Wikipedia

Czechs

The Czechs (Czech: Češi, pronounced [ˈtʃɛʃɪ]; singular Czech, masculine: Čech [ˈtʃɛx] ⓘ, singular feminine: Češka [ˈtʃɛʃka]), or the Czech people (Český lid), are a West Slavic ethnic group and a nation native to the Czech Republic[18] in Central Europe, who share a common ancestry, culture, history, and the Czech language.

Czechs
Czech: Češi
Total population
c. 10–12 million
(including Moravians and Czech Silesians)
Regions with significant populations
 Czech Republic  
6,732,104[1][nb 1]–9,246,784[2]
Significant diasporic populations in:
 United States1,462,000[3]
 Germany603,000[4]
 Canada104,580[5]
 Slovakia45,711–89,000[6][7][4]
 Austria65,000[4]
 United Kingdom45,000[8]
 Argentina40,000[9]
 Australia23,000[10]
  Switzerland16,000[10]
 France15,000[11]
 Russia11,000[4]
 Italy11,000[4]
 Israel8,000[4]
 Brazil5,000[12]
 Romania2,477[13]
 Portugal736[14]
 South Korea518[15]
 Ukraine5,917-11,000
Languages
Czech
Religion
Traditionally Christian
(Majority Roman Catholic,[16] minority Protestant and Eastern Orthodox)
Predominantly irreligious
(particularly Atheist and Agnostic)[17]
Related ethnic groups
Other West Slavs
(Moravians, Chodové, Slovaks, Silesians and Sorbs)

Ethnic Czechs were called Bohemians in English until the early 20th century,[19] referring to the former name of their country, Bohemia, which in turn was adapted from the late Iron Age tribe of Celtic Boii. During the Migration Period, West Slavic tribes settled in the area, "assimilated the remaining Celtic and Germanic populations",[citation needed] and formed a principality in the 9th century, which was initially part of Great Moravia, in form of Duchy of Bohemia and later Kingdom of Bohemia, the predecessors of the modern republic.

The Czech diaspora is found in notable numbers in the United States, Germany, Canada, Slovakia, Austria, the United Kingdom, Argentina, Australia, Switzerland, France, Russia, Italy, Israel, Brazil, and Romania among others.

Ethnology

edit
See also: Name of the Czech Republic

The Czech ethnic group is part of the West Slavic subgroup of the larger Slavic ethno-linguistical group. The West Slavs have their origin in early Slavic tribes which settled in Central Europe after East Germanic tribes had left this area during the migration period.[20] The West Slavic tribe of Czechs settled in the area of Bohemia during the migration period, and assimilated the remaining Celtic and Germanic populations.[21] In the 9th century the Duchy of Bohemia, under the Přemyslid dynasty, was formed, which had been part of Great Moravia under Svatopluk I. According to mythology, the founding father of the Czech people was Forefather Čech, who according to legend brought the tribe of Czechs into its land.

The Czechs are closely related to the neighbouring Slovaks (with whom they constituted Czechoslovakia 1918–1939, 1945-1992). The Czech–Slovak languages form a dialect continuum rather than being two clearly distinct languages.[22] Czech cultural influence in Slovak culture is noted as having been much higher than the other way around.[23] Czech (Slavic) people have a long history of coexistence with the Germanic people. In the 17th century, German replaced Czech in central and local administration; upper classes in Bohemia and Moravia were Germanized, and espoused a political identity (Landespatriotismus), while Czech ethnic identity survived among the lower and lower-middle classes.[24] The Czech National Revival took place in the 18th and 19th centuries aiming to revive Czech language, culture and national identity. The Czechs were the initiators of Pan-Slavism.[25]

The Czech ethnonym (archaic Čechové) was the name of a Slavic tribe in central Bohemia that subdued the surrounding tribes in the late 9th century and created the Czech/Bohemian state. The origin of the name of the tribe itself is unknown. According to legend, it comes from their leader Čech, who brought them to Bohemia. The exact etymology of Čech is uncertain, with most common derivation relating it to the root čel- (member of the people, kinsman).[26][27][28][29] The Czech ethnonym was adopted by the Moravians in the 19th century.[30]

Genetics

edit
Further information: Genetic history of Europe
 
Distribution of populations in selected nations according to their Haplogroup frequencies, American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 2007[31]
  Czech samples
  German samples
  Polish samples
  Italian samples
  Balkan samples

Czechs, like most Europeans, largely descend from three distinct lineages:[32] Mesolithic hunter-gatherers, descended from a Cro-Magnon population that arrived in Europe about 45,000 years ago,[33] Neolithic farmers who migrated from Anatolia during the Neolithic Revolution 9,000 years ago,[34] and Yamnaya steppe pastoralists who expanded into Europe from the Pontic–Caspian steppe in the context of Indo-European migrations 5000 years ago.[32]

