Wikipedia

Chiang Mai

(Redirected from Chieng Mai)
Not to be confused with Chiang Mai province, Mueang Chiang Mai district, Chiang Rai, Chengmai County, or Chennai.
This article is about the city. For other uses, see Chiang Mai (disambiguation).

Chiang Mai[a] is the largest city in northern Thailand, the capital of Chiang Mai province and the second largest city in Thailand. It is 700 km (435 mi) north of Bangkok in a mountainous region called the Thai highlands and has a population of 1.2 million people as of 2022, which is more than 66 percent of the total population of Chiang Mai province (1.8 million).[3][4][5]

Chiang Mai
เชียงใหม่
ᨩ᩠ᨿᨦᩉ᩠ᨾᩲ᩵
City municipality
Chiang Mai City Municipality
เทศบาลนครเชียงใหม่
From top, left to right: Aerial view of Chiang Mai, Wat Phra Singh, Tha Phae Gate, Wat Phra That Doi Suthep, and Wat Chiang Man
Official seal of Chiang Mai
Seal
Map
Chiang Mai is located in Thailand
Chiang Mai
Chiang Mai
Location within Thailand
Chiang Mai is located in Asia
Chiang Mai
Chiang Mai
Location within Asia
Chiang Mai is located in Earth
Chiang Mai
Chiang Mai
Location within Earth
Coordinates: 18°47′43″N 98°59′55″E / 18.79528°N 98.99861°E / 18.79528; 98.99861
Country Thailand
Province Chiang Mai province
AmphoeMueang Chiang Mai
City
municipality		29 March 1935[1]
Districts
4
  • Nakornping District
  • Kawila District
  • Mengrai District
  • Sriwichai District
Government
 • TypeCity municipality
 • MayorAtsani Puranupakorn
Area
40.216 km2 (15.5274844 sq mi)
 • Urban
405 km2 (156.371 sq mi)
 • Rank11th
Elevation
304 m (997 ft)
Population
 (2019)[2]
127,240
(Municipal area)
 • Rank8th
 • Density3,164/km2 (8,190/sq mi)
 • Urban
 (2022)
1,198,000 (Principal city area/เขตเมือง)
 • Urban density2,958/km2 (7,660/sq mi)
 • Metro
(To be announced)
Time zoneUTC+07:00 (ICT)
Postal code
50000
Calling code053 & 054
AirportChiang Mai International Airport
Inter-city railNorthern Line
Websitecmcity.go.th
<?>
This article contains Lanna text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Tai Tham script.
Chiang Mai
"Chiang Mai" in Thai language (top) and
Northern Thai with Tai Tham script (bottom)
Thai name
Thaiเชียงใหม่
RTGSChiang Mai
Northern Thai name
Northern Thaiᨩ᩠ᨿᨦᩉ᩠ᨾᩲ᩵
[t͡ɕīəŋ.màj]

Chiang Mai (meaning "new city" in Thai) was founded in 1296 as the new capital of Lan Na, succeeding the former capital, Chiang Rai.[6]: 208–209  The city's location on the Ping River (a major tributary of the Chao Phraya River) and its proximity to major trading routes contributed to its historic importance.[7][8]

The city municipality of Chiang Mai (thesaban nakhon) officially only covers parts (40,2 km²) of the Mueang Chiang Mai district in the city centre and has a population of 127,000.[4] This census area dates back to 1983 when Chiang Mai's municipal area was enlarged for the first and last time since becoming the first City Municipality in Thailand (then under Siam) in 1935. The city's sprawl has since extended into several neighboring districts, namely Hang Dong in the south, Mae Rim in the north, Suthep in the west and San Kamphaeng in the east, forming the Chiang Mai urban area with over a million residents.

The city municipality is subdivided into four khwaeng (electoral wards): Nakhon Ping, Sriwichai, Mengrai, and Kawila. The first three are on the west bank of the Ping River, and Kawila is on the east bank. Nakhon Ping District includes the northern part of the city. Sriwichai, Mengrai, and Kawila consist of the western, southern, and eastern parts, respectively. The city center—within the city walls—is mostly within Sriwichai ward.[9]

History

edit

Mangrai founded Chiang Mai in 1294[10] or 1296[6]: 209  on a site that the Lawa people called Wiang Nopburi.[11][12]

The city succeeded Chiang Rai as the capital of Lan Na. Pha Yu enlarged and fortified it and built Wat Phra Singh in honor of his father, Kham Fu.[6]: 226–227  With the decline of Lan Na, Chiang Mai lost importance and was occupied by the Taungoo in 1556.[13] It formally became part of the Thonburi Kingdom in 1774, by an agreement with Chao Kavila, after the Thonburi king Taksin helped drive out the Taungoo Bamar. Subsequent Taungoo counterattacks led to Chiang Mai's abandonment between 1776 and 1791;[14]

The modern municipality dates to a sanitary district (sukhaphiban) that was created in 1915; it was upgraded to a city municipality (thesaban nakhon) on 29 March 1935.[15] First covering just 17.5 square kilometres (6.8 sq mi), the city was enlarged to 40.2 square kilometres (15.5 sq mi) on 5 April 1983.[16]

In May 2006 Chiang Mai was the site of the Chiang Mai Initiative, concluded between ASEAN and the "ASEAN+3" countries, (China, Japan, and South Korea). Chiang Mai was one of three Thai cities contending for Thailand's bid to host the World Expo 2020.[17] Ayutthaya was ultimately chosen by the Thai parliament to register for the international competition.[18]

Chiang Mai was one of two tourist destinations in Thailand on TripAdvisor's 2014 list of "25 Best Destinations in the World", where it stood at number 24.[19] Chiang Mai is also the place where the new idol group CGM48 was founded.[20]

Emblem

edit

The city emblem shows the stupa at Wat Phra That Doi Suthep in its center. Below it are clouds representing the moderate climate in the mountains of northern Thailand. There is a nāga, the mythical snake said to be the source of the Ping River, and rice stalks, which refer to the fertility of the land.[21]

Demography

edit

Population

edit
Further information: List of municipalities in Thailand

Following the municipal city area's enlargement to 40,2 km² in 1983, no changes or updates have been made to it, even with the population increasing substantially in the years after.[16] In 1983, Chiang Mai's urban area, with a population of 127,000, already exceeded the municipal city limits, and has grown to over one million people in 2022.[5]

Chiang Mai Municipality has now become a small part of the current city-scape, making up only most parts of the capital district Amphoe Mueang Chiang Mai in the inner city. To reflect the city's growth beyond the municipal borders, official government documents by the Chiang Mai Provincial Administrative Organization and the Department of Public Works and Town & Country Planning - published in the Royal Thai Government Gazette - regularly update and outline the current city boundaries. The first revision of such a updated urban area (Thai: เขตเมือง) was published in 1989, with the second one following in 1999. The third revision from 2012 expands the old municipal city border inside Muaeng Chiang Mai district to Mae Rim in the north, San Kamphaeng and Doi Saket in the east, Hang Dong and Saraphi in the south, and Suthep in the west.[22][23][24] This new extent, with a size of 405 km², serves as Chiang Mai's principal city border and urban area.

