The Convention of Cintra (or Sintra) was an agreement signed on 30 August 1808, during the Peninsular War. By the agreement, the defeated French were allowed to evacuate their troops from Portugal without further conflict.[1] The Convention was signed at the Palace of Queluz, in Queluz, Cintra, Estremadura.
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History
editThe French forces under Jean-Andoche Junot were defeated by the Anglo-Portuguese forces commanded by Sir Arthur Wellesley at Vimeiro[2] on 21 August and found themselves almost cut off from retreat. However, at that moment, Wellesley was superseded by the arrival of Sir Harry Burrard and then the next day by Sir Hew Dalrymple. Both were cautious men who had seen little recent fighting; rather than push the French, they were satisfied to open negotiations. Wellesley had sought to take control of the Torres Vedras area high ground and cut the French retreat with his unused reserve, but he was ordered to hold. Talks between Dalrymple and François Kellerman led to the signing of the Convention.
Dalrymple allowed terms for Portugal similar to those a garrison might receive for surrendering a fortress. 20,900 French troops were evacuated from Portugal to Rochefort with all their equipment and personal property by the Royal Navy; Junot arrived there on 11 October. Avoiding all Spanish entanglements and getting free transport meant the French travelled loaded, not light like a defeated garrison marching to their own lines.
The Convention was seen as a disgrace by many in the United Kingdom [3] who felt that a complete defeat of Junot had been transformed into a French escape, while Dalrymple had also ignored the Royal Navy's concern about a blockaded Russian squadron in Lisbon. The squadron was allowed to sail to Portsmouth, and eventually to return to Russia, despite the fact that Britain and Russia were at war.
Wellesley wanted to fight, but he signed the preliminary Armistice under orders. Dalrymple's reports were written to centre any criticism on Wellesley, who still held a ministerial post in the government. Wellesley was subsequently recalled from Portugal, together with Burrard and Dalrymple, to face an official inquiry. The inquiry was held in the Great Hall at the Royal Hospital Chelsea from 14 November to 27 December 1808. Wellesley defended himself by saying that there was no reason to oppose Junot's terms of surrender as they were technically lawful.[4] All three men were cleared; but while Wellesley soon returned to active duty in Portugal, Burrard and Dalrymple were quietly pushed into retirement and never saw active service again. Sir John Moore, commenting on the Inquiry, expressed the popular sentiment that "Sir Hew Dalrymple was confused and incapable beyond any man I ever saw head an army. The whole of his conduct then and since has proved him to be a very foolish man."
Legacy
editLord Byron laments the Convention in his Childe Harold's Pilgrimage:
And ever since that martial synod met,
Britannia sickens, Cintra! at thy name;
And folks in office at the mention fret,
And fain would blush, if blush they could, for shame.
How will posterity the deed proclaim!
Will not our own and fellow-nations sneer,
To view these champions cheated of their fame,
By foes in fight o'erthrown, yet victors here,
Where Scorn her finger points, through many a coming year?
--Canto I, XXVI
Future British Poet Laureate William Wordsworth wrote a pamphlet called The Convention of Cintra in 1808. He also wrote a passionate sonnet, "Composed while the author was engaged in writing a tract", in which he laments the bondage felt by "suffering Spain". It was included in his Sonnets Dedicated to Liberty.[5] Delays in publication meant that journalistic and satirical features of Wordsworth's prose have been overlooked.[6][7]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Horward, Donald D. (1994). Napoleon and Iberia – The Twin Sieges of Ciudad Rodrigo and Almeida, 1810. Greenhill Books. p. 5, reference to the signing of the Convention of Sintra and its conditions. ISBN 9781853671838.
- ^ Newitt, Malyn (2009). Portugal – In European and World History (First ed.). Reaktion Books Ltd. p. 159, paragraph 2, reference to Junots defeat at the battle of Vimeiro. ISBN 9781861895196.
- ^ Esdaile, Charles (2002). The Peninsular War. Penguin Books. p. 102, reference to the serious embarrassment by the British to the agreed terms of the Convention. ISBN 9780140273700.
- ^ "Inquiry into the Convention of Cintra 1808". www.napoleon-series.org. Retrieved 2024-11-30.
- ^ Wordsworth, William. Poems. Volume 2. Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, And Brown, Paternoster-Row, 1815.
- ^ Valladares, Susan (2013). ""For the sake of illustrating principles": Wordsworth, the Convention of Cintra, and Satirical Prints" (PDF). European Romantic Review. 24 (5): 531–554. doi:10.1080/10509585.2013.828400. S2CID 144572557.
- ^ Wordsworth, William (1876). The Prose Works of William Wordsworth. E. Moxon. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
Bibliography
edit- Glover, Michael (1970). Britannia Sickens. Leo Cooper, London. ISBN 0-85052-047-9.