Cities designated by government ordinance of Japan
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A city designated by government ordinance (政令指定都市, seirei shitei toshi), also known as a designated city (指定都市, shitei toshi) or government ordinance city (政令市, seirei shi), is a Japanese city that has a population greater than 500,000 and has been designated as such by order of the Cabinet of Japan under Article 252, Section 19, of the Local Autonomy Law.
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Designated cities are delegated many of the functions normally performed by prefectural governments in fields such as public education, social welfare, sanitation, business licensing, and urban planning. The city government is generally delegated the various minor administrative functions in each area, and the prefectural government retains authority over major decisions. For instance, pharmaceutical retailers and small clinics can be licensed by designated city governments, but pharmacies and hospitals are licensed by prefectural governments.
Designated cities are also required to subdivide themselves into wards (区, ku) (broadly equivalent to the boroughs of London or the boroughs of New York City), each of which has a ward office conducting various administrative functions for the city government, such as koseki and juminhyo resident registration and tax collection. In some cities, ward offices are responsible for business licensing, construction permits, and other administrative matters. The structure and the authorities of the wards are determined by municipal ordinances.
The 23 special wards of Tokyo are not part of this system, as Tokyo is a prefecture, and its wards are effectively independent cities. Although the two largest wards of Tokyo, Setagaya and Nerima, are populous enough to become designated cities, they are not considered to be "cities" within the meaning of the Local Autonomy Law and so are not designated as such.
No city designated by government ordinance has ever lost that status.
List of designated cities
edit
7: Okayama, 8: Hiroshima, 9: Kitakyushu
Cities designated by government ordinance have been established since 1956.[1]
| Name | Japanese | Skyline | Flag | Emblem | Area (km2) | Population | Population density | Date of designation | Region | Prefecture | No. of wards | Lists of wards | Map |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chiba | 千葉市 | 
|
|
|
271.77 | 972,861 | 3,613 | 1992-04-01 | Kantō | Chiba | 6 | List | 
|
| Fukuoka | 福岡市 | 
|
|
|
343.39 | 1,579,450 | 4,668 | 1972-04-01 | Kyushu | Fukuoka | 7 | List | 
|
| Hamamatsu | 浜松市 | 
|
|
|
1,558.06 | 795,350 | 506 | 2007-04-01 | Chūbu | Shizuoka | 7 | List | 
|
| Hiroshima | 広島市 | 
|
|
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906.68 | 1,194,524 | 1,321 | 1980-04-01 | Chūgoku | Hiroshima | 8 | List | 
|
| Kawasaki | 川崎市 | 
|
|
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143.01 | 1,503,690 | 10,765 | 1972-04-01 | Kantō | Kanagawa | 7 | List | 
|
| Kitakyushu | 北九州市 | 
|
|
|
491.95 | 945,595 | 1,901 | 1963-04-01 | Kyushu | Fukuoka | 7 | List | 
|
| Kobe | 神戸市 | 
|
|
|
557.02 | 1,526,639 | 2,719 | 1956-09-01 | Kansai | Hyōgo | 9 | List | 
|
| Kumamoto | 熊本市 | 
|
|
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390.32 | 737,812 | 1,892 | 2012-04-01 | Kyushu | Kumamoto | 5 | List | 
|
| Kyoto | 京都市 | 
|
|
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827.83 | 1,468,980 | 1,758 | 1956-09-01 | Kansai | Kyoto | 11 | List | 
|
| Nagoya | 名古屋市 | 
|
|
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326.45 | 2,283,289 | 7,128 | 1956-09-01 | Chūbu | Aichi | 16 | List | 
|
| Niigata | 新潟市 | 
|
|
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726.45 | 807,450 | 1,089 | 2007-04-01 | Chūbu | Niigata | 8 | List | 
|
| Okayama | 岡山市 | 
|
|
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789.95 | 720,841 | 912 | 2009-04-01 | Chūgoku | Okayama | 4 | List | 
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| Osaka | 大阪市 | 
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225.21 | 2,727,255 | 12,226 | 1956-09-01 | Kansai | Osaka | 24 | List | 
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| Sagamihara | 相模原市 | 
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|
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328.91 | 720,986 | 2,198 | 2010-04-01 | Kantō | Kanagawa | 3 | List | 
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| Saitama | さいたま市 | 
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|
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217.43 | 1,226,656 | 6,072 | 2003-04-01 | Kantō | Saitama | 10 | List | 
|
| Sakai | 堺市 | 
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|
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149.82 | 833,544 | 5,500 | 2006-04-01 | Kansai | Osaka | 7 | List | 
|
| Sapporo | 札幌市 | 
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1,121.26 | 1,955,115 | 1,750 | 1972-04-01 | Hokkaido | Hokkaido | 10 | List | 
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| Sendai | 仙台市 | 
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786.30 | 1,088,669 | 1,389 | 1989-04-01 | Tōhoku | Miyagi | 5 | List | 
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| Shizuoka | 静岡市 | 
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1,411.90 | 697,578 | 486 | 2005-04-01 | Chūbu | Shizuoka | 3 | List | 
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| Yokohama | 横浜市 | 
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437.56 | 3,732,616 | 8,588 | 1956-09-01 | Kantō | Kanagawa | 18 | List | 
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Designated city requirements
editTo become a candidate for designated city status, a city must have a population greater than 500,000. An application for designation is made by a city with the approval of both the city and the prefectural assemblies.
The following cities have populations greater than 500,000 but have not yet been nominated.
| Name | Japanese | Flag | Emblem | Area (km2) | Population (2012) | Region | Prefecture | Map |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Funabashi | 船橋市 | 
|
|
85.62 | 610,492 | Kantō | Chiba | 
|
| Hachiōji | 八王子市 | 
|
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186.38 | 579,799 | Kantō | Tokyo | 
|
| Himeji | 姫路市 | 
|
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534.43 | 536,218 | Kansai | Hyōgo | 
|
| Kagoshima | 鹿児島市 | 
|
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547.58 | 607,257 | Kyushu | Kagoshima | 
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| Kawaguchi | 川口市 | 
|
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61.95 | 561,788 | Kantō | Saitama | 
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| Matsuyama | 松山市 | 
|
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429.40 | 516,823 | Shikoku | Ehime | 
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| Utsunomiya | 宇都宮市 | 
|
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416.85 | 513,722 | Kantō | Tochigi | 
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History
editThe first form of the designated city system was enacted under Japan local government system in 1878 with the introduction of "wards." Under that system, wards existed in every city. Most cities had only one ward, but the largest cities at the time (Tokyo, Osaka and Kyoto) were divided into 15, four, and two wards, respectively.
The municipal system enacted in 1889 replaced ward assemblies with city assemblies but retained ward assemblies in Tokyo, Osaka and Kyoto, which had no assembly of their own but were governed by the prefectural assembly. In 1898, the three cities were allowed to form city assemblies. The ward system was adopted by three more cities prior to World War II: Nagoya (1908), Yokohama (1927), and Kobe (1931). Under a 1911 statute, wards were granted a corporate personality and so treated as local entities.
Following the war, the 1947 Local Autonomy Law grandfathered in the five subdivided cities (Tokyo having become a prefecture in 1943) as special cities (特別市, tokubetsu shi). The system was replaced by the designated city system when the Local Autonomy Law was amended, in 1956.
During the ensuing Japanese economic growth period, the government required designated cities to be forecast to reach a population of one million within the near future, but the requirement was dropped in 2005 to accommodate several geographically large cities that were formed by mergers, under the government of Junichiro Koizumi.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Jacobs, A.J. "Japan's Evolving Nested Municipal Hierarchy: The Race for Local Power in the 2000s". Hindawi, Urban Studies Research, Vol. 2011 (2011), doi:10.1155/2011/692764. Archived from the original on 1 August 2013. Retrieved 23 March 2012.
External links
edit- Directory of Designated Cities and Mayors (in English)
- "Japan's Evolving Nested Municipal Hierarchy: The Race for Local Power in the 2000s", by A.J. Jacobs at Urban Studies Research, Vol. 2011 (2011); doi:10.1155/2011/692764
- "Large City System of Japan"; graphic shows designated cities compared with other Japanese city types at p. 1 [PDF 7 of 40]
- "Growth in Second Tier Cities – Urban Policy Lessons from Japan" Archived 17 September 2019 at the Wayback Machine briefing by CLAIR London on classes of Japanese cities (PDF)
- Text of the Local Government Law (in Japanese)