The urban area has a combined population of 1,198,000 residents, making Chiang Mai the second largest city in Thailand after Bangkok (10.7 million people) and twice as big as the third largest city Nakhon Ratchasima (Estimate: 500,000 people).[5][4] As neither the Department of Local Administration (DLA) nor the National Statistics Office (NSO) count expatriates, non-permanent residents, migrant workers (except ASEAN migrants for the year 2017) and citizens from other Thai provinces living and renting in Chiang Mai in their official population figures, it is estimated that the real population figure for Chiang Mai could be as high as 1.5 million.

 
Chiang Mai Municipality (Dark Grey, Area 40.2 km²) within the Chiang Mai Urban Area (Light Grey, Area 405 km²) as defined by the Provincial Administrative Organisation and the Ministry of Interior.

As of 2022, a fourth revision of Chiang Mai's urban area is under way and currently up for debate by the public. Proposals show the expansion of the current urban area into more adjacent subdistricts and large forest areas, especially around Doi Suthep.[25][26]

Since Thailand's outdated census methods prevent the determination of official metropolitan areas outside of Bangkok, presently there are no official sources indicating how large the extended metropolitan area is.

Geography

edit

Chiang Mai Municipality covers an area of 40.2 square kilometres (15.52 sq mi), while the urban city covers an area of 405 square kilometres (156.371 sq mi).[16][22] The city's sprawl reaches into six neighboring districts: Mae Rim, Doi Saket, San Kamphaeng, Hang Dong, Saraphi and Suthep. Chiang Mai is the only city outside Bangkok to reach into other districts.

The city is situated in a valley on a river basin in the Thai highlands and is on average at 300 m (1,000 ft) elevation. Chiang Mai's city centre sits west of the Ping River, a tributary to the Chao Phraya River, while the city's sprawl extends north-west, south-west, north-east and east of the river. To the west side of Chiang Mai lies the Thanon Thong Chai Mountain Range, with one major peak, Doi Suthep mountain, prominently rising above the city with an elevation of 1,676 metres (5,499 ft).

Parks and green spaces

edit

There are several parks and green spaces inside the city. Buak Hat Public Park, located in the south west corner of the old city is the most frequented public park in Chiang Mai. Directly opposite, to the south-west, is Kanchanaphisek Park, a park with remnants of the old extended city walls. Bigger parks include Lanna Rama 9 Park to the north in Chang Phueak district and Ang Keaw Reservoir, located near the northern entrance to Chiang Mai University. As of 2024, there are plans to reopen the Chiang Mai Railway Park opposite of the central train station.[27]

Climate

edit

Chiang Mai has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen Aw), tempered by the low latitude and moderate elevation, with warm to hot weather year-round, though nighttime conditions during the dry season can be cool and much lower than daytime highs. The maximum temperature ever recorded was 42.5 °C (108.5 °F) in May 2016. Cold and hot weather effects occur immediately but cold effects last longer than hot effects and contribute to higher cold related mortality risk among old people aged more than 85 years.[28]

Climate data for Chiang Mai (1991–2020, extremes 1951-present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 35.2
(95.4) 		37.7
(99.9) 		42.2
(108.0) 		42.5
(108.5) 		42.5
(108.5) 		39.3
(102.7) 		39.0
(102.2) 		36.5
(97.7) 		35.8
(96.4) 		37.9
(100.2) 		34.7
(94.5) 		33.4
(92.1) 		42.5
(108.5)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 30.0
(86.0) 		32.9
(91.2) 		35.4
(95.7) 		36.7
(98.1) 		34.7
(94.5) 		33.2
(91.8) 		32.1
(89.8) 		31.6
(88.9) 		32.0
(89.6) 		31.7
(89.1) 		30.8
(87.4) 		29.2
(84.6) 		32.5
(90.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) 22.0
(71.6) 		24.2
(75.6) 		27.3
(81.1) 		29.5
(85.1) 		28.6
(83.5) 		28.0
(82.4) 		27.4
(81.3) 		26.9
(80.4) 		26.9
(80.4) 		26.4
(79.5) 		24.6
(76.3) 		22.2
(72.0) 		26.2
(79.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 15.7
(60.3) 		16.8
(62.2) 		20.1
(68.2) 		23.4
(74.1) 		24.2
(75.6) 		24.5
(76.1) 		24.3
(75.7) 		24.0
(75.2) 		23.7
(74.7) 		22.6
(72.7) 		19.9
(67.8) 		16.9
(62.4) 		21.3
(70.4)
Record low °C (°F) 3.7
(38.7) 		7.3
(45.1) 		13.0
(55.4) 		16.3
(61.3) 		18.3
(64.9) 		21.2
(70.2) 		20.5
(68.9) 		21.2
(70.2) 		19.5
(67.1) 		14.0
(57.2) 		6.0
(42.8) 		3.8
(38.8) 		3.7
(38.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 11.3
(0.44) 		9.6
(0.38) 		20.4
(0.80) 		54.3
(2.14) 		167.5
(6.59) 		118.2
(4.65) 		148.6
(5.85) 		223.3
(8.79) 		207.2
(8.16) 		123.8
(4.87) 		40.9
(1.61) 		14.1
(0.56) 		1,139.2
(44.85)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 1.0 0.7 2.1 4.7 12.0 11.6 14.4 17.1 14.7 9.1 3.0 1.2 91.6
Average relative humidity (%) 68.9 58.2 53.6 57.4 70.9 76.3 78.9 82.0 81.7 78.9 75.0 72.6 71.2
Average dew point °C (°F) 15.2
(59.4) 		14.4
(57.9) 		16.0
(60.8) 		19.2
(66.6) 		22.2
(72.0) 		23.1
(73.6) 		23.2
(73.8) 		23.4
(74.1) 		23.3
(73.9) 		22.0
(71.6) 		19.4
(66.9) 		16.5
(61.7) 		19.8
(67.6)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 258.4 252.3 267.9 253.3 216.5 145.7 115.3 110.8 152.7 196.4 229.0 238.0 2,436.3
Mean daily sunshine hours 8.8 9.1 9.5 9.3 6.4 5.2 3.9 3.8 4.8 6.5 7.2 8.2 6.9
Source 1: World Meteorological Organization[29][30][31]
Source 2: Office of Water Management and Hydrology, Royal Irrigation Department (daily suns 1981–2010)[32] (extremes)[33]

Government

edit

The Administration of Chiang Mai Municipality is responsible for an area that covers approximately 40.216 square kilometers and consists of 4 Municipal Districts, 14 sub-districts, 94 municipal communities, and 89,656 households.[2]

According to Municipal Act B.E. 2496 (1953, reviewed in 2003), the duties of the Municipality cover a lot of areas which include clean water supply, waste and sewage disposal, communicable disease control, public training and education, public hospitals and electricity, etc.[34]