The population of the Czech lands has been influenced by different human migrations that wide-crossed Europe over time. In their Y-DNA haplogroups, which are inherited along the male line, Czechs have shown a mix of Eastern and Western European traits. Studies on 1750 and 257 samples found out frequenices of R1a (34.2-36.94%), R1b (24.78%-28.0%), I2 (11.3%), I1 (8.33%), E (5.1-6.63%), G (5.1%), J2 (3.5%), J1 (0-2%), and N (1.6%).[31][35][36] The haplogroup R1a is predominantly represented by its more Western Slavic clade R1a-M458 (>30%) as more Eastern Slavic clade R-M558 is in a small minority (<6%).[36][37] Based on haplotype similarity, Czechs are most similar to neighboring Slovaks, but although "a sharp genetic border was found between Poland and Germany, the frequency distribution of haplotypes in the Czech Republic and its neighbours resembles far more a smooth cline than a sharp border".[35][36] A mtDNA study of 179 individuals from Western Bohemia showed that 3% had East Eurasian lineages that perhaps entered the gene pool through admixture with Central Asian nomadic tribes in the early Middle Ages.[38]

History

edit
 
Duchy of Bohemia, the early form of the Czech state pictured in the 11th century within the Holy Roman Empire

The population of the Czech Republic descends from diverse peoples of Slavic, Celtic and Germanic origin.[39][21][40][41] Presence of West Slavs in the 6th century during the Migration Period has been documented on the Czech territory.[21] Slavs settled in Bohemia, Moravia and Austria sometime during the 6th or 7th centuries,[42] and "assimilated the remaining Celtic and Germanic populations".[21][43] According to a popular myth, the Slavs came with Forefather Čech who settled at the Říp Mountain.

During the 7th century, the Frankish merchant Samo, supporting the Slavs fighting against nearby settled Avars, became the ruler of the first known Slav state in Central Europe, Samo's Empire. The principality Great Moravia, controlled by the Moymir dynasty, arose in the 8th century and reached its zenith in the 9th (during the reign of Svatopluk I of Moravia) when it held off the influence of the Franks. Great Moravia was Christianized, the crucial role played Byzantine mission of Cyril and Methodius. The Duchy of Bohemia emerged in the late 9th century. In 880, Prague Castle was constructed by Prince Bořivoj, founder of the Přemyslid dynasty and the city of Prague was established. Vratislav II was the first Czech king in 1085 and the duchy was raised to a hereditary kingdom under Ottokar I in 1198.

The second half of the 13th century was a period of advancing German immigration into the Czech lands. The number of Czechs who have at least partly German ancestry today probably runs into hundreds of thousands.[44] The Habsburg Monarchy focused much of its power on religious wars against the Protestants. While these religious wars were taking place, the Czech estates revolted against Habsburg from 1546 to 1547 but were ultimately defeated.[45]

 
Czech traditional costumes

Defenestrations of Prague in 1618, signaled an open revolt by the Bohemian estates against the Habsburgs and started the Thirty Years' War. After the Battle of White Mountain in 1620, all Czech lands were declared hereditary property of the Habsburg family. The German language was made equal to the Czech language.

Czech patriotic authors tend to call the following period, from 1620 to 1648 until the late 18th century, the "Dark Age". It is characterized by devastation by foreign troops; Germanization; and economic and political decline. It is estimated that the population of the Czech lands declined by a third.[46]

The 18th and 19th century is characterized by the Czech National Revival, focusing to revive Czech culture and national identity.

Since the turn of the 20th century, Chicago is the city with the third largest Czech population, after Prague and Vienna.[47][48]

During World War I, Czechoslovak Legions fought in France, Italy and Russia against the Central Powers. In 1918 the independent state of Czechoslovakia was proclaimed. Czechs formed the leading class in the new state emerging from the remnants of the Austrian-Hungarian Monarchy.

After 1933, Czechoslovakia remained the only democracy in central and eastern Europe. However, in 1938 the Munich Agreement severed the Sudetenland, with a considerable Czech minority, from Czechoslovakia, and in 1939 the German Nazi regime established the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia for Resttschechei (the rump Czech state[49][50][51]). Emil Hácha became president of the protectorate under Nazi domination, which only allowed pro-Nazi Czech associations and tended to stress ties of the Czechs with the Bohemian Germans and other parts of the German people, in order to facilitate assimilation by Germanization. In Lidice, Ležáky and Javoříčko the Nazi authorities committed war crimes against the local Czech population. On 2 May 1945, the Prague Uprising reached its peak, supported by the Russian Liberation Army. The post-war expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia and the immediate reprisals against Germans and Nazi collaborators by Czech resistance and the Czechoslovak state authorities, made Czechs—especially in the early 1950s—settle alongside Slovaks and Romani people in the former lands of the Sudeten Germans, who had been deported to East Germany, West Germany and Austria according to the Potsdam Conference and Yalta Conference.

The Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968 was followed by a wave of emigration, unseen before and stopped shortly after in 1969 (estimate: 70,000 immediately, 300,000 in total),[52] typically of highly qualified people.

