As a result of these changes, along with the increasing pollution and eutrophication of the waters of the Danube, and decades of exploitation and poor fishing regulations, the fish population has been visibly reduced.
In 2004, Ukraine inaugurated work on the Bistroe Channel that would provide an additional navigable link from the Black Sea to the populous Ukrainian section of the Danube Delta. However, because of the negative impact which this new channel might have on the fragile ecosystem of the delta, the European Union advised Ukraine to shut down the works. Romanian officials threatened to sue Ukraine at the International Court of Justice. Under the presidency of Kuchma, Ukraine had responded that Romania was only afraid of the competition that the new channel would bring, and continued working on the channel. Under the presidency of Yuschenko, who visited Romania in 2005, both sides agree that professionals should decide the fate of the channel. In the long run, Ukraine plans to build a navigation channel, if not through Bistroe Channel, then through another channel.
Gallery
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Sulina – 1870 lighthouse -
The natural reservations of the Danube delta (red: in Ukraine; yellow/red: in Romania) -
Territorial losses of Romania in the Danube delta since 1948 -
Dyked and dried areas in the communist time -
Reeds growing in the Danube Delta
See also
edit| Geography of Romania |
| Topography |
| Hydrography |
| Climate |
- Birds of the Danube Delta
- Danube Delta horse
- Danube–Black Sea Canal
- History of Dobruja
- List of World Heritage Sites in Romania
- Tourism in Romania
- Seven Natural Wonders of Romania
A series of articles on control of the Danube, in chronological order
- Internationalization of the Danube River, for events from earliest times to the Treaty of Paris in 1856
- Commissions of the Danube River, for the international body governing the waterway from 1856 to 1940
- Nazi rule over the Danube River, for events during World War II
- Danube River Conference of 1948
- International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River, for the organization established in 1998 and charged with environmental and ecological activities
References
edit- ^ "Danube Delta". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Archived from the original on 8 April 2022. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
- ^ "Danube Delta – UNESCO World Heritage Centre". Archived from the original on 2008-01-27. Retrieved 2019-12-26.
- ^ Biosphere Reserves in Ukraine, UNESCO. [Retrieved 2 June 2019].
- ^ Biosphere Reserves: Danube Delta, UNESCO. [Retrieved 2 June 2019].
- ^ Giosan, Liviu; Donnelly, Jeffrey P.; Constantinescu, Stefan; Filip, Florin; Ovejanu, Ionut; Vespremeanu-Stroe, Alfred; Vespremeanu, Emil; Duller, Geoff A.T. (2006). "Young Danube delta documents stable Black Sea level since the middle Holocene: Morphodynamic, paleogeographic, and archaeological implications". Geology. 34 (9): 757–760. Bibcode:2006Geo....34..757G. doi:10.1130/G22587.1.
- ^ a b Liviu Giosan; Marco J. L. Coolen; Jed O. Kaplan; Stefan Constantinescu; Florin Filip; Mariana Filipova-Marinova; Albert J. Kettner; Nick Thom (30 August 2012). "Early Anthropogenic Transformation of the Danube-Black Sea System". Scientific Reports. 2 (article number 582): 582. Bibcode:2012NatSR...2..582G. doi:10.1038/srep00582. PMC 3430877. PMID 22937219.
Sediment loads delivered by Danube River, the main tributary of the Black Sea, significantly increased as land use intensified in the last two millennia, which led to a rapid expansion of its delta.
- ^ a b Rachel Newer (14 September 2012). "Comments From Ancient Deforestation, a Delta Is Born". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 May 2021. Retrieved 17 September 2012.
- ^ Giosan, Liviu; Constantinescu, Stefan; Filip, Florin; Deng, Bing (2013). "Maintenance of large deltas through channelization: Nature vs. humans in the Danube delta". Anthropocene. 1: 35–45. Bibcode:2013Anthr...1...35G. doi:10.1016/j.ancene.2013.09.001.
- ^ "Study Offers Economical Solutions for Maintaining Critical Delta Environments". Retrieved 10 June 2021.
- ^ Pont, Ulrich (2021). "Thermal Performance Analysis of Vernacular Houses in the Danube Delta" (PDF). Teschnische Universität Wien. Retrieved 24 November 2024.
- ^ "Danube Delta – UNESCO World Heritage Centre". Archived from the original on 2019-05-10. Retrieved 2019-12-26.
- ^ a b "The Danube Delta – Halmyris". www.halmyris.org. Archived from the original on 9 July 2018. Retrieved 18 December 2017.
- ^ Iordachi, Constantin, Van Assche, Kristof (2014) The Bio-Politics of the Danube Delta. Lexington Books Archived 2015-04-10 at the Wayback Machine. ISBN 978-0-7391-9514-7
External links
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- Danube Delta Archived 20 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine - Danube Delta map, travel, photos, videos and reviews in Danube Delta Romania
- UNESCO Danube Delta World Heritage Site