Christopher of Bavaria (Danish and Norwegian: Christoffer; Swedish: Kristofer; 26 February 1416 – 5/6 January 1448) was King of Denmark (1440–48, as Christopher III), Sweden (1441–48) and Norway (1442–48) during the era of the Kalmar Union.[1]
| Christopher | |
|---|---|
 | |
| King of Denmark | |
| Reign | 9 April 1440 – 5 January 1448 |
| Coronation | 1 January 1443 Ribe Cathedral |
| Predecessor | Eric of Pomerania |
| Successor | Christian I |
| King of Sweden | |
| Reign | 1441 – 5 January 1448 |
| Coronation | 13 September 1441 in Uppsala |
| Predecessor | Eric of Pomerania |
| Successor | Karl Knutsson |
| King of Norway | |
| Reign | June 1442 – 5 January 1448 |
| Coronation | 2 July 1442 in Oslo |
| Predecessor | Eric of Pomerania |
| Successor | Karl Knutsson |
| Count of Palatinate-Neumarkt | |
| Reign | 1443–1448 |
| Predecessor | John, Count Palatine of Neumarkt |
| Successor | Wolfgang of the Palatinate |
| Born | 26 February 1416 Neumarkt in der Oberpfalz |
| Died | 5/6 January 1448 (aged 31) Helsingborg |
| Burial | Roskilde Cathedral, Roskilde |
| Spouse | |
| House | Palatinate-Neumarkt |
| Father | John, Count Palatine of Neumarkt |
| Mother | Catherine of Pomerania |
Biography
editComing to power
editHe was the son of John, Count Palatine of Neumarkt (1383–1443) and Catherine of Pomerania (c. 1390–1426). Catherine was the daughter of Wartislaw VII, Duke of Pomerania in Pomerania-Stolp, and sister of the Scandinavian king, Eric of Pomerania. Count Palatine John was a son of King Rupert of Germany (1352–1410). Christopher was probably born at Neumarkt in der Oberpfalz in Upper Palatinate, in Bavaria, Germany. In 1445, Christopher married Dorothea of Brandenburg (1430 – 25 November 1495) in Copenhagen. [2] [3]
Eric of Pomerania was deposed as king of Denmark and Sweden in 1439. Eric's nephew, Christopher, who was rather unfamiliar with Scandinavian conditions, was elected by the Danish State Council as the successor to his uncle, first as regent from 1439, and then proclaimed King of Denmark at the Viborg Assembly (Danish landsting) on 9 April 1440. He was meant to be a puppet, as evidenced by the saying: "Had the Council demanded the stars of heaven from him, he would have ordered it."[4] However he succeeded in maintaining some personal control. As a whole his rule, according to the politics of the nobility and his succession, might be called the start of the long period of balance between royal power and nobility which lasted until 1660. He was later elected king of Sweden in 1441, and Norway in June 1442. [5]
For himself Christopher used the otherwise unknown title of arch king (archirex), because in his opinion he ruled an empire, not simply three different countries, and thus ranked immediately under the European emperor.[6]
Peasant rebellions
editAt the start of his reign, he put down peasant rebellions in Funen and Jutland. Once the rebellion on Funen was suppressed, he turned his attention the uprising in Jutland. North Jutland, especially Vendsyssel, was so restive that a peasant army of 25,000 led by Henrik Tagesen Reventlow (executed 1441) posed a serious threat to Christopher's continued reign. Before the king could act, Jutland's noble families raised their own army and marched west of Aalborg to meet Reventlow's forces.[7]
The peasants had created a gigantic wagon fortress three layers deep to protect themselves from the mounted knights they knew would come against them. They also placed tree branches across the bog in front of the camp and then cast earth on top to make it look like solid ground. The overconfident army of nobles led by Eske Jensen Brock appeared at St Jorgen's Hill (St. Jørgensbjerg) on 3 May 1441. The knights charged the camp, and were quickly mired down in the bog. The peasants moved in for the kill. Brock was killed in the Battle of St Jorgen's Hill (Slaget ved Skt. Jørgensbjerg) and dismembered and the pieces sent to the towns in the area as a warning. The peasants then raided Aalborghus (the area's most important manor) forcing the noble Niels Guldenstierne to flee.[4][8][9][10]
The treatment of the captives after the battle strengthened Christopher's determination to put down the peasants. With his own army Christopher rode north to the rebel camp at Husby Hole near St Jorgen's Hill in northern Jutland. Because the rebels outnumbered his troops, Christopher sent word that anyone who left the camp and went home would not be punished for rebellion. The men from the island of Mors and Thisted left, for which they were called cowards and traitors ever after. Christopher ordered the attack on the rebel camp on 8 June 1441 and despite fighting ferociously the rebels could not overcome the heavily armed knights. Thousands of rebels were killed, those who survived were fined heavily. The more severe consequence was that rebels lost their free status and became serfs on the farms where they worked.[4] The king made it a capital crime for peasants to carry weapons longer than a short knife. The subjugation of Denmark's once free peasants was complete.[11]
Coronation, relations with Swedes
editThis section needs additional citations for verification. (March 2019) |
In May 1442 Christopher traveled to Lödöse to meet with the nobles from all three kingdoms. He was elected King of Norway there and then went to Oslo where he was crowned on 2 July 1442. The next year he was proclaimed King of Denmark at the Urnehoved Assembly near Ribe. When his residence at Roskilde burned down, Christopher moved to Copenhagen and made it the capital of Denmark.[12]
The Swedish nobles were not happy to relinquish any power and thus didn't like him, claiming he was too German for them and that he allowed his uncle (ex-King Eric) to plunder shipping from his castle on Gotland without any attempt to stop him. They blamed a series of bad harvests on him. People were so hungry they mixed ground tree bark with the little flour they could find. Christopher was contemptuously nicknamed the "Bark King" in Sweden. On the other hand, he tried to support the cities and their merchants as far as the limits of nobility and Hanseatic cities allowed. During his reign Copenhagen was made permanently the capital of Denmark (municipal charter of 1443).
He carried on an ineffective policy of war and negotiations against Eric in Gotland which did little to help the dissatisfaction within both Sweden and the Hanseatic League. The Kalmar Union Treaty was changed so that the aristocracy had most of the policy-making powers, and the king lost many of the powers monarchs had acquired since Viking times.[13] The results of this policy of balance were still not reached when he suddenly died as the last descendant of Valdemar IV of Denmark.
Death
editIn 1448, Christopher died suddenly at Helsingborg at age 31. King Christopher was buried in Roskilde Cathedral. His widow, Queen Dorothea, married the new king of Denmark, Christian I.[14]
References
edit- ^ "Christoffer 3 af Bayern 1416-48". Aarhus University. Archived from the original on May 8, 2010. Retrieved June 1, 2018.
- ^ "Katharina von Pommern". mittelalterfreunde. Retrieved June 1, 2018.
- ^ . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). 1911.
- ^ a b c Huitfeldt, Arild. Danmarks Riges Krønike
- ^ Erik Opsahl (2018-03-20). "Erik Av Pommern". Store norske leksikon. Retrieved June 1, 2018.
- ^ Bregnsbo, Michael; Jensen, Kurt Villads (2022). "The Union Empire". The Rise and Fall of the Danish Empire. pp. 91–114. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-91441-7_5. ISBN 9783030914417.
- ^ "Henrik Tagesen Reventlow". Den Store Danske. 18 July 2011. Retrieved June 1, 2018.
- ^ Jon Gunnar Arntzen. "Gyldenstierne". Store norske leksikon. Retrieved June 1, 2018.
- ^ "Eske Brock, d. 1441". Den Store Danske. 18 July 2011. Retrieved June 1, 2018.
- ^ "Brock, Eske Jensen". Den Store Danske. Retrieved June 1, 2018.
- ^ "Husby Hole". Den Store Danske. 2 July 2013. Retrieved June 1, 2018.
- ^ "Urnehoved". Den Store Danske. Retrieved June 1, 2018.
- ^ [when?]
- ^ "Kong Hans". Diplomatarium Norvegicum (volumes I-XXI). Retrieved June 1, 2018.
Other sources
edit- Dansk Biografisk Leksikon, vol. 7, Copenhagen 1980.
- Politikens Danmarkshistorie, vol. 4 by Erik Kjersgaard, Copenhagen 1962.
- Politikens bog om Danske Monarker by Benito Scocozza, Copenhagen 1998.