Zhao Rukuo[1][2] (simplified Chinese: 赵汝适; traditional Chinese: 趙汝适; pinyin: Zhào Rǔkuò; 1170–1231), also romanised as Zhao Rugua,[3] Chau Ju-kua,[4] or misread as Zhao Rushi,[5] was a Chinese government official and writer during the Song dynasty. He wrote a two-volume book titled Zhu Fan Zhi. The book deals with the world known to the Chinese in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries;[6] the first volume is a list of foreign places with descriptions of each place and the customs of its local people.[7] The second volume is a catalog of trade goods.
Biography
editZhao was a member of the Song dynasty imperial clan, an eighth-generation descendant of Emperor Taizong in the lineage through the younger brother of Emperor Zhenzong.[8][9]
He was born in Tiantai County in Taizhou, Zhejiang in 1170.[10] He began his career as a bureaucrat in 1190, and rose through the ranks. In 1224, he was appointed the supervisor of maritime trade (市舶司, shibosi) in Quanzhou, Fujian province.[11] He also held the posts of prefect for Quanzhou as well the southern administrator.[12] He died in 1231 and was buried in Linhai County in Zhejiang.[10]
Zhu Fan Zhi
edit
While working in Fujian, Zhao noted the commodities from various countries, and he had the opportunity to meet foreign merchants from whom he gathered information on various countries around the world. He also studied maps, and with the information that he collected, he wrote the book, which he finished around 1225.[13] Many entries of Zhu Fan Zhi take information from an older work from 1178, Lingwai Daida by another geographer, Zhou Qufei (Chinese: 周去非; pinyin: Zhōu Qùfēi; Wade–Giles: Chou Ch'ü-fei). However, a significant part of the book came from what he gathered from foreign and Chinese traders.[14]
Although Zhao had not travelled outside of China, the book contained valuable information on various countries in the thirteenth century for modern scholars.[15] The countries ranged from those nearby such as Japan, to the various kingdoms in South East Asia, such as Srivijaya and Brunei, places in India, to the Islamic heartland of Arabia and Mecca, as well as countries in Africa, and as far as southern Spain.[16]
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ Fan & Hargett 2011
- ^ "Zhao Rukuo". Encyclopædia Britannica.
- ^ Park 2012, pp. 50–52
- ^ Hirth & Rockhill 1911, p. V
- ^ Zheng 2011, p. 209
- ^ "Old Chinese Book Tells of the World 800 Years Ago; Chau-Ju-Kua's Chronicles of the Twelfth Century, Now First Translated, Give a "Description of Barbarous Peoples Picked Up by This Noted Inspector of Foreign Trade and Descendant of Emperors". New York Times. December 29, 2012.
- ^ Cœdès 1968, p. 186
- ^ Li 2012, p. 30
- ^ Hirth & Rockhill 1911, p. 35
- ^ a b "人物传". fjsq.gov.cn (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 15 September 2009.
- ^ Wyatt 2011, p. 35
- ^ Vorderstrasse 2012, p. 459
- ^ Li 2012, p. 30
- ^ Li 2012, p. 30
- ^ Wyatt 2011, p. 36
- ^ Hansen & Curtis 2015, pp. 267–270
References
edit- Cœdès, George (1968). The Indianized states of Southeast Asia. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 9780824803681.
- Fan, Chengda; Hargett, James M (2011). Treatises of the Supervisor and Guardian of the Cinnamon Sea: The Natural World and Material Culture of Twelfth-century China. University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0295990798.
- Hansen, Valerie; Curtis, Kenneth R. (January 2015). Voyages in World History. ISBN 9781305537705.
- Hirth, Friedrich; Rockhill, William Woodville (1911). Chau Ju-kua: His Work On The Chinese And Arab Trade In The Twelfth And Thirteenth Centuries, Entitled Chu-fan-chï. Imperial Academy of Sciences.
- Li, Anshan (6 April 2012). A History of Overseas Chinese in Africa to 1911. Diasporic Africa Press. ISBN 978-0966020106.
- Park, Hyunhee (2012). Mapping the Chinese and Islamic Worlds: Cross-Cultural Exchange in Pre-Modern Asia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1107018686.
- Vorderstrasse, Tasha (22 Jun 2012). Cobb, Paul (ed.). The Lineaments of Islam: Studies in Honor of Fred McGraw Donner. Brill. ISBN 9789004231948.
- Wyatt, Don J. (2011). The Blacks of Premodern China. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 9780812203585.
- Zheng, Yangwen (2011). China on the Sea: How the Maritime World Shaped Modern China. Brill. ISBN 978-9004194779.