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Dancing plague of 1518

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The dancing plague of 1518, or dance epidemic of 1518 (French: Épidémie dansante de 1518), was a case of dancing mania that occurred in Strasbourg, Alsace (modern-day France), in the Holy Roman Empire from July 1518 to September 1518. Somewhere between 50 and 400 people took to dancing for weeks. There are many theories behind the phenomenon, the most popular being stress-induced mass hysteria, suggested by John Waller.[1][2] Other theories include ergot and religious explanations. There is controversy concerning the number of deaths.[3]

Engraving by Hendrik Hondius portraying three people affected by the plague. Work based on original drawing by Pieter Brueghel.

History

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Events

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The outbreak began in July 1518 when a woman called Frau Troffea began to dance fervently and uncontrollably in a street in Strasbourg. According to Ned Pennant-Rea, "Frau Troffea had started dancing on July 14th on the narrow cobbled street outside her half-timbered home. As far as we can tell she had no musical accompaniment but simply 'began to dance' ... some of those who had witnessed her strange performance had begun to mimic her, and within days more than thirty choreomaniacs were in motion, some so monomaniacally that only death would have the power to intervene."[3][1] Troffea kept up the constant dancing for a week. Soon, three dozen others joined in.[4] By August, the "dancing plague" had claimed 400 victims.[4] Dancers were beginning to collapse. It is said some even died from a stroke or heart attack.[4] The victim’s movements were described as spasmatic with many convulsions and their bodies were left drenched in sweat. Their arms would thrash violently and some noted that their eyes were vacant and expressionless. Blood would pool into their swollen feet and they would eventually bleed into their shoes. Often, there would also be cries for help from the affected. If the victims did not succumb to a heart attack, they would collapse from extreme exhaustion, hunger, and thirst. There were as many as 15 deaths per day during the outbreak’s peak, but the final number of fatalities is unknown today.[5] No one knew what caused this reaction, which meant no one understood how to remedy it. By early September, the outbreak began to subside,[6] when the dancers were sent to a mountain shrine to pray for absolution.[4]

Historical documents, including "physician notes, cathedral sermons, local and regional chronicles, and even notes issued by the Strasbourg city council" are clear that the victims danced;[1] it is not known why. Historical sources agree that there was an outbreak of dancing after a single woman started dancing,[7] and the dancing did not seem to die down. It lasted for such a long time that it even attracted the attention of the authorities; until the council gave up authority to the physicians, who prescribed the afflicted to "dance themselves free of it."[3] There are claims that guild halls were refurbished to accommodate the dancing, as well as musicians and strong people to help keep those dealing with the dancing mania to stay upright.[3] This backfired, and the council was forced to ban public dancing as people danced in fear it was a punishment from Saint Vitus; and to be "free of sin" many joined in on the dancing epidemic.[3] When divine punishment or demonic possession initiated and sustained frenzied dancing, only those with divinely bestowed authority could restore the sinners to wholeness and to a right relationship with the divine.[8] The council went as far as to ban music, as well.[3] Those who danced were then ordered to go to the shrine of Saint Vitus, wore red shoes that were sprinkled with holy water and had painted crosses on the tops and soles.[3] They also had to hold small crosses in their hands; and incense and Latin incantations were part of this "ritual."[3] Apparently "forgiven by Vitus," word was spread of a successful ritual and the Dancing Plague had ended.[3]

Events similar to this are said to have occurred throughout the medieval age including 11th century in Kölbigk, Saxony, where it was believed to be the result of divine judgment.[9] In 15th century Apulia, Italy,[10] a woman was bitten by a tarantula, the venom making her dance convulsively. The only way to cure the bite was to "shimmy" and to have the right sort of music available, which was an accepted remedy by scholars like Athanasius Kircher.[11]

Contemporaneous explanations included demonic possession and overheated blood.[6]

Veracity of deaths

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Controversy exists over whether people ultimately danced to death. Some sources claim that for a period the plague killed around fifteen people per day,[2] but the sources of the city of Strasbourg at the time of the events did not mention the number of deaths, or even if there were fatalities. There do not appear to be any sources related to the events that make note of any fatalities.[12] Ned Pennant-Rea also claims that the final death toll is not known, but if the claims of fifteen people dying per day were true then the toll could be "into the hundreds".[3]

