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Carlos Hugo, Duke of Parma

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Carlos Hugo, Duke of Parma and Piacenza (8 April 1930 – 18 August 2010) was the head of the ducal House of Bourbon-Parma from 1977 until his death. Carlos Hugo was a Carlist claimant to the throne of Spain and sought to change the political direction of the Carlist movement through the Carlist Party, of which he was the official head during the fatal Montejurra incidents. His marriage to Princess Irene of the Netherlands in 1964 caused a constitutional crisis in the Netherlands.

Carlos Hugo
Duke of Parma
Carlos Hugo in 1968
Head of the House of Bourbon-Parma
Tenure7 May 1977 – 18 August 2010
PredecessorDuke Xavier
SuccessorDuke Carlos
Born(1930-04-08)8 April 1930
Paris, France
Died18 August 2010(2010-08-18) (aged 80)
Barcelona, Spain
Burial28 August 2010
Sanctuary of Santa Maria della Steccata
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1964; div. 1981)​
IssuePrince Carlos, Duke of Parma
Princess Margarita, Countess of Colorno
Prince Jaime, Count of Bardi
Princess Carolina, Marchioness of Sala
HouseBourbon-Parma
FatherPrince Xavier of Bourbon-Parma
MotherMadeleine de Bourbon-Busset
ReligionRoman Catholicism

Background

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Carlos Hugo was the son of Xavier, Duke of Parma, and Madeleine de Bourbon-Busset and was baptized Hugues Marie Sixte Robert Louis Jean Georges Benoît Michel. He was a direct male descendant of Louis XIV. On 28 June 1963 he was officially renamed Charles Hugues, by judgment of the court of appeal of la Seine, France.

In 1977, his father died, and Carlos Hugo succeeded him claiming the thrones of Parma, Etruria and Spain. He was a French citizen, and from 1980, a naturalized Spanish citizen.

He passed his baccalaureate in Montreal,[1] and studied in Paris and at the University of Oxford.

Carlism

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Carlism is a Spanish political movement founded in the 19th century which upholded the claim of Carlos Hugo's branch of the House of Bourbon to the Spanish throne.

In 1975 Don Javier abdicated as the Carlist king in favor of his elder son Carlos Hugo[2] who assumed Carlist leadership in August 1975. In Francoist Spain, the organization of Carlism has been known as the Traditionalist Communion and played an important role in the Spanish Civil War within the Nationalist Faction.

The movement split between the followers of Carlos Hugo and his socialist and liberal reforms and the traditionalists who rejected him including his younger brother Sixto Enrique who refused to accept him as king.

In May 1976, a year after Franco's death, two Carlist sympathizers from the Carlos Hugo faction were shot down by far-right terrorists during an annual Carlist convocation. Among the terrorists were Stefano Delle Chiaie and members of the Argentine Anticommunist Alliance (Triple A), with logistic support from Francoist elements inside Spanish intelligence agencies and the Civil Guard.[3][4] This incident became known as the Montejurra massacre.[5]

In a private letter, Don Javier claimed that at Montejurra "the Carlists have confronted the revolutionaries", which has been interpreted as the followers of Don Sixto being the real Carlists according to Don Javier.[6]

On 4 March, accompanied by his son Sixto, Don Javier was interviewed by the Spanish press and his responses showed Carlist orthodoxy. That same day he issued a declaration certified by a Paris notary objecting to his name being used to legitimize a "grave doctrinal error within Carlism", and implicitly disowned the political line promoted by Carlos Hugo.[7] In order to justify that declaration, Carlos Hugo alerted the police that his father had been abducted by Sixto, an accusation which was denied publicly by Don Javier himself, who had to be hospitalized heavily affected by the scandal generated.[8]

Shortly afterwards Don Javier issued another declaration, certified by a different Paris notary, confirming his oldest son as "my only political successor and head of Carlism".[9] Then it was Doña Magdalena who declared that her husband had been taken by Carlos Hugo from hospital against medical advice and his own will, and that Carlos Hugo had threatened his father to obtain his signature on the second declaration.[10] Eventually Don Javier was transferred to Switzerland, where he soon died. The widow blamed the oldest son and three daughters for his death.[11] She repudiated and disinherited her children Carlos Hugo, María Teresa, Cecilia and Nieves, and ordered that upon her death they could not attend the wake for his corpse in the castle of Lignières.[12]

