Cleopatra I Syra (Greek: Κλεοπάτρα ἡ Σύρα; c. 204 – 176 BC) was a princess of the Seleucid Empire, Queen of Ptolemaic Egypt by marriage to Ptolemy V of Egypt from 193 BC, and regent of Egypt during the minority of their son, Ptolemy VI, from her husband's death in 180 BC until her own death in 176 BC. She is sometimes viewed as co-ruler to her husband and son, although evidence is conflicting.[4]
| Cleopatra I Syra | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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 Depiction based on a relief of Cleopatra I | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Queen of Egypt | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Reign | 193 – 176 BC (as regent for Ptolemy VI since 180 BC) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Vizier | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Born | c. 204 BC | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Died | 176 BC[2] or 178/177 BC[3] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Spouse | Ptolemy V of Egypt | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issue | Ptolemy VI of Egypt Ptolemy VIII Physcon Cleopatra II of Egypt | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dynasty | Seleucid | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Father | Antiochus III the Great | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mother | Laodice III | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Life
editCleopatra I was the daughter of Antiochus III the Great, King of the Seleucid Empire, and Queen Laodice III.
Queen
editIn 197 BC, Antiochus III had captured a number of cities in Asia Minor previously under the control of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt. The Romans supported the Egyptian interests, when they negotiated with the Seleucid king in Lysimachia in 196 BC. In response, Antiochus III indicated his willingness to make peace with Ptolemy V and to have his daughter Cleopatra I marry Ptolemy V. They were betrothed in 195 BC and their marriage took place in 193 BC in Raphia.[5] At that time Ptolemy V was about 16 years and Cleopatra I about 10 years old. Later on, Egypt's Ptolemaic kings were to argue that Cleopatra I had received Coele-Syria as her dowry and, therefore, this territory again belonged to Egypt. It is not clear if this was the case. However, in practice, Coele-Syria remained a Seleucid possession after the Battle of Panium in 198 BC.[6]
In Alexandria, Cleopatra I was referred to as the Syrian.[7] As part of the Ptolemaic cult she was honoured with her husband as Theoi Epiphaneis. In line with ancient Egyptian tradition of sibling marriage, she was also named sister (Ancient Greek: ἀδελφή, adelphḗ) of Ptolemy V. A synod of priests held at Memphis in 185 BC granted Cleopatra all the honours that had been given to Ptolemy V in 196 BC (inscribed on the bilingual Greek-Egyptian Rosetta Stone).
Cleopatra also held title of vizier as one of only two known Ptolemaic queens to did so (the first one being Berenice II of Egypt).[8]
Queen Regent
editPtolemy V died unexpectedly in September 180 BC, at the age of only 30. Cleopatra I's son, Ptolemy VI, who was only six years old, was immediately crowned king, with Cleopatra as his regent.[9] She was the first Ptolemaic queen to rule without her husband. In documents from this period, Cleopatra is named Thea Epiphanes and her name appears before Ptolemy. Coins were minted under the joint authority of her and her son.[10]
Just before his death, Ptolemy V had been planning a new war against the Seleucid kingdom, but Cleopatra immediately ended the war preparations and pursued a peaceful policy, because of her own Seleucid roots and because a war would have threatened her hold on power.[11][12] Cleopatra probably died in late 178 or early 177 BC, though some scholars place her death in late 176 BC.[13]
On her deathbed, Cleopatra appointed Eulaeus and Lenaeus, two of her close associates as regents. Eulaeus, a eunuch, had been the Ptolemy's tutor. Lenaeus was a Syrian slave who had probably come to Egypt as part of Cleopatra's retinue when she got married.[14] The pair were unable or unwilling to prevent the deterioration of relations with the Seleucid kingdom which culminated in the disastrous Sixth Syrian War.