The main source for the claim is John Waller, who has written several journal articles on the subject and the book A Time to Dance, a Time to Die: The Extraordinary Story of the Dancing Plague of 1518. The sources cited by Waller that mention deaths were all from later accounts of the events. There is also uncertainty around the identity of the initial dancer (either an unnamed woman or "Frau Troffea") and the number of dancers involved (somewhere between 50 and 400). Of the six chronicle accounts, four support Lady Troffea as the first dancer.[9]

Modern theories

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Food poisoning

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Some believe[6] the dancing could have been brought on by food poisoning caused by the toxic and psychoactive chemical products of ergot fungi (ergotism), which grows commonly on grains (such as rye) used for baking bread. Ergotamine is the main psychoactive product of ergot fungi; it is structurally related to the drug lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25) and is the substance from which LSD-25 was originally synthesized. The same fungus has also been implicated in other major historical anomalies, including the Salem witch trials.[13][14]

In The Lancet, John Waller argues that "this theory does not seem tenable, since it is unlikely that those poisoned by ergot could have danced for days at a time. Nor would so many people have reacted to its psychotropic chemicals in the same way. The ergotism theory also fails to explain why almost every outbreak occurred somewhere along the Rhine and Moselle rivers, areas linked by water but with quite different climates and crops."[2]

Stress-induced mass hysteria

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This could have been an example of fully developed cases of psychogenic movement disorder happening in mass hysteria or mass psychogenic illness, which involves many individuals suddenly exhibiting the same bizarre behavior. The behavior spreads rapidly and broadly in an epidemic pattern.[15] This kind of comportment could have been caused by elevated levels of psychological stress, caused by the ruthless years (even by the rough standards of the early modern period) the people of Alsace were suffering.[2]

Waller speculates that the dancing was "stress-induced psychosis" on a mass level, since the region where the people danced was riddled with starvation and disease, and the inhabitants tended to be superstitious. Seven other cases of dancing plague were reported in the same region during the medieval era.[1]

This psychogenic illness could have created a chorea (from the Greek khoreia meaning "to dance"), a situation comprising random and intricate unintentional movements that flit from body part to body part. Diverse choreas (St. Vitus' dance, St. John's dance, and tarantism) were labeled in the Middle Ages referring to the independent epidemics of "dancing mania" that happened in central Europe, particularly at the time of the plague.[16][17][18]

Pop culture and media

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The event inspired Jonathan Glazer's 2020 short film Strasbourg 1518.[19]

It was the inspiration behind the 2022 choral song "Choreomania" by Florence and the Machine. It was the third track on the album Dance Fever, which took its title from the song.[20][21]

The book series A Collection of Utter Speculation released a title The Dancing Plague: A Collection of Utter Speculation in 2022. It is a fictional account of the events that happened in Strasbourg.[22]

The event is referenced in the 2011 BBC Drama on 4 Radio Play "A Time to Dance", written by Julian Simpson, based on an original idea by Anita Simpson.

The event is referenced in the 2024 song "RATKING 1518", in both title and lyrics, created by rap duo Grim Salvo.[23][24]