The mayor, or the highest executive, is directly elected by the eligible voters in the municipal area. The mayor serves a four-year term and is assisted by no more than four deputy mayors appointed directly by the mayor. The mayor will thus be permitted to appoint deputies, secretaries and advisors including the mayor himself or herself totally no more than 10. The current mayor is Tussanai Burabupakorn, as of June 2018.[34]

The Municipal Council is the legislative body of the municipality. It has the power to issue ordinances by laws that do not contradict with the laws of the country. The municipal council applies to all people living in the municipal area. The Chiang Mai City Municipal Council is composed of 24 elected members from 4 municipal districts who each serves a 4-year term.[34]

Economy

edit

Development initiatives

edit

In February 2017, the Digital Economy Promotion Agency (DEPA) (under Thailand's Digital Economy and Society Ministry) announced that 36.5 million baht would be invested into developing Chiang Mai into an innovation-driven "smart city". Chiang Mai was the second city in Thailand, after Phuket and along with Khon Kaen,[35] to be developed using the "smart city" model. The model aims to capture and populate multiple levels of information (including building, social, environmental, governmental, and economic data) from sources like sensors, real-time traffic information, and social forums for access by managers, governments, and citizens using mobile apps, tablets, and dashboards.[36] The "Smart City" outlook (integrating Information and Communications Technology (ICT) with the Internet of Things (IOT)), is viewed to be critical both for secondary cities with burgeoning urban population like Chiang Mai,[37] as well as part of Thailand's move to be digital hub of ASEAN.[38] The role of private sector investment, together with public sector partnership, is key to promote digital entrepreneurship. Prosoft Comtech, a Thai software company, has spent 300 million baht to build its own "Oon IT Valley"[39] on a 90 rai plot of land as a community for tech start-ups, Internet of Things technology, software programmers and business process outsourcing services. It is aimed to both increase the size of Chiang Mai's digital workforce, as well as attract foreign digital talent to Chiang Mai.[40]

Smart transportation

edit

In January 2018, it was announced that Chiang Mai would be launching "Mobike In", a bike-sharing app that would see the introduction of some 500 smart bikes on the streets. The smart bikes would be available for use for both locals and tourists. It is reported that as a start, the bikes would be placed at convenient locations including the Three Kings monument, Tha Pae Gate and Suan Buak Haad Park, as well as in the old town. The "Mobike In" project is sponsored by Advanced Info Service (Thailand's largest mobile phone operator), in collaboration with the Tourism Authority of Thailand (Chiang Mai Office), together with local universities, public and private sectors. The project aims to promote non-motorised transportation and support eco-tourism. Speaking at the launch at the Lanna Folklife Museum, Deputy Governor Puttipong Sirimart stated that the introduction of such "smart transportation" was a positive move in Chiang Mai's transformation into a "Smart City" (part of the "Thailand 4.0" vision).[41]

Smart agriculture

edit

DEPA has also provided funding to Chiang Mai's Maejo University, to develop wireless sensor systems for better farmland irrigation techniques, to reduce use of water sprinklers and increase productivity. The university is also developing agricultural drones that can spray fertilizers and pesticides on crops which, if successful, will result in lower costs. The drones may also detect and monitor fires and smoke pollution.[40]

Under the 2011 IBM "Smarter Cities Challenge", IBM experts recommended smarter food initiatives focused on creating agricultural data for farmers, including price modelling, farmer-focused weather forecasting tools, an e-portal to help farmers align crop production with demand, as well as branding of Chiang Mai produce. Longer-term recommendations included implementing traceability, enabling the tracking of produce from farm to consumer, smarter irrigation as well as flood control and early warning systems.[42]

Smart healthcare

edit

As part of the smart city project supported by IBM, Chiang Mai is also looking to use technology to boost its presence as a medical tourism hub. In 2011, IBM launched its Smarter Cities Challenge, a three-year, 100 city, 1.6 billion baht (US$50 million) program where teams of experts study and make detailed recommendations to address local important urban issues. Chiang Mai won a grant of about US$400,000 in 2011. The IBM team focused on smarter healthcare initiatives, aimed at making Chiang Mai and the University Medical Clinic a medical hub,[43] as well as improving efficiency of hospitals for improved service delivery. For example, healthcare providers could use real-time location tracking of patients and hospital assets to increase efficiency and build an internationally recognised service identity. Electronic medical record technology can also be adopted to standardise information exchanges to link all medical service providers, even including traditional medicine and spas.[44] Similar ideas include linking patient databases and healthcare asset information.[45] In partnership with the Faculty of Medicine at Chiang Mai University, the team of experts aim to enhance the quality of medical care available to the community, both urban and rural, as well as develop Chiang Mai into a centre for medical tourism with the infrastructure for supporting international visitors seeking long-term medical care.[46]

As the largest city in northern Thailand, Chiang Mai already receives some long stay healthcare visitors, largely Japanese. Its main advantage over Bangkok is lower costs of living. Quality services at low prices are a major selling point in mainstream healthcare, dental and ophthalmologic care as well as Thai traditional medicine. Its local university is also developing specializations in robotic surgery and geriatric medicine to accommodate a future aging population.[44]

Smart tourism

edit

DEPA also reported that it has developed a mobile app that uses augmented reality technology to showcase various historical attractions in Chiang Mai, in line with the government's policy to promote Chiang Mai as a world heritage city.[40]

Tourism

edit

According to Thailand's Tourist Authority, in 2013 Chiang Mai had 14.1 million visitors: 4.6 million foreigners and 9.5 million Thais.[47] In 2016, tourist arrivals were expected to grow by approximately 10 percent to 9.1 million, with Chinese tourists increasing by seven percent to 750,000 and international arrivals by 10 percent to 2.6 million.[48] Tourism in Chiang Mai has been growing annually by 15 percent per year since 2011, mostly due to Chinese tourists who account for 30 percent of international arrivals.[48] In 2015, 7.4 million tourists visited Chiang Mai. Out of these, 35 percent were foreign tourists. The number of tourists has increased with an average rate of 13.6 percent annually between 2009 and 2015. The major reasons that have made Chiang Mai a tourist attraction are its topography, climate, and cultural history.[49] Chiang Mai is estimated to have 32,000–40,000 hotel rooms[47][48] and Chiang Mai International Airport (CNX) is Thailand's fourth largest airport, after Suvarnabhumi (BKK), Don Mueang (DMK), and Phuket (HKT).[50]

The Thailand Convention and Exhibition Bureau (TCEB) aims to market Chiang Mai as a global MICE city as part of a five-year plan. The TCEB forecasts revenue from MICE to rise by 10 percent to 4.24 billion baht in 2013 and the number of MICE travellers to rise by five percent to 72,424.[51]

Buddhist sights

edit

Chiang Mai has 117 Buddhist temples ("wat" in Thai) in the Mueang (capital) district.[52] These include:

  • Wat Phra That Doi Suthep, the city's most famous temple, stands on Doi Suthep, a mountain to the north-west of the city, at an elevation of 1,073 meters.[53]
  • Wat Chiang Man, the oldest temple in Chiang Mai, dating from the 13th century.[6]: 209  King Mengrai lived here during the construction of the city. This temple houses two important and venerated Buddha figures, the marble Phra Sila and the crystal Phra Satang Man.
  • Wat Phra Singh is within the city walls, dates from 1345, and offers an example of classic Northern Thai-style architecture. It houses the Phra Singh Buddha, a highly venerated figure brought here many years ago from Chiang Rai.[54]
  • Wat Chedi Luang was founded in 1401 and is dominated by a large Lanna style chedi, which took many years to finish. An earthquake damaged the chedi in the 16th century and only two-thirds of it remains.[55]
  • Wat Ku Tao in the city's Chang Phuak District dates from (at least) the 13th century and is distinguished by an unusual alms-bowl-shaped stupa thought to contain the ashes of King Nawrahta Minsaw, Chiang Mai's first Bamar ruler.[56]
  • Wat Chet Yot is on the outskirts of the city. Built in 1455, the temple hosted the Eighth World Buddhist Council in 1477.
  • Wat Sri Suphan is known as the "Silver Temple" because its ordination hall was constructed using silver, aluminium and nickel.
  • Wat Umong is a forest and cave wat in the foothills west of the city, near Chiang Mai University. Wat U-Mong is known for its "fasting Buddha", representing the Buddha at the end of his long and fruitless fast prior to gaining enlightenment.
  • Wat Rampoeng (Wat Tapotaram), near Wat U-Mong, is known for its meditation center (Northern Insight Meditation Center). The temple teaches the traditional vipassanā technique and students stay from 10 days to more than a month as they try to meditate at least 10 hours a day. Wat RamPoeng houses the largest collection of Tipitaka, the complete Theravada canon, in several Northern dialects.[57]
  • Wat Suan Dok is a 14th-century temple just west of the old city wall. It was built by the king for a revered monk visiting from Sukhothai for a rainy season retreat. The temple is also the site of Mahachulalongkorn Rajavidyalaya Buddhist University, where monks pursue their studies.[58]

In addition to the currently active temples there are several temple ruins scattered around the present-day city area. Typically only the main stupa remains as it is a brick and cement structure, with other temple buildings no longer there. There are 44 of such structures in the city area, ranging from very prominent landmarks to small remnants that have almost completely disappeared or are overgrown with vegetation.[59]

  •  
    Fireworks at Wat Phantao during Loi Krathong
  •  
    Wat Chedi Luang
  •  
    Wat Prathat Doi Suthep (1973)
  •  
    Temple ruin just off Chang Phuak Road

Other religious sights

edit

Historical sights

edit

Museums

edit
 
Chiang Mai City Arts and Cultural Center
 
Lanna Folklife Museum

Chiang Mai has several museums regarding Art and Lanna culture within its city limits:

  • Chiang Mai City Arts and Cultural Center
  • Chiang Mai National Museum, which highlights the history of the region and the Kingdom of Lan Na.
  • Chiang Mai Philatelic Museum, showing the history of postage stamps and postal development of Thailand, especially of Chiang Mai.[64]
  • Highland People Discovery Museum, a showcase on the history of the local mountain tribes.
  • Mint Bureau of Chiang Mai or Sala Thanarak, Treasury Department, Ministry of Finance, Rajdamnern Road (one block from AUA Language Center). Has an old coin museum open to the public during business hours. The Lan Na Kingdom used leaf (or line) money made of brass and silver bubbles, also called "pig-mouth" money. The exact original technique of making pig-mouth money is still disputed, and because the silver is very thin and breakable, good pieces are now very rare.[65]
  • Bank of Thailand Museum
  • Northern Telecoms of Thailand Museum, housed in a former telephone exchange building, displaying the history and evolution of telecommunications in Northern Thailand.[66]
  • MAIIAM Contemporary Art Museum, a museum of contemporary art which opened in 2016.[67][68] It is one of only two museums of contemporary art in Thailand, with the other museum, the Museum of Contemporary Art of Bangkok, considered somewhat more conservative in tastes than MAIIAM.[68]

Effects of tourism

edit
 
City wall, north-west corner

The influx of tourists has put a strain on the city's natural resources. Faced with rampant unplanned development, air and water pollution, waste management problems, and traffic congestion, the city has launched a non-motorised transport (NMT) system. The initiative, developed by a partnership of experts and with support from the Climate & Development Knowledge Network, aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and create employment opportunities for the urban poor. The climate compatible development strategy has gained support from policy-makers and citizens alike.[69]

Tourism has also brought benefits for the local community of Chiang Mai. It has played a role in promoting the arts and crafts market in Chiang Mai. Tourists have increased demand for traditional crafts and art forms that has resulted in the incentives for local artists to enhance their work thus adding to the sector.[70] There are also opportunities for agritourism in Chiang Mai. The factor analysis illustrates three types of agri needs, activities and shopping, facilities, services and location and the last one attractions and environment. Agritoursim is a type of business that a farmer conducts for additional farm income. Farmers, through the promotions of agricultural products, provide enjoyment and educate the public about farming and agriculture.[71]

Since 2022, due to the increasingly harsh political environment in China, Chiang Mai attracts many Chinese to settle and live in the city due to its liberal climate and low cost of living.[72]

Culture

edit
 
People floating krathong rafts during the Loi Krathong festival
 
The roads are full of vehicles during the Songkran festival
 
Flower Festival parade
 
Inthakhin (City Pillar) Festival

Festivals

edit
  • Loi Krathong (along with Yi Peng), held on the full moon of the 12th month of the traditional Thai lunar calendar, being the full moon of the second month of the old Lanna calendar. In the Western calendar this usually falls in November. Every year thousands of people assemble floating banana-leaf containers (krathong) decorated with flowers and candles and deposit them on the waterways of the city in worship of the Goddess of Water. Lanna-style sky lanterns (khom fai or kom loi), which are hot-air balloons made of paper, are launched into the air. These sky lanterns are believed to help rid the locals of troubles and are also used to decorate houses and streets.
  • Songkran is held in mid-April to celebrate the traditional Thai New Year. Chiang Mai has become one of the most popular locations to visit during this festival. A variety of religious and fun-related activities (notably the indiscriminate citywide water fight) take place each year, along with parades and Miss Songkran beauty competition.
  • Chiang Mai Flower Festival is a three-day festival held during the first weekend in February each year; this event occurs when Chiang Mai's temperate and tropical flowers are in full bloom.
  • Tam Bun Khan Dok, the Inthakhin (City Pillar) Festival, starts on the day of the waning moon of the sixth lunar month and lasts 6–8 days.

Buddhism

edit

Buddhist celebrations include the Vesak at Doi Suthep mountain where thousands of Buddhists make the journey on foot after sunset, from the bottom of the mountain to the temple at the top Wat Doi Suthep.[73] Makha Bucha Day is celebrated at large temples (Wat Phra Singh, Wat Chedi Luang, Wat Phra That Doi Suthep, and Wat Sri Soda) with thousands of attendees.[74]

Language

edit

While most inhabitants speak Thai, there are many older inhabitants that also speak the former Lan Na Kingdom's unique language known as Northern Thai, Lanna or Kham Mueang. The script used to write this language, called the Tai Tham alphabet, is studied only by scholars, and the language is commonly written with the standard Thai alphabet.[75]

Dining

edit

Khan tok is a century-old Lan Na Thai tradition.[76]

Health and Education

edit

Education

edit
Further information: List of international schools in Thailand and List of universities and colleges in Thailand

Chiang Mai has several universities, including Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai Rajabhat University, Rajamangala University of Technology Lanna, Payap University, Far Eastern University, and Maejo University, as well as numerous technical and teacher colleges.

The city is also home to 16 international schools, the second highest amount in the country after Bangkok.[77]

Chiang Mai University, the city's main and most important institution, was the first government university established outside of Bangkok in the year 1964. As of 2024, Chiang Mai University holds the rank of the third best university in Thailand behind Chulalongkorn and Mahidol University.[78]

Healthcare

edit

The largest hospital in Chiang Mai City is Maharaj Nakorn Chiang Mai Hospital, run by the Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University. The Ministry of Public Health does not operate any hospitals in Chiang Mai Municipality, with the closest one being Nakornping Hospital, a regional hospital in Mae Rim District and the MOPH's largest hospital in the province.

Air pollution

edit

A continuing environmental issue in Chiang Mai is the incidence of air pollution that primarily occurs every year between December and April. In 1996, speaking at the Fourth International Network for Environmental Compliance and Enforcement conference—held in Chiang Mai that year—the Governor Virachai Naewboonien invited guest speaker Dr. Jakapan Wongburanawatt, Dean of the Social Science Faculty of Chiang Mai University, to discuss air pollution efforts in the region. Dr. Wongburanawatt stated that, in 1994, an increasing number of city residents attended hospitals suffering from respiratory problems associated with the city's air pollution.[79]

During the December–April period, air quality in Chiang Mai often remains below recommended standards, with fine-particle dust levels reaching twice the standard limits.[80] It has been said that smoke pollution has made March "the worst month to visit Chiang Mai".[81]

The northern centre of the Meteorological Department has reported that low-pressure areas from China trap forest fire smoke in the mountains along the Thai-Myanmar border.[82] Research conducted between 2005 and 2009 showed that average PM10 rates in Chiang Mai during February and March were considerably above the country's safety level of 120 μg/m³, peaking at 383 μg/m³ on 14 March 2007.[citation needed] PM2.5 rates (fine particles 75% smaller than PM10) reached 183 μg/m³ in Chiang Mai in 2018.[83] According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the acceptable level of PM10 is 50 μg/m³ and PM2.5 is 25 μg/m³.[84]

To address the increasing amount of greenhouse gas emissions from the transport sector in Chiang Mai, the city government has advocated the use of non-motorised transport (NMT). In addition to its potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the NMT initiative addresses other issues such as traffic congestion, air quality, income generation for the poor, and the long-term viability of the tourism industry.[69]

National Parks

edit
 
Nam Tok Huai Kaeo lies at the foot of Doi Suthep on the western edge of the city

National Parks include Doi Inthanon National Park, which includes Doi Inthanon, the highest mountain in Thailand, and one of the most popular national parks in the country. It is famous for its waterfalls, few trails, remote villages, viewpoints, sunrise/sunset watching, bird watching, and the all year round cold weather on higher elevations.

Doi Suthep-Pui National Park

edit

Doi Suthep–Pui National Park begins on the western edge of the city. Wat Doi Suthep Buddhist temple, located near the summit of Doi Suthep, can be seen from much of the city and its environs. In 2015, a development plan around the temple for a new housing project threatened to destroy some of the forest, but was halted, resulting in reforestation of the park.[85]

Pha Daeng National Park

edit

Pha Daeng National Park, also known as Chiang Dao National Park, includes Doi Chiang Dao and Pha Deang mountain near the border with Myanmar. Many tour companies offer organized treks among the local hills and forests on foot and on elephant back. Most also involve visits to various local hill tribes, including the Akha, Hmong, Karen, and Lisu.[86]

Recreation

edit
 
Central Chiang Mai Shopping Mall

Shopping

edit
 
Sunday Evening Market, Chiang Mai

There are three shopping malls operating in Chiang Mai, offering most big brands: Central Chiang Mai Airport, Central Chiang Mai and Maya Shopping Mall.[87][88][89]

Shopping destinations geared towards tourists in Chiang Mai include the large and famous Night Bazaar for local arts and handicrafts. The night markets extend across several city blocks along footpaths, inside buildings and temple grounds, and in open squares.

The most famous handicraft and food market, called Tha Phae Walking Street or Chiang Mai Sunday Night Market, opens every Sunday at 5 PM until 10:30 PM for 1 kilometer on Rachadamnoen Road, the main street in the historical centre of the old city, which is then closed to motorised traffic.[90] Every Saturday evening a handicraft market is held along Wua Lai Road, Chiang Mai's silver street on the south side of the city beyond Chiang Mai Gate, which is then also closed to motorised traffic.[91][92]

Attractions

edit

Transport

edit

Roads

edit
 
Road sign decorated with Doi Suthep

As population density continues to grow, greater pressure is placed upon the city's transportation system. During peak hours, the road traffic is often badly congested. The city officials as well as researchers and experts have been trying to find feasible solutions to tackle the city's traffic problems. Most of them agree that factors such as lack of public transport, increasing number of motor vehicles, inefficient land use plan and urban sprawl, have led to these problems.[93] The locally preferred form of transport is personal motorbike and, increasingly, private car. Local public transport is via tuk-tuk, songthaew, bus, or rickshaw.[94] New electric tuk-tuks were introduced into the city in June 2017.[95]

Buses

edit
 
A Green Bus connecting Chiang Mai with Chiang Rai

A number of bus stations link the city to central, southeast, and northern Thailand. The central Chang Puak Terminal (north of Chiang Puak Gate) provides local services within Chiang Mai Province. The Chiang Mai Arcade bus terminal northeast of the city centre (which can be reached with a songthaew or tuk-tuk ride) provides services to over 20 other destinations in Thailand including Bangkok, Pattaya, Hua Hin, and Phuket. There are several services a day from Chiang Mai Arcade terminal to Mo Chit Station in Bangkok (a 10- to 12-hour journey).

Since December 2023, Chiang Mai offers a city wide bus system under the name RTC Chiang Mai City Bus, with three established lines starting and terminating at Chiang Mai Airport.[96]

Rail systems

edit
 
Chiang Mai Railway Station

The state railway operates 10 trains a day to Chiang Mai railway station from Bangkok. Most journeys run overnight and take approximately 12–15 hours. Most trains offer first-class (private cabins) and second-class (seats fold out to make sleeping berths) service. Chiang Mai is the northern terminus of the Thai railway system.

The latest development is that Mass Rapid Transit Authority of Thailand (MRTA) has approved a draft decree on the light railway transit system project in Chiang Mai. The construction was set to begin in 2020 and be completed by 2027.[97] It is believed that such a system would mitigate Chiang Mai's traffic problems to a large degree.[98]

Airports

edit

Chiang Mai International Airport is the fourth busiest airport in Thailand and receives an average of 50 flights a day from Bangkok (25 from Suvarnabhumi and also 25 from Don Mueang, flight time about 1 hour 10 minutes) and also serves as a local hub for services to other northern cities such as Chiang Rai, Phrae, and Mae Hong Son.[99] International services also connect Chiang Mai with other regional centers, including cities in other Asian countries. Planning is underway to renovate and expand the existing airport, and for a second airport with a capacity to serve 10 million annual passengers.[100][101]

 
Panoramic view onto Chiang Mai International Airport

Notable persons

edit

International relations

edit

Sister cities

edit

Chiang Mai has agreements with the following sister cities:[104]

Friendship cities

edit

Chiang Mai has agreements with the following friendship cities:[106]

edit
  •  
    Monks in Wat Chedi Luang
  •  
    Ping River banks in Chiang Mai
  •  
    Inthakhin city pillar building, Wat Chedi Luang
  •  
    Selling umbrellas, Sunday Evening Market
  •  
    A soi NE of city center
  •  
    Police tuk-tuk, Tha Phae Gate
  •  
    Chang Phueak Gate and part of the old city wall
  •  
    View south along the eastern moat of city center
  •  
    Ho Trai (library), Wat Phra Singh

See also

edit

Notes

edit
  1. ^ /ˌtʃæŋ ˈmaɪ/, from Thai: เชียงใหม่ [t͡ɕʰīa̯ŋ màj] ⓘ, Northern Thai: ᨩ᩠ᨿᨦᩉ᩠ᨾᩲ᩵, เจียงใหม่ [t͡ɕīa̯ŋ màj] ⓘ; sometimes written as Chiengmai or Chiangmai