Tens of thousands of Czechs had repatriated from Volhynia and Banat after World War II. Since the 1990s, the Czech Republic has been working to repatriate Romania and Kazakhstan's ethnic Czechs.[53][54]

Following the Czech Republic's entry into the European Union in May 2004, Czechs gradually gained the right to work in EU countries without a work permit.[55]

Notable people

edit
 
Areas where Czech language is spoken
See also: List of Czechs

Historical figures

edit

The last five Přemyslids were kings: Ottokar I of Bohemia, Wenceslaus I of Bohemia, Ottokar II of Bohemia, Wenceslaus II of Bohemia and Wenceslaus III of Bohemia. The most successful and influential of all Czech kings was Charles IV, who also became the Holy Roman Emperor.[56] The Luxembourg dynasty represents the heights of Czech (Bohemian) statehood territorial and influence as well as advancement in many areas of human endeavors.[57]

Many people are considered national heroes and cultural icons, many national stories concern their lives. Jan Hus was a religious reformist from the 15th century and spiritual father of the Hussite Movement.[58] Jan Žižka and Prokop the Great were leaders of hussite army, George of Poděbrady was a hussite king. Albrecht von Wallenstein was a notable military leader during the Thirty Years' War. The teacher of nations Jan Amos Komenský is also considered a notable figure in Czech history.[59] Joseph Radetzky von Radetz was an Austrian general staff during the later period of the Napoleonic Wars. Josef Jungmann is often credited for expanding the modern Czech language, and preventing its extinction.[60] The most famous Czech historian was František Palacký, often called "father of nation".

Modern politicians

edit

One of the most notable figures are founders of Czechoslovakia, modern state of independence of Czech and Slovak nations, Presidents Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk and Edvard Beneš, who was also leader of exile government in World War II. Ludvík Svoboda was a head of the Czechoslovak military units on the Eastern Front during the World War II (later president of Czechoslovakia). The key figures of the Communist regime were Klement Gottwald, Antonín Zápotocký, Antonín Novotný (and Slovak Gustáv Husák), the most famous victims of this regime were Milada Horáková and Rudolf Slánský. Jan Palach committed self-immolation as a political protest against the end of the Prague Spring resulting from the 1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia by the Warsaw Pact armies.

Another notable politician after the fall of the communist regime is Václav Havel, last President of Czechoslovakia and first President of the Czech Republic.[61] The first directly elected president is Miloš Zeman.[62]

The Czech Republic has had multiple Prime Ministers the first of which was latter Presidents Václav Klaus and Miloš Zeman.[63] Another Prime Ministers of the Czech Republic were conservative politicians such as Mirek Topolánek, Petr Nečas and social democratic such as Vladimír Špidla, Jiří Paroubek, Bohuslav Sobotka.[64]

Diplomat Madeleine Albright was of Czech origin and spoke Czech. Other well-known Czech diplomats were Jan Masaryk or Jiří Dienstbier.

Science

edit

Czechs established themselves mainly in Biology, Chemistry, Philology and Egyptology.

Sports

edit

Sports have also been a contributor to famous Czechs especially tennis, football, hockey, and athletics:

The arts

edit

Music

edit
 
Bedřich Smetana Among his Friends, 1865; oil painting by František Dvořák

Czech music had its first significant pieces created in the 11th century.[68] The great progress of Czech artificial music began with the end of the Renaissance and the early Baroque era, concretely in works of Adam Václav Michna z Otradovic, where the specific character of Czech music was rising up by using the influence of genuine folk music. This tradition determined the development of Czech music and has remained the main sign in the works of great Czech composers of almost all eras – Jan Dismas Zelenka and Josef Mysliveček in Baroque, Bedřich Smetana and Antonín Dvořák in Romanticism, Leoš Janáček, Bohuslav Martinů and Josef Suk in modern classical or Petr Eben and Miloslav Kabeláč in contemporary classical music.

Czech musicians also played an important role in the development of European music. Jan Václav Antonín Stamic in 18th-century contributed to the creation of Classicism in music[69] by innovations of compositional forms and the founding of the Mannheim school. Similarly, Antonín Rejcha's experiments prefigured new compositional techniques in the 19th century.[70] The influence of Czech musicians expanded beyond the borders of the European continent, when Antonín Dvořák created a new American classical music style, using the richness of ethnic music of that country during his mission in the US. The contribution of Alois Hába to microtonal music in the 20th century must be also mentioned.

Czech music reached as far as Qing China. Karel Slavíček was a Jesuit missionary, scientist and sinologist who was introduced to the Kangxi Emperor on 3 February 1717, in Beijing. The emperor favored him and employed him as court musician. (Slavíček was a Spinet player).[71]

Some notable modern Czech musicians are US-based composer and guitarist Ivan Král, musician and composer Jan Hammer and the rock band The Plastic People of the Universe which played an important part in the underground movement during the communist regime.

The Czech Republic first entered the Eurovision Song Contest in 2007. Czech performer qualified for the grand final for the first time in 2016 when singer Gabriela Gunčíková finished in 25th place. In 2018 the singer Mikolas Josef reached the 6th place in the contest being the best result of the Czech Republic until today.