Issue
editCleopatra and Ptolemy V had three children:[15][13]
| Name | Image | Birth | Death | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ptolemy VI Philometor |  |
May/June 186 BC | 145 BC | Succeeded as King under the regency of his mother in 180 BC, co-regent and spouse of Cleopatra II from 170 to 164 BC and again 163-145 BC. |
| Cleopatra II |  |
186-184 BC | 6 April 115 BC | Co-regent and wife of Ptolemy VI from 170 to 145 BC, co-regent and spouse of Ptolemy VIII from 145 to 132 BC, claimed sole rule 132-127 BC, co-regent and spouse of Ptolemy VIII again from 124 to 115 BC, co-regent with Cleopatra III and Ptolemy IX from 116 to 115 BC. |
| Ptolemy VIII |  |
c. 184 BC | 26 June 116 BC | Co-regent with Ptolemy VI and Cleopatra II from 169 to 164 BC, expelled Ptolemy VI in 164, expelled in turn 163 BC, King of Cyrenaica from 163 to 145 BC, co-regent with Cleopatra II and Cleopatra III from 145 to 132 BC and again from 124 to 116 BC. |
Notes
edit- ^ Beckerath, J. Handbuch der Ägyptischen Königsnamen, MÄS 49 (1999): 289
- ^ Werner Huß, Ägypten in hellenistischer Zeit (Egypt in Hellenistic times). Munich 2001, p. 540
- ^ Cleopatra I by Chris Bennett
- ^ While Cleopatra did have titles like "female Horus" and "female Pharaoh", she was not included in dating protocols as co-Pharaoh during her husband's reign, see Tara Sewell-Lasater, Becoming Kleopatra: Ptolemaic Royal Marriage, Incest and the Path to the Female Rule, University of Houston, 2020, pp. 245-246. However she is considered Pharaoh by Sally Ann Ashton, see Sally Ann Ashton, The Last Queens of Egypt: Cleopatra's Royal House, Routledge 2014, pp. 112-113. After Ptolemy V died, Cleopatra I was included in dating protocols, however her position is said to come from being guardian of her son and is ambiguously described as "regent and co-ruler"; see Tara Sewell-Lasater, Becoming Kleopatra: Ptolemaic Royal Marriage, Incest and the Path to the Female Rule, University of Houston, 2020, pp. 16-17 and 246.
- ^ Polybius 18.51.10 and 28.20.9; Livy 33.40.3 and 35.13.4; Appian, Syriaca 3.13 and 5.18
- ^ Polybius 28.1.2-3 and 28.20.6-10; Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews 12.154-155; Appian, Syriaca 5.18
- ^ Appian, Syriaca 5.18
- ^ Tara Sewell-Lasater, Becoming Kleopatra: Ptolemaic Royal Marriage, Incest and the Path to the Female Rule, University of Houston, 2020, p. 245.
- ^ After Ptolemy V died, Cleopatra I was included in dating protocols as if she was co-ruler, however her position is said to come from being guardian of her son and is ambiguously described as "regent and co-ruler"; see Tara Sewell-Lasater, Becoming Kleopatra: Ptolemaic Royal Marriage, Incest and the Path to the Female Rule, University of Houston, 2020, pp. 16-17 and 246.
- ^ Chris Bennett. "Ptolemy VI". Tyndale House. Retrieved May 22, 2013.
- ^ Hölbl 2001, p. 143
- ^ Grainger 2010, pp. 281–2
- ^ a b Chris Bennett. "Cleopatra I". Tyndale House. Retrieved September 28, 2019.
- ^ Morkholm 1961, pp. 32–43
- ^ Aidan Dodson, Dyan Hilton, The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt, 2004
Works cited
edit- Grainger, John D. (2010). The Syrian Wars. pp. 281–328. ISBN 9789004180505.
- Hölbl, Günther (2001). A History of the Ptolemaic Empire. London & New York: Routledge. pp. 143–152 & 181–194. ISBN 0415201454.
- Morkholm, Otto (1961). "Eulaios and Lenaios". Classica et Medievalia. 22: 32–43.
References
edit- Stähelin, Kleopatra 14). In: Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft, vol. XI 1, 1921, col. 738–740.
- Werner Huß, Ägypten in hellenistischer Zeit (Egypt in the Hellenistic Period). Munich 2001, p. 499; 514f.; 535; 537–540.
- Günther Hölbl, Geschichte des Ptolemäerreichs (History of the Ptolemaic Empire). Darmstadt 1994, p. 125; 127f.; 147f.; 153.