References

edit
  1. ^ [1],"พระราชบัญญัติจัดตั้งเทศบาลนครเชียงใหม่ พุทธศักราช ๒๔๗๘"
  2. ^ a b "สถิติทางการทะเบียน" [Registration statistics]. bora.dopa.go.th. Department of Provincial Administration (DOPA). December 2019. Retrieved 22 September 2020. Download จำนวนประชากร ปี พ.ศ.2562 - Download population year 2019
  3. ^ "National Statistical Office Thailand – Population Data 2022". statbbi.nso.go.th. Retrieved 2023-07-28.
  4. ^ a b c "Department of Provincial Administration (DOPA), Population data for the year 2022".
  5. ^ a b c "Chiang Mai, Thailand Metro Area Population 1950-2022, Data provided by the United Nations' Department of Economic and Social Affairs - Population Division". www.macrotrends.net. Retrieved 2022-03-16.
  6. ^ a b c d Cœdès, George (1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.). The Indianized States of south-east Asia. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 9780824803681.
  7. ^ "Chiang Mai Night Bazaar in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand". Lonely Planet. 2011-10-24. Archived from the original on 2012-08-06. Retrieved 2012-07-05.
  8. ^ "มหาวิทยาลัยนอร์ท-เชียงใหม่ [North – Chiang Mai University]". Northcm.ac.th. Archived from the original on April 24, 2012. Retrieved 2012-07-05.
  9. ^ "Chiang Mai Municipality" (in Thai). Chiang Mai City. 2008. Archived from the original on September 15, 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-04.
  10. ^ Colquhoun, Archibald Ross (1885). Amongst the Shans. Scribner & Welford. p. 121.
  11. ^ Aroonrut Wichienkeeo (2001–2012). "Lawa (Lua) : A Study from Palm-Leaf Manuscripts and Stone Inscriptions". COE Center of Excellence. Rajabhat Institute of Chiangmai. Archived from the original on 7 July 2012. Retrieved 15 Aug 2012.
  12. ^ See also the chronicle of Chiang Mai, Zinme Yazawin, in Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David, Ancient Chiang Mai Volume 4. Chiang Mai, Cognoscenti Books, 2012. ASIN: B006J541LE
  13. ^ "History of Chiang Mai – Lonely Planet Travel Information". Lonelyplanet.com. 2006-09-19. Retrieved 2012-07-05.
  14. ^ "Thailand's World: General Kavila". Thailandsworld.com. 2012-05-06. Archived from the original on 2012-06-15. Retrieved 2012-07-05.
  15. ^ "พระราชบัญญัติ จัดตั้งเทศบาลนครเชียงใหม่ พุทธศักราช ๒๔๗๘" [Royal Decree Establishing Chiang Mai city municipality, Buddhist Era 2478 (1935)] (PDF). Royal Thai Government Gazette. 52: 2136–2141. 29 March 1935. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 10, 2011. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
  16. ^ a b c "พระราชกฤษฎีกา เปลี่ยนแปลงเขตเทศบาลนครเชียงใหม่ จังหวัดเชียงใหม่ พ.ศ. ๒๕๒๖" [Royal Decree Enlargement of Chiang Mai city municipality, Chiang Mai province, B.E.2526 (1983)] (PDF). Royal Thai Government Gazette. 100 (53): 4–10. 5 April 1983. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 3, 2021. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
  17. ^ S.T. Leng (October–November 2010). "TCEB keen on World Expo 2020". Exhibition Now. Archived from the original on July 4, 2011. Retrieved 13 Jan 2013.
  18. ^ Suchat Sritama (2011-04-05). "Ayutthaya Chosen Thailand's Bid City for World Expo 2020". The Nation Asia News Network. Archived from the original on 2011-08-09. Retrieved 12 Dec 2012.
  19. ^ "Best Destinations in the World; Travelers' Choice Awards 2014". TripAdvisor. Retrieved 2014-12-12.
  20. ^ "Fakta CGM48 Member Audisi". Shukan Bunshun. 2019-06-02. Retrieved 2019-06-03.
  21. ^ "Chiang Mai Municipality Emblem". Chiang Mai City. 2008. Archived from the original on June 30, 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-04.
  22. ^ a b Chiang Mai Provincial Administrative Organization, Royal Gazette (May 21, 2013). "Ministerial Regulations that shall be incorporated into the Chiang Mai unified city plan, Page 32 (in Thai)" (PDF).
  23. ^ "Ministerial Regulations to enforce the City plan, Chiang Mai Province (No. 2) B.E. 2559 - Regarding the official city plans by the Chiang Mai Provincial Administration" (PDF). Royal Gazette.
  24. ^ "Chapter 3 - Current environmental resources, Khon Kaen University, Feasibility study on Condominiums in the Chiang Mai Urban Area, Page 16+18" (PDF).
  25. ^ "Gathering opinions to create a 4th Revision of the Chiang Mai City Plan". Chiangmai News (In Thai). 21 January 2022.
  26. ^ "Department of Public Works and Town & Country Planning - City Plan, Chiang Mai (4th Revision)".
  27. ^ Ward, Ricky. "Chiang Mai Railway Park Bulldozed - OurChiangMai.com". Retrieved 2024-06-27.
  28. ^ Yuming Guo, Kornwipa Punnasiri and Shilu Tongly (9 July 2012). "Effects of temperature on mortality in Chiang Mai city, Thailand: A time series study". Environmental Health. 11 (1): 36. Bibcode:2012EnvHe..11...36G. doi:10.1186/1476-069X-11-36. PMC 3391976. PMID 22613086.[permanent dead link‍]
  29. ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
  30. ^ Thai Meteorological Department. "สถิติอุณหภูมิสูงที่สุดในช่วงฤดูร้อนของประเทศไทยระหว่าง พ.ศ. 2494 - 2565" [Extreme maximum temperature during summer season in Thailand (1951 - 2022)] (PDF). TMD website. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
  31. ^ Thai Meteorological Department. "Extreme minimum temperature during winter season in Thailand 71 year period (1951 - 2021);" (PDF). TMD website. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
  32. ^ "ปริมาณการใช้น้ำของพืชอ้างอิงโดยวิธีของ Penman Monteith (Reference Crop Evapotranspiration by Penman Monteith)" (PDF) (in Thai). Office of Water Management and Hydrology, Royal Irrigation Department. p. 11. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
  33. ^ "Climatological Data for the Period 1981–2010". Thai Meteorological Department. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
  34. ^ a b c "Chiang Mai Municipality".
  35. ^ Boonnoon, Jirapan (2017-01-27). "DE Ministry pushing for nationwide". The Nation. Retrieved 2018-03-01.
  36. ^ "Prayut gets long-distance look at 'smart' 3D Chiang Mai". The Nation. 22 September 2017. Retrieved 2018-03-01.
  37. ^ Da Hsuan, Feng; Hai Ming, Liang (28 September 2017). "Thailand can be smart-city flagship for Belt and Road". Editorial. The Nation. Retrieved 2018-03-01.
  38. ^ Asina Pornwasin (15 September 2015). "Plan to make Phuket and Chiang Mai 'smart cities'". The Nation. Retrieved 2018-03-01.
  39. ^ "Oon IT Valley ออนไอทีวัลเลย์ เมืองไอที วิถีล้านนา". Oon IT Valley ออนไอทีวัลเลย์ เมืองไอที วิถีล้านนา (in Thai). Archived from the original on 2018-03-01. Retrieved 2018-03-01.
  40. ^ a b c Leesa-Nguansuk, Suchit (11 February 2017). "Chiang Mai to become smart city". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 2018-03-01.
  41. ^ "Chiang Mai To Get 500 Smart Bikes, Known as MOBIKE IN". Citylife Chiang Mai. 2018-01-19. Retrieved 2018-03-01.
  42. ^ "Chiang Mai Summary Report" (PDF). IBM Smarter Cities Challenge. 2011. Retrieved 2018-03-01.
  43. ^ Sambandaraksa, Don (22 September 2010). "IBM focuses on Chiang Mai". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 2018-03-01.
  44. ^ a b "Smarter technology: medical tourism in Thailand". International Medical Travel Journal (IMTJ). 2 June 2011. Retrieved 2018-03-01.
  45. ^ Leesa-Nguansuk, Suchit (1 August 2016). "A tale of smart cities". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 2018-03-01.
  46. ^ Boonnoon, Jirapan (19 July 2012). "Thai arm of IBM spreads wings in Laos". The Nation. Retrieved 2018-03-01.
  47. ^ a b "Internal Tourism in Chiang Mai" (PDF). Thailand Department of Tourism. Department of Tourism. 2014-08-20. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-10-29. Retrieved 2014-10-29.
  48. ^ a b c Chinmaneevong, Chadamas (2016-05-21). "Chiang Mai hoteliers face price war woe". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 22 May 2016.
  49. ^ Pardthaisong, Liwa (29 December 2017). "Haze Pollution in Chiang Mai, Thailand: A Road to Resilience". Procedia Engineering Volume 212, 2018, Pages 85-92. Archived from the original on July 3, 2021. Retrieved 22 Feb 2018.