Other important names: Franz Benda, Rafael Kubelík, Jan Ladislav Dussek, Vítězslav Novák, Zdeněk Fibich, Jan Kubelík, Jiří Antonín Benda, Julius Fučík, Karel Svoboda, Karel Kryl, Václav Neumann, Václav Talich, František Xaver Richter, Jan Křtitel Vaňhal, Vojtěch Živný, Josef Bohuslav Foerster, Magdalena Kožená, Karel Ančerl, Ema Destinnová, Maria Jeritza, František Xaver Brixi, Jiří Bělohlávek, Oskar Nedbal, Karel Gott.[72]

Literature

edit

Jaroslav Seifert was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for his poetry.[65] Božena Němcová has become a cultural icon and gained much fame for her book Babička (The Grandmother).[73] Other important Czech writers include Milan Kundera, Karel Čapek, Jaroslav Hašek, Jan Neruda, Franz Kafka, Bohumil Hrabal, Viktor Dyk, Kosmas, Pavel Kohout, Alois Jirásek, Josef Škvorecký, Karel Jaromír Erben, Jiří Wolker, Karel Hynek Mácha, Vítězslav Nezval, Arnošt Lustig, Jaroslav Vrchlický, Karel Havlíček Borovský, Ivan Klíma, Egon Erwin Kisch, Vladimír Holan, Julius Zeyer or Svatopluk Čech. From contemporary Czech writers can be mentioned Jáchym Topol, Patrik Ouředník, Michal Viewegh or Daniela Hodrová. Important playwrights were Karel Čapek, František Langer or Josef Kajetán Tyl. Strong was also the theatrical avant-garde (Jan Werich, Jiří Voskovec, Emil František Burian). Known journalists were Julius Fučík, Milena Jesenská or Ferdinand Peroutka.

Visual arts

edit
 
The Slav Epic by Alfons Mucha

Mikoláš Aleš was a painter, known for redesigning the Prague National Theatre.[74] Alphonse Mucha was an influential artist in the Art Nouveau movement of the Edwardian period. František Kupka was a pioneer and co-founder of the abstract art movement. Other well-known painters are Josef Čapek, Josef Lada, Theodoric of Prague, Wenceslaus Hollar, Toyen, Jan Kupecký, Petr Brandl, Vladimír Vašíček, Václav Brožík, Josef Mánes, Karel Škréta or Max Švabinský. Renowned sculptors were Josef Václav Myslbek or Matyáš Bernard Braun, photographers Jan Saudek, Josef Sudek, František Drtikol or Josef Koudelka, illustrators Zdeněk Burian or Adolf Born, architects Jan Kotěra or Josef Gočár. Jiří Kylián was an important ballet choreographer.

Film

edit

Film director Miloš Forman, known best for his movie, One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest is of Czech origin and started his career in Czechoslovakia.[75] Forman was a member of the so-called Czech New Wave. Other members included Jiří Menzel (Oscar 1967), Ivan Passer, Věra Chytilová and Elmar Klos (Oscar 1965). Also the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film was awarded to Jan Svěrák (1996). The influential surrealist filmmaker and animator Jan Švankmajer was born in Prague and has resided in the Czech Republic throughout his life. In the field of animation and puppet film famous people include Zdeněk Miler, Karel Zeman and Jiří Trnka.

Actors Zdeněk Svěrák, Vlastimil Brodský,[76] Vladimír Menšík,[77] Libuše Šafránková or Karel Roden have also made a mark in modern Czech history. The most successful Czech erotic actress is Silvia Saint.

Modeling

edit

The first Czech models have made a breakthrough in the international modeling were Paulina Porizkova or Ivana Trump. After the fall of communism in Czechoslovakia many other models succeeded: Karolína Kurková, Eva Herzigová, Taťána Kuchařová, Petra Němcová and Daniela Peštová.

Saints

edit
 
St. John of Nepomuk (Jan Nepomucký)

Czech culture involves many saints,[78] most notably St. Wenceslaus (Václav), patron of the Czech nation,[79] St. John of Nepomuk (Jan Nepomucký),[80] St. Adalbert (Vojtěch),[81] Saint Procopius or St. Agnes of Bohemia (Anežka Česká).[82] Although not a Christian, rabbi Judah Loew ben Bezalel of Prague, a 16th Century scholar and one of the most influential figures of Jewish history, is considered to be part of the country's religious legacy as well.[83][84]

Natives

edit

The modern Czech nation was formed through the process of the Czech national revival. Through this was created the linguistic concept of the Czech nation (particularly promoted by Jungmann), i.e. "a Czech = one who has the Czech language as their first language: naturally or by choice." (That is why Slovaks who have chosen Czech as their literary language, such as Ján Kollár or Pavel Jozef Šafařík, are often considered to be Czechs.) Like other nations, Czechs also speak of two alternative concepts: the landed concept (a Czech is someone who was born in the historic Czech territory), which in Jungmann's time primarily denoted nobility, and the ethnic concept. Definition by territory is still discussed alternative,[85][86] from time to time is indicated for Czechs number of natives (speaking mostly German, English or otherwise) – these include US Secretary of State Madeleine Albright, film director Karel Reisz, actor Herbert Lom, the founder of psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud, the founder of genetics Gregor Mendel, logician and mathematician Kurt Gödel, the philosopher Edmund Husserl, scientists Gerty Cori, Carl Cori and Peter Grünberg (all Nobel Prize winners) and Ernst Mach, economists Joseph Schumpeter and Eugen Böhm von Bawerk, philosophers Bernard Bolzano, Ernest Gellner, Vilém Flusser and Herbert Feigl, Marxist theoretician Karl Kautsky, astronomer Johann Palisa, legal theorist Hans Kelsen, inventors Alois Senefelder and Viktor Kaplan, automotive designer Ferdinand Porsche, psychologist Max Wertheimer, a geologist Karl von Terzaghi, musicologists Eduard Hanslick and Guido Adler, chemist Johann Josef Loschmidt, biologists Heinrich Wilhelm Schott and Georg Joseph Kamel, the founder of the dermatology Ferdinand Ritter von Hebra, peace activist Bertha von Suttner (Nobel Peace Prize), the composers Gustav Mahler, Heinrich Biber, Viktor Ullmann, Ervin Schulhoff, Pavel Haas, Erich Wolfgang Korngold and Ralph Benatzky, writers Franz Kafka, Reiner Maria Rilke, Max Brod, Karl Kraus, Franz Werfel, Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach, Leo Perutz, Tom Stoppard and Egon Erwin Kisch, painters Anton Raphael Mengs and Emil Orlik, architects Adolf Loos, Peter Parler, Josef Hoffmann, Jan Santini Aichel and Kilian Ignaz Dientzenhofer, cellist David Popper, violist Heinrich Wilhelm Ernst, pianists Alice Herz-Sommer and Rudolf Serkin, president of Austria Karl Renner, Prime Minister of Poland Jerzy Buzek, industrialist Oskar Schindler, or chess player Wilhelm Steinitz.

Czech ancestry

edit

People with Czech ancestry include the astronauts Eugene Cernan and Jim Lovell, film directors Chris Columbus and Jim Jarmusch, swimmer Katie Ledecky, politicians John Forbes Kerry and Caspar Weinberger, chemist and Nobel Prize laureate Thomas Cech, physicist Karl Guthe Jansky, economist Friedrich Hayek, painters Jan Matejko, Gustav Klimt, Egon Schiele and Oskar Kokoschka, actors Ashton Kutcher, Sissy Spacek and Kim Novak, tennis players Richard Krajicek, Jakob Hlasek and Stan Wawrinka, singer Jason Mraz, Brazil president Juscelino Kubitschek, founder of McDonald's company Ray Kroc, writers Georg Trakl and Robert Musil, mayor of Chicago Anton Cermak and Ivanka Trump and her brother Donald Trump Jr.

Geography

edit
 
Greater coat of arms of the Czech Republic shows symbols of historical lands Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia

The Czechs live in three historical lands: Bohemia, Moravia, and Czech Silesia;[87] these regions make up the modern Czech Republic. However, the country is now divided into 14 administrative regions.[88] The local culture varies somewhat in each of the historical regions.[89] Moravians are usually more nationalistic regional patriots of Moravia, but they also speak Czech. Local dialects (such as Central Bohemian, the Chod dialect, Moravian dialects, Cieszyn Silesian, etc.) are found in various parts of the country.[90]

Czech language

edit
Main article: Czech language
See also: History of the Czech language

The Czech language is spoken by approximately 12 million people around the world, but the vast majority are in the Czech Republic.[91] It developed from the Proto-Slavic language in the 10th century[91][92] and is mutually intelligible with the Slovak language.[93]

Religion

edit
 
Predecessor to Protestantism, Jan Hus
See also: Religion in the Czech Republic

In 1977, Richard Felix Staar described Czechs as "tolerant and even indifferent towards religion as a rule".[94]

After the Bohemian Reformation, most Czechs (about 85%) became followers of Jan Hus, Petr Chelčický and other regional Protestant Reformers. Bohemian Estates' defeat in the Battle of White Mountain brought radical religious changes and started a series of intense actions taken by the Habsburgs in order to bring the Czech population back to the Roman Catholic Church. After the Habsburgs regained control of Bohemia, Czech people were forcibly converted to Roman Catholicism. All kinds of Protestant communities including the various branches of Hussites, Lutherans and Reformed were either expelled, killed, or converted to Catholicism. The Catholic Church lost the bulk of its adherents during the Communist era.

As of 2015, Pew Research Center found in that 72% of the population of Czech Republic declared to be irreligious, a category which includes atheists, agnostics and those who describe their religion as "nothing in particular", 26% were Christians (vast majority Catholics),[16] while 2% belonged to other faiths.

Demographics

edit
See also: Demographics of the Czech Republic and Czech diaspora

In the Czech Republic, the nation state of the Czech people, 6,732,104 (63.7%) declared as ethnic Czech according to the 2011 census. Notably, another 2,742,669 (26%) were undeclared, and 522,474 (4.9%) declared as Moravians.[1] There is a large Czech diaspora, which includes 1,703,930 Americans of Czech/Czechoslovak ancestry,[95] 94,805 Canadians of Czech ancestry,[96] an estimated 45,000 Czech-born residents in the United Kingdom,[8] and ca. 31,000 in Australia.[97] There are smaller communities throughout Europe. Number of Israelis of Czech-Jewish ancestry is estimated to be about 50,000 to 100,000.[citation needed]

See also

edit

References

edit

Notes

edit
  1. ^ This number is a lower estimate, as 2,742,669 people opted out declaring ethnicity in 2011, vast majority of whom were ethnic Czechs as the figure from the 2001 census would suggest, where there were 9.25 million Czechs, excluding Moravians (9.8 million with them included).