On 28 September 2003 at Arbonne in France, Carlos Hugo re-asserted his Carlist claim.[13]

Marriage and family

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Carlos Hugo and Princess Irene in 1964
 
Carlos Hugo and Princess Irene in 1978

Carlos Hugo's engagement to Princess Irene of the Netherlands, daughter of Queen Juliana of the Netherlands, caused a constitutional crisis in the Netherlands for several reasons. Irene lost her rights of succession to the Dutch throne because the government refused to enact a law permitting the marriage. Her mother could not go to Madrid to talk Irene out of the marriage and of her conversion to Catholicism because the government advised her against it. The issue that prevented the government from making a law permitting the marriage was Carlos's claim to the Spanish throne. The Dutch government saw international political difficulties arising from a possible heir to the Dutch throne holding a controversial claim to the throne of a foreign state.[citation needed]

Carlos Hugo and Irene were married on 29 April 1964, in the Borghese Chapel at the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome, by Cardinal Paolo Giobbe, the former Apostolic Nuncio to the Netherlands.[14] No other members of the Dutch royal family were present; Irene's parents watched the ceremony on television.[15] After the ceremony, Carlos Hugo and Irene had a private audience with Pope Paul VI. They spent their honeymoon in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, after which they settled in Madrid.[16]

Carlos Hugo and Irene divorced on 26 May 1981.[17] They had four children:[citation needed]

In 2003, his daughter Margarita revealed that her father had an illegitimate son with a former nursery maid, called Javier, born in 1983.[18]

Death

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In February 2008 it was revealed that Carlos Hugo was being treated for cancer. On 2 August 2010, he announced, via his official website, that his health was further deteriorating.[19] He died on 18 August 2010 in Barcelona at the age of 80. Carlos Hugo's remains were taken from Barcelona to The Hague and were laid in state for family members and close relatives in the Fagel Dome on the estate of the Noordeinde Palace (one of the three official palaces of the Dutch royal family). On 28 August, the body was transported to Parma in Italy and interred in the crypt of the Sanctuary of Santa Maria della Steccata.[20]

Honours

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Dynastic honours

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Carlos-Hugo claimed the headship of the Constantinian Order of Saint George as hereditary heir to the House of Farnese's Duchy of Parma, the Farnese dukes having been recognised as grand masters of the order in 1699, although in 1706 the church of Rome confirmed the order's grand magistry to the Farnese's heirs (the House of Bourbon since 1731) in accordance with male primogeniture.

As a claimant to the throne of Spain, Carlos Hugo also claimed to be the Grand Master of the Spanish Order of the Golden Fleece[citation needed] At his funeral the chain of the Order of the Golden Fleece was put on his coffin, and the prince wore the insignia of the order during his marriage.

Country Appointment Ribbon Other
  House of Bourbon-Parma Grand Master of the Parmese Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George  
Grand Master of the Order of Saint Louis for Civil Merit  
Grand Master of the Order of the Legitimidad Proscrita   [21]
Grand Master of the Order of St. George for Military Merit   [22]
Order of the Golden Fleece (Claimant)  
  Holy See Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre
  Netherlands Grand Cross of the Order of the House of Orange  

Ancestry

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References

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  1. ^ Bernier Arcand, Philippe, « Les Bourbon-Parme dans les institutions d’enseignement du Québec », Histoire Québec, 202, p. 24-28 (lire en ligne [archive])
  2. ^ According to his younger son, it was an "enforced abdication". Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, p. 272, Rodón Guinjoan 2015, p. 591. his eldest son assumed the title of Carlos Hugo I. Clemente 2013, p. 28
  3. ^ "Montejurra-76: crimen de Estado sin castigo", El Mundo, 6 May 2001
  4. ^ CARCEDO, Diego: Sáenz de Santamaría: el general que cambio de bando, ISBN 84-8460-309-1
  5. ^ Crimes of Montejurra (translation) Archived 15 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Montejurra-jurramendi.3a2.com. Retrieved on 21 April 2014.
  6. ^ Juan Balansó, La familia rival. Planeta, 1994, p. 229. ISBN 84-08-01247-9
  7. ^ La Actualidad Española March 1977, available here Archived 28 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine
  8. ^ ABC de Sevilla 08.03.77, available here
  9. ^ Mediterraneