D2-MAC is a satellite television transmission standard, a member of Multiplexed Analogue Components family.[1][2] It was created to solve D-MAC's bandwidth usage by further reducing it, allowing usage of the system on cable and satellite broadcast.[3][4] It could carry four high quality (15 kHz bandwidth) sound channels[5] or eight lower quality audio channels.[6] It was adopted by Scandinavian, German and French satellite broadcasts (CNBC Europe, TV3 (Sweden), TV3 (Denmark), EuroSport, NRK 1, TV-Sat 2, TDF 1, TDF 2, etc.).[7][8][4][9][10][11] The system was used until July 2006 in Scandinavia and until the mid-1990s for German and French sound channels.
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Technical details
editMAC transmits luminance and chrominance data separately in time rather than separately in frequency (as other analog television formats do, such as composite video).
- Audio, in a format similar to NICAM was transmitted digitally rather than as an FM sub-carrier.
- The MAC standard included a standard scrambling system, EuroCrypt, a precursor to the standard DVB-CSA encryption system.
- D2-MAC uses half the data rate of D-MAC (10.125 Mbit/s)
- D2-MAC has a reduced vision bandwidth, about 1/2 that of D-MAC.
- D2-MAC retains most of the quality of a D-MAC signal—but consumes only 5 MHz of bandwidth.
History and politics
editMAC was developed by the UK's Independent Broadcasting Authority (IBA) and in 1982 was adopted as the transmission format for the UK's forthcoming direct broadcast satellite (DBS) television services (eventually provided by British Satellite Broadcasting).[12][13] The following year MAC was adopted by the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) as the standard for all DBS.[14]
By 1986, despite there being two standards, D-MAC and D2-MAC, favoured by different countries in Europe, an EU Directive imposed MAC on the national DBS broadcasters, to provide a stepping stone from analogue PAL and SECAM formats to the eventual high definition and digital television of the future, with European TV manufacturers in a privileged position to provide the equipment required.
However, the Astra satellite system was also starting up at this time (the first satellite, Astra 1A was launched in 1989) and that operated outside of the EU's MAC requirements, due to being a non-DBS satellite.[15][16] Despite further pressure from the EU (including a further Directive originally intended to make MAC provision compulsory in TV sets, and a subsidy to broadcasters to use the MAC format), most broadcasters outside Scandinavia preferred the lower cost of PAL transmission and receiving equipment.[17]
In the 2000s, the use of D-MAC and D2-MAC ceased when the satellite broadcasts of the channels concerned changed to DVB-S format.[18]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Government of Canada, Public Works and Government Services Canada (8 October 2009). "D2-MAC [1 record] - TERMIUM Plus® — Search - TERMIUM Plus®". www.btb.termiumplus.gc.ca.
- ^ "Glossary and acronyms". Europe's Information Society. 2006-02-09. Archived from the original on 2006-02-09. Retrieved 2023-03-19.
- ^ Buiting, J. (1990). "Introduction to Duobinary Encoding and Decoding" (PDF). Elektor Electronics. January 1990: 50–52.
- ^ a b fu, mali (1989-09-01). "D2-Mac ist kein Luxus-Whopper". Die Tageszeitung: taz (in German). p. 20. ISSN 0931-9085. Retrieved 2023-03-19.
- ^ RECOMMENDATION ITU-R BO.650-2 - Standards for conventional television systems for satellite broadcasting in the channels defined by Appendix 30 of the Radio Regulations (PDF). ITU. 1992. p. 5.
- ^ Buiting, J. (1990). "Introduction to Duobinary Encoding and Decoding" (PDF). Elektor Electronics. January 1990: 50–52.
- ^ "NORDIC SATELLITES : 5E - 1W". www.sat-net.com. 1998. Retrieved 2023-03-19.
- ^ "THE NORDEN SAT-TV FREQUENCIES". SAT-CODEZ. 1997. Retrieved 2023-03-19.
- ^ Vulser, Nicole; Marti, Régis (December 16, 1991). "TVHD: l'Allemagne tentée de lâcher la France sur le D2 MAC". Les Echos.
- ^ "Fast ein Geschenk". Der Spiegel (in German). 1990-10-28. ISSN 2195-1349. Retrieved 2023-03-19.
- ^ Fox, Barry (July 7, 1990). "Technology: Europe's high-definition TV catches the match". New Scientist.
- ^ Robson, T.S. (19 September 1982). "Why IBA says MAC for Europe". Electronics and Power. 28 (9): 578–580. doi:10.1049/ep.1982.0302 – via IEEE Xplore.
- ^ J.N., Slater (1991). Modern Television Systems : To HDTV and Beyond (PDF). p. 60. ISBN 0-203-26370-7.
- ^ Mertens, Henri; Wood, David (1 February 1986). "Standards proposed by the EBU for satellite broadcasting and cable distribution". Journal of the Institution of Electronic and Radio Engineers. 56 (2): 53–61. doi:10.1049/jiere.1986.0020 – via digital-library.theiet.org.
- ^ Kleinsteuber, Hans (2016-11-02). "New Media Technologies in Europe: the Politics of Satellite, HDTV and DAB". Irish Communication Review. 5 (1). doi:10.21427/D7FB12. ISSN 0791-0010.
- ^ Krieger, Jörn; Forrester, Chris (2011), Forrester, Chris (ed.), "07 Astra Cracks the German Market", High Above: The untold story of Astra, Europe's leading satellite company, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 100–107, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-12009-1_7, ISBN 978-3-642-12009-1, retrieved 2023-03-19
- ^ Pauchon, B. (1992). "Analogue HDTV In Europe - What are the key issues with analogue HDTV/EDTV systems ?" (PDF). EBU Technical Review. Autumn 1992: 7.
- ^ High Above Broadgate Publications (April, 2010).
External links
edit- Multiplexed Analogue Components in "Analog TV Broadcast Systems" by Paul Schlyter
- Example of a raw D2-MAC transmission being received