Citations

edit
  1. ^ a b "Tab. 6.2 Obyvatelstvo podle národnosti podle krajů: výsledky podle trvalého bydliště" [Tab. 6.2 Population by nationality by regions: results for permanent residence] (PDF). Czech Statistical Office (CZSO) (in Czech). 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 January 2013.
  2. ^ "Czech Republic". CIA – The World Factbook. Archived from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  3. ^ "2004 survey". United States Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original on 11 February 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  4. ^ a b c d e f United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2019). "Immigrant and Emigrant Populations by Country of Origin and Destination". Migration Policy Institute. Archived from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 22 May 2021.
  5. ^ "Data tables, 2016 Census: Ethnic Origin (279), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age (12) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census - 25% Sample Data". Statistics Canada. 17 June 2019. Archived from the original on 26 October 2017. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
  6. ^ "SODB2021 - Obyvatelia - Základné výsledky". www.scitanie.sk. Archived from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 25 August 2022.
  7. ^ "SODB2021 - Obyvatelia - Základné výsledky". www.scitanie.sk. Archived from the original on 15 July 2022. Retrieved 25 August 2022.
  8. ^ a b "Table 1.3: Overseas-born population in the United Kingdom, excluding some residents in communal establishments, by sex, by country of birth, January 2013 to December 2013". Office for National Statistics. 2 July 2015. Archived from the original on 19 January 2016. Retrieved 20 July 2015. Figure given is the central estimate. See the source for 95 per cent confidence intervals.
  9. ^ "Čeští krajané v Argentině - historie a současnost" (in Czech). Velvyslanectví České republiky v Buenos Aires. 11 October 2009. Archived from the original on 24 March 2022. Retrieved 12 January 2014.
  10. ^ a b Joshua Project. "Czech people". Archived from the original on 26 May 2019. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
  11. ^ "Présentation de la République tchèque". Archived from the original on 22 March 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2020.
  12. ^ Czech in Brazil
  13. ^ "Evolutia comunitatilor etnice in Romania. Judetul unde sunt cei mai putini romani, 12,6% din populatia totala. Cine se afla la polul opus". Archived from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 18 September 2021.
  14. ^ "Sefstat" (PDF).
  15. ^ "2024년 9월 출입국외국인정책 통계월보".
  16. ^ a b Official census data from the Czech Statistical Office:
  17. ^ "Náboženská víra". Census 2021 (in Czech). Czech Statistical Office. Archived from the original on 22 January 2022. Retrieved 26 September 2022.
  18. ^ Gawdiak, Ihor. "Czech Republic: Early History: First Political Units". Country Studies. U.S. Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 15 August 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
  19. ^ Agnew, Hugh (2013). The Czechs and the Lands of the Bohemian Crown. Hoover Press. p. 442. ISBN 978-0-8179-4493-3. Archived from the original on 28 September 2023. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
  20. ^ Kobyliński, Zbigniew (1995). "The Slavs". In McKitterick, Rosamond (ed.). The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 1, C.500-c.700. Vol. 1, C.500 – c.700. Cambridge University Press. p. 531. ISBN 978-0-521-36291-7. Archived from the original on 28 September 2023. Retrieved 28 February 2017.
  21. ^ a b c d Rick Fawn, Jiří Hochman. Historical Dictionary of the Czech State. Page xix. Rowman & Littlefield. 2010. ISBN 978-0810856486. ISBN 0810856484.
  22. ^ Tomasz Kamusella; Motoki Nomachi; Catherine Gibson (29 April 2016). The Palgrave Handbook of Slavic Languages, Identities and Borders. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 140–. ISBN 978-1-137-34839-5. Archived from the original on 28 September 2023. Retrieved 28 February 2017.
  23. ^ Berger 2003.
  24. ^ Joshua A. Fishman (25 January 2001). Handbook of Language & Ethnic Identity. Oxford University Press. pp. 320–. ISBN 978-0-19-976139-5.
  25. ^ Hans Kohn (1953). Pan-Slavism: its history and ideology. University of Notre Dame Press.
  26. ^ Spal, Jaromír (1953). "Původ jména Čech" [Origin of the name Čech]. Naše řeč (Our Speech) (in Czech). 36 (9–10). The Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic: 263–267. Archived from the original on 9 December 2012. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
  27. ^ Čmejrková, Světla; Daneš, František (2010). "Czech". Revue Belge de Philologie et d'Histoire. 88 (3): 692. The origin of the ethnonym Čech (Česi or Čechové in plural) is not entirely clear.
  28. ^ Dickins, Tom (2011). "The Czech-Speaking Lands, their Peoples and Contact Communities: Titles, Names and Ethnonyms". The Slavonic and East European Review. 89 (3): 402. As Spal has observed, the origin of Čech (Bohemian) is far from clear, but amongst the more plausible explanations is that it has the root čel, as in čeleď (family), and also člověk (person).
  29. ^ Rejzek, Jiří (2012) [2001]. Český etymologický slovník [Czech etymological lexicon] (in Czech). Voznice: Leda. p. 111. ISBN 9788073352967.
  30. ^ T. Kamusella (16 December 2008). The Politics of Language and Nationalism in Modern Central Europe. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 501–. ISBN 978-0-230-58347-4.