The event is the subject of the song "Days of the Dance" by the folk band 3 Daft Monkeys.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d Viegas, Jennifer (August 1, 2008). "'Dancing Plague' and Other Odd Afflictions Explained : Discovery News". Archived from the original on October 13, 2012. Retrieved 2023-04-24.
  2. ^ a b c d Waller, John (February 2009). "A forgotten plague: making sense of dancing mania". The Lancet. 373 (9664): 624–625. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60386-X. PMID 19238695. S2CID 35094677.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Pennant-Rea, Ned (July 10, 2018). "The Dancing Plague of 1518". The Public Domain Review. Retrieved 2023-04-25.
  4. ^ a b c d Andrews, Evan (August 31, 2015). "What was the dancing plague of 1518?". HISTORY. A&E Television Networks. Retrieved 2023-05-02.
  5. ^ Waller, John (January 1, 2008). A Time to dance, a time to die: The extraordinary story of the dancing plague of 1518 (1 ed.). London, England: Icon. Retrieved 2023-10-20.
  6. ^ a b c Bauer, Patricia. "Dancing plague of 1518 | Facts & Theories | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2023-04-24.
  7. ^ Midelfort, H. C. Erik (1999). A History of Madness in Sixteenth-Century Germany. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-4169-9.
  8. ^ Miller, Lynneth J. (2017-11-01). "Divine Punishment or Disease? Medieval and Early Modern Approaches to the 1518 Strasbourg Dancing Plague". Dance Research. 35 (2): 149–164. doi:10.3366/drs.2017.0199. ISSN 0264-2875.
  9. ^ a b Miller, Lynneth J. (November 2017). "Divine Punishment or Disease? Medieval and Early Modern Approaches to the 1518 Strasbourg Dancing Plague". Dance Research. 35 (2): 149–164. doi:10.3366/drs.2017.0199. ISSN 0264-2875. JSTOR 90020124.
  10. ^ Soth, Amelia (2019-01-10). "When Dancing Plagues Struck Medieval Europe". JSTOR Daily. Retrieved 2023-04-25.
  11. ^ Gloyne, Howard F. (March 7, 1950). "Tarantism; mass hysterical reaction to spider bite in the Middle Ages". The American Imago; A Psychoanalytic Journal for the Arts and Sciences. 7 (1): 29–42. ISSN 0065-860X. JSTOR 26301236. PMID 15413592.
  12. ^ Clementz, Élisabeth (2016-10-01). "Waller (John), Les danseurs fous de Strasbourg. Une épidémie de transe collective en 1518". Revue d'Alsace (in French) (142): 451–453. doi:10.4000/alsace.2457. ISSN 0181-0448.
  13. ^ "The Witches Curse ~ Clues and Evidence | Secrets of the Dead | PBS". Secrets of the Dead. 2014-06-04. Retrieved 2023-04-25.
  14. ^ Fessenden, Maris (June 24, 2016). "A Strange Case of Dancing Mania Struck Germany Six Centuries Ago Today". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 2023-04-25.
  15. ^ Kaufman, David Myland; Milstein, Mark J (2013). Kaufman's clinical neurology for psychiatrists. Chapter 18: Involuntary Movement Disorders (Seventh ed.). London: Elsevier. pp. 397–453. ISBN 978-1-4557-4004-8. OCLC 830038162.
  16. ^ Cardoso, Francisco; Seppi, Klaus; Mair, Katherina J; Wenning, Gregor K; Poewe, Werner (July 2006). "Seminar on choreas". The Lancet Neurology. 5 (7): 589–602. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(06)70494-X. PMID 16781989. S2CID 41265524.
  17. ^ Winn, H. Richard (2017). Youmans and Winn neurological surgery: Clinical Overview of Movement Disorders (Seventh ed.). Philadelphia, PA. pp. 573–585.e7. ISBN 978-0-323-28782-1. OCLC 956520317.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  18. ^ Kaufman, David Myland; Geyer, Howard L.; Milstein, Mark J. (2017). Kaufman's clinical neurology for psychiatrists: Involuntary Movement Disorders (Eighth ed.). Elsevier. pp. 389–447. ISBN 978-0-323-46131-3. OCLC 962453512.
  19. ^ Crompton, Sarah (2020-07-19). "Strasbourg 1518: reliving a 16th-century 'dancing plague' in lockdown". The Guardian. Retrieved 2024-01-29.
  20. ^ Michel Martin; Kira Wakeam; Cat Sposato (15 May 2022). "On 'Dance Fever,' Florence + the Machine explores her fractured desires". NPR.
  21. ^ "Choreomania by Florence + the Machine - Songfacts".
  22. ^ Byrne, JD; Guilt, Elizabeth; Gregory, Joscelyn; Henley, Deborah; Loftus, C. Owen; Rossman, Jennifer Lee; Thurman, Allison; Updike, David L.; Wenzel, Romy Tara (October 2022). "The Dancing Plague is coming. A new Collection of Utter Speculation". LCW Allingham. Retrieved 2023-05-01.
  23. ^ "Grim Salvo - RATKING 1518 Lyrics".
  24. ^ "Grim Salvo - YouTube".

Bibliography

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Further reading

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