  50. ^ "2013 (Statistic Report 2013)". About AOT: Air Transport Statistic. Airports of Thailand PLC. Archived from the original on 2014-12-07. Retrieved 2014-12-09.
  51. ^ Amnatcharoenrit, Bamrung. "Chiang Mai sees boost in MICE sector". No. 2013–09–27. The Nation. Retrieved 2014-12-09.
  52. ^ "Lan Na Rebirth: Recently Re-established Temples", in Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David, Ancient Chiang Mai, Volume 3. Chiang Mai, Cognoscenti Books 2012 ASIN: B006IN1RNW
  53. ^ "Chiang Mai Thailand". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2019-08-17.
  54. ^ "Wat Phra Singh Woramahaviharn", in Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David, Ancient Chiang Mai, Volume 4. Chiang Mai, Cognoscenti Books, 2012. ASIN: B006J541LE
  55. ^ "Wat Chedi Luang: Temple of the Great Stupa", in Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David, Ancient Chiang Mai, Volume 4. Chiang Mai, Cognoscenti Books, 2012. ASIN: B006J541LE
  56. ^ "Wat Ku Tao: Chang Phuak's Watermelon Temple", in Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David, Ancient Chiang Mai, Volume 1. Chiang Mai, Cognoscenti Books 2012
  57. ^ "Wat Rampoeng Tapotharam" in Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David, Ancient Chiang Mai, Volume 3. Chiang Mai, Cognoscenti Books 2012
  58. ^ "Wat Suan Dok, the Flower Garden temple", in Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David, Ancient Chiang Mai, Volume 3. Chiang Mai, Cognoscenti Books, 2012. ASIN: B006IN1RNW
  59. ^ "Archaeological Site Database of the Sirindhorn Anthropology Center", https://www.sac.or.th/databases/archaeology/archaeology?field_a_province_tid=14&title=&page=1
  60. ^ "Churches". Chiang Mai Info. Archived from the original on 2011-05-11. Retrieved 2010-04-15.
  61. ^ "The Muslim Community Past and Present", in Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David, Ancient Chiang Mai, Volume 3. Chiang Mai, Cognoscenti Books, 2012. ASIN: B006IN1RNW
  62. ^ "Muslim Chiangmai" (bi-lingual Thai-English) (in Thai). Muslim Chiangmai. September 21, 2011. Retrieved September 21, 2011.
  63. ^ a b c "Chiang Mai — A Complete Guide To Chiangmai". Chiangmai-thai.com. 2008-07-06. Archived from the original on 2010-12-25. Retrieved 2010-04-15.
  64. ^ Museums of Thailand website https://www.museumthailand.com/en/museum/Chiangmai-Philatelic-Museum-2
  65. ^ "Thai Coins History". Royal Thai Mint. 28 Mar 2010. Archived from the original on April 2, 2012. Retrieved 19 Sep 2011.
  66. ^ Museums of Thailand website https://www.museumthailand.com/en/museum/Northern-Telecoms-of-Thailand-Museum
  67. ^ MAIIAM Contemporary Art Museum
  68. ^ a b Chiang Mai: Adeline Chia checks out the city's grassroots art scene
  69. ^ a b Kusakabe, Kyoko; Shrestha, Pujan; Kumar, S; Suwanprik, Trinnawat (May 2014). "Catalysing sustainable tourism: The case of Chiang Mai, Thailand" (PDF). Climate & Development Climate Network (CDKN). Retrieved 21 June 2018.
  70. ^ Michael Romanos & Christopher Auffrey (2002). Managing Intermediate Size Cities: Sustainable Development in a Growth Region of Thailand. Springer Science. pp. 127–151.
  71. ^ Natthawut Srikatanyoo &Kom Campiranon (11 March 2010). "Agritourist Needs and Motivations: The Chiang Mai Case". Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 27:2, 166-178, DOI: 10.1080/10548400903579795.
  72. ^ Thai haven draws Chinese tech bros, moms and stoners seeking freedom
  73. ^ CityNews (19 May 2016). "Visakha Bucha Day this Friday - Chiang Mai CityNews". Chiang Mai Citylife. Retrieved 2021-05-03.
  74. ^ CityNews (23 February 2016). "Thousands Celebrate Makha Bhucha Day in Chiang Mai - Chiang Mai CityNews". Chiang Mai Citylife. Retrieved 2021-05-03.
  75. ^ See: Forbes, Andrew, "The Peoples of Chiang Mai", in Hans Penth and Andrew Forbes A Brief History of Lan Na Chiang Mai City Arts and Cultural Centre 2004 pp 221-256
  76. ^ "Khan Tok Dinner". Chiang Mai University Library. Archived from the original on 2020-07-20. Retrieved 2014-10-29.
  77. ^ "List of International Schools in Thailand - 164 schools". www.international-schools-database.com. Retrieved 2024-06-27.
  78. ^ "Study in Thailand | THE World University Rankings". Times Higher Education (THE). 2017-02-16. Retrieved 2024-06-27.
  79. ^ "Chiang Mai's Environmental Challenges", Fourth International Conference of Environmental Compliance and Enforcement
  80. ^ "Air Pollution in Chiang Mai: Current Air Quality & PM-10 Levels". Earthoria. 2008-02-27. Retrieved 2010-04-15.
  81. ^ "Smoke Pollution Makes March the Worst Month to Visit Chiang Mai and Northern Thailand - Siam and Beyond". Archived from the original on 2015-03-14. Retrieved 2015-03-20.
  82. ^ "Chiang Mai's air pollution still high". Nationmultimedia.com. 2007-03-11. Archived from the original on 2011-05-01. Retrieved 2010-04-15.
  83. ^ "Chiang Mai CityNews - Chiang Mai Records Highest PM2.5 Readings in the World, March 6, 2018". www.chiangmaicitylife.com. 7 March 2018. Retrieved 2018-04-16.
  84. ^ "WHO Air quality guidelines for particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide, Global Update 2005" (PDF). WHO. 2006. Retrieved 2012-03-21.
  85. ^ "Housing project in Doi Suthep mountains, Thailand". Environmental Justice Atlas. Retrieved 2022-04-24.
  86. ^ "Chiang Mai's Hill Peoples", in Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David, Ancient Chiang Mai, Volume 3. Chiang Mai, Cognoscenti Books 2012
  87. ^ "Central Chiang Mai | Central Pattana".
  88. ^ "Central Chiang Mai Airport | Central Pattana".
  89. ^ "MAYA Shopping Mall".
  90. ^ "Chiang Mai Sunday Night Market: BEST Tips & Guide (2023)". backpackerswanderlust.com. 2023-12-06. Retrieved 2023-12-07.
  91. ^ "Shan Silversmiths of Wua Lai", in Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David, Ancient Chiang Mai, Volume 4. Chiang Mai, Cognoscenti Books, 2012. ASIN: B006J541LE
  92. ^ "Shopping in Chiang Mai". Lonely Planet. 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
  93. ^ Peraphan, Jittrapirom; Hermann, Knoflacher; Markus, Mailer (2017-01-01). "Understanding decision makers' perceptions of Chiang Mai city's transport problems an application of Causal Loop Diagram (CLD) methodology". Transportation Research Procedia. World Conference on Transport Research - WCTR 2016 Shanghai. 10–15 July 2016. 25 (Supplement C): 4438–4453. doi:10.1016/j.trpro.2017.05.350. hdl:2066/230529.
  94. ^ "เชียงใหม่เปิดตัวและแสดงข้อมูลระบบขนส่งสาธารณะ จับทุกภาคส่วนลงนามร่วมพัฒนาต่อเนื่อง". Manager Online (in Thai). Retrieved 2018-03-03.
  95. ^ "Chiang Mai CityNews - 450 Electric Tuk Tuks for Chiang mai Approved by DLT". www.chiangmaicitylife.com. 6 June 2017. Retrieved 2018-07-04.
  96. ^ "RTC – Chiang Mai City Bus". rtc-citybus.com. Retrieved 2024-06-27.
  97. ^ "Chiang Mai to Have Light Rail Transit by 2027". Chiang Mai Citylife. 27 November 2018.
  98. ^ "Chiang Mai for Digital Nomads". Moving Nomads. Archived from the original on 2018-02-06. Retrieved 2018-02-06.
  99. ^ "CHIANG MAI AIRPORT GUIDE". www.chiangmaiairportonline.com. Retrieved 2023-03-07.
  100. ^ "» Second airports slated for Phuket and Chiang Mai". thaiembdc.org. Retrieved 2018-12-12.
  101. ^ "AOT launches Chiang Mai airport expansion to serve 20m passengers in a decade". nationthailand. 2023-08-24. Retrieved 2024-06-27.
  102. ^ Chaisa-at, Wanchok (2 August 2016). "เพจพลิกชีวิต! "Lowcost cosplay" เมื่อความบ้าพารวย "อนุชา แสงชาติ"". Post Today (in Thai). Retrieved 4 March 2023.
  103. ^ Ashayagachat, Achara (30 March 2016). "Chiang Mai activist wins US 'courage award'". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
  104. ^ "Chiang Mai Municipality Information Slideshow". Chiang Mai Municipality. Section of Foreign Affairs Chiang Mai Municipality. Archived from the original on 2012-05-08. Retrieved 2013-12-31. (page 21)[dead link‍]
  105. ^ Corfield, Justin (2013). "Sister Cities". Historical Dictionary of Pyongyang. London: Anthem Press. p. 196. ISBN 978-0-85728-234-7.
  106. ^ "Austin-Chiang Mai Launch Sister Cities Initiative". Austin Chamber of Commerce. Retrieved 2024-06-27.
Retrieved from "https://en.wiki.x.io/w/index.php?title=Chiang_Mai&oldid=1263739976"