  31. ^ a b Luca, F.; Di Giacomo, F.; Benincasa, T.; et al. (2007). "Y-Chromosomal Variation in the Czech Republic" (PDF). American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 132 (1): 132–139. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20500. hdl:2108/35058. PMID 17078035. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 July 2022. Retrieved 3 September 2019.
  32. ^ a b Haak, Wolfgang; Lazaridis, Iosif; Patterson, Nick; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Llamas, Bastien; Brandt, Guido; Nordenfelt, Susanne; Harney, Eadaoin; Stewardson, Kristin; Fu, Qiaomei (11 June 2015). "Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe". Nature. 522 (7555): 207–211. arXiv:1502.02783. Bibcode:2015Natur.522..207H. doi:10.1038/nature14317. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 5048219. PMID 25731166.
  33. ^ Curry, Andrew (August 2019). "The first Europeans weren't who you might think". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 6 March 2023. Retrieved 4 March 2023.
  34. ^ Gibbons, Ann (21 February 2017). "Thousands of horsemen may have swept into Bronze Age Europe, transforming the local population". Science. Archived from the original on 25 September 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2023.
  35. ^ a b Zastera, Jan; Roewer, Lutz; Willuweit, Sascha; et al. (2010). "Assembly of a large Y-STR haplotype database for the Czech population andinvestigation of its substructure". Forensic Science International: Genetics. 4 (3): e75–78. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2009.06.005.
  36. ^ a b c A. Kushniarevich; et al. (2015). "Genetic Heritage of the Balto-Slavic Speaking Populations: A Synthesis of Autosomal, Mitochondrial and Y-Chromosomal Data". PLOS One. 10 (9): e0135820. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1035820K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0135820. PMC 4558026. PMID 26332464.
  37. ^ Underhill, Peter A. (2015), "The phylogenetic and geographic structure of Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a", European Journal of Human Genetics, 23 (1): 124–131, doi:10.1038/ejhg.2014.50, PMC 4266736, PMID 24667786
  38. ^ Malyarchuk; et al. (2006). "Mitochondrial DNA Variability in the Czech Population, with Application to the Ethnic History of Slavs". Human Biology. 78 (6): 681–695. doi:10.1353/hub.2007.0014. PMID 17564247. S2CID 18334288.
  39. ^ "Research shows only one third of Czechs have Slavic roots". Brno Daily. Czech News Agency (ČTK). 27 October 2017. Archived from the original on 27 January 2022. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
  40. ^ Horáková, Pavla (10 May 2007). "In search of 'Forefather Czech' – DNA tests disclose remote ancestors". Radio Prague. Archived from the original on 1 December 2016. Retrieved 7 December 2016.
  41. ^ Bohemia and Poland. Chapter 20.pp 512-513. [in:] Timothy Reuter. The New Cambridge Medieval History: c. 900 – c. 1024. 2000
  42. ^ The exact dating of Slavic settlement is a matter of dispute amongst scholars. See e.g. Curta ("The Slavs in Bohemia: A Response to my critics; 2009") who favours a 7th-century settlement versus Nada Profantova, who argues a 6th-century settlement
  43. ^ Jaroslav Jirik "Bohemian Barbarians. Bohemia in late Antiquity", in Neglected Barbarians Brepols 2010[page needed]
  44. ^ "Ethnic German Minorities in the Czech Republic, Poland and Slovakia". Radio.cz. 23 April 2002. Archived from the original on 26 January 2009. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  45. ^ "The Habsburg Monarchy and Rudolph II". Czech.cz. Archived from the original on 10 October 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  46. ^ Agnew 2004, p. 72.
  47. ^ Cozine, Alicia (2005). "Czechs and Bohemians". The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
  48. ^ Czech and Slovak roots in Vienna Archived 12 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine, wieninternational.at
  49. ^ Gruner, Wolf. 2015. Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. In: Wolf Grüner & Jörg Osterloh (eds.), The Greater German Reich and the Jews: Nazi Persecution Policies in the Annexed Territories 1935–1945, pp. 99–135. Transl. Bernard Heise. New York: Berghahn, p. 103.
  50. ^ Ramsden, John. 2002. The Oxford Companion to Twentieth-Century British Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 450.
  51. ^ Rothschild, Joseph. 1974. East Central Europe between the Two World Wars. Seattle: University of Washington Press, p. 366.
  52. ^ ""Day when tanks destroyed Czech dreams of Prague Spring" (Den, kdy tanky zlikvidovaly české sny Pražského jara) at Britské Listy (British Letters)". Britskelisty.cz. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  53. ^ The Czech ethnic minority in Romania Archived 19 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine, 29 December 2004 – Radio Prague
  54. ^ Government completes 13-year program to integrate Kazakh Czechs Archived 16 January 2022 at the Wayback Machine, The Prague Post, 31 October 2007
  55. ^ "Práce v Evropské unii: jaké máme možnosti? penize.cz". Penize.cz. 23 February 2007. Archived from the original on 26 November 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  56. ^ "Charles IV (Karel IV.) – Czech king and Holy Roman Emperor". Myczechrepublic.com. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  57. ^ "Travel guide – Luxembourg dynasty (1310–1378) – accommodation in hotels and apartments – Travel.cz". Travel.cz. Archived from the original on 5 November 2014. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  58. ^ "Jan Hus". 2.kenyon.edu. Archived from the original on 23 May 2015. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  59. ^ Jan Amos Comenius Archived 15 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  60. ^ "VITEJTE.CZ : Josef Jungmann (1773-1847),Josef Jungmann (1773-1847),Jo…". Archived from the original on 1 August 2007.
  61. ^ Liukkonen, Petri. "Václav Havel". Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi). Finland: Kuusankoski Public Library. Archived from the original on 4 January 2008.
  62. ^ "VACLAV HAVEL". Radio.cz. Archived from the original on 24 June 2009. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  63. ^ "Rejstřík předsedů vlád". Vlada.cz. Archived from the original on 19 June 2012. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  64. ^ "Radio Prague – Milos Zeman – outgoing prime minister". Radio.cz. 19 June 2002. Archived from the original on 26 January 2009. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  65. ^ a b "CzechSite: Famous Czechs". Czechsite.com. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  66. ^ "Radio Prague – Antonin Panenka – the footballer Pele described as "either a genius or a madman"". Radio.cz. 20 June 2007. Archived from the original on 11 August 2010. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  67. ^ Josef, Ladislav. "Masopust's memory lingers on". Archived from the original on 22 December 2007. Retrieved 1 February 2008.
  68. ^ "EU2009.cz – History of Czech Music". Eu2009.cz. Archived from the original on 15 July 2014. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
  69. ^ "Jan Václav Stamic". Czechmusic.net. Archived from the original on 13 March 2019. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
  70. ^ "Classical Net – Basic Repertoire List – Reicha". Classical.net. Archived from the original on 21 December 2017. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
  71. ^ "Český jezuita na čínském dvoře". cinsky.cz. 26 February 2009. Archived from the original on 29 October 2019. Retrieved 6 February 2011.
  72. ^ "Karel Gott". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic. Archived from the original on 1 January 2008. Retrieved 1 February 2008.
  73. ^ Partridge, James. "Book Review: The Grandmother". Central Europe Review. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 10 February 2008.
  74. ^ Tyman, Jaroslav. "Mikoláš Aleš". Archived from the original on 14 July 2009. Retrieved 11 February 2008.
  75. ^ Erickson, Hal. "Milos Forman, biography". Allmovie. Archived from the original on 23 February 2008. Retrieved 10 February 2008.
  76. ^ "Vlastimil Brodsky – Czech Film". Worldpress.org. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  77. ^ "Czech-Slovak film Database, Vladimír Menšík". POMO Media Group. Archived from the original on 3 January 2008. Retrieved 11 February 2008.
  78. ^ Maurice, Edmund (1908). The story of Bohemia from the earliest times to the fall of national independence in 1620;: With a short summary of later events. Fisher, Unwin.
  79. ^ Mershman, Francis. "St. Wenceslaus". Kevin Knight. Archived from the original on 29 September 2022. Retrieved 10 February 2008.
  80. ^ Krčmář, Luděk. "St. John of Nepomuk – life". MultiMedia Activity. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 10 February 2008.
  81. ^ Attwater, Donald and Catherine Rachel John. The Penguin Dictionary of Saints. 3rd edition. New York: Penguin Books, 1993. ISBN 0-14-051312-4.
  82. ^ "Order of the Knights of the Cross with the Red Star". Blessed-gerard.org. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  83. ^ "Rabbi Loew, the Jewish hero of the Czechs – Radio Prague". Radio.cz. 13 August 2009. Archived from the original on 7 May 2018. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
  84. ^ Bilefsky, Dan (10 May 2009). "Hard Times Give New Life to Prague's Golem". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
  85. ^ "Co je češství". blisty.cz. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
  86. ^ "CS Magazin". Cs-magazin.com. Archived from the original on 22 December 2017. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
  87. ^ "Political subdivision of Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia". Members.tripod.com. Archived from the original on 4 January 2009. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  88. ^ "The Area of the Czech Republic". Czech.cz. Archived from the original on 10 October 2013. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  89. ^ Czech regions – Czech republic Archived 4 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  90. ^ "National Virtual Translation Center". Federal Bureau of Investigation. Archived from the original on 26 January 2009. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
  91. ^ a b "Czech language". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic. Archived from the original on 18 January 2008. Retrieved 1 February 2008.
  92. ^ Frederik Kortlandt. "From Proto-Indo-European to Slavic" (PDF). Kortlandt.nl. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 January 2015. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
  93. ^ "The Czech Language on WWW". Czech-language.cz. Archived from the original on 20 December 2018. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  94. ^ Richard Felix Staar, Communist regimes in Eastern Europe, Issue 269, p. 90
  95. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 4 August 2018. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
  96. ^ Statistics Canada (8 May 2013). "2011 National Household Survey: Data tables". 12.statcan.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
  97. ^ "The People of Australia – Statistics from the 2011 Census" (PDF). Australian Government. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 20 December 2017.

Sources

edit

Further reading

edit
See also: List of Slavic studies journals
edit
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Czechs.
Retrieved from "https://en.wiki.x.io/w/index.php?title=Czechs&oldid=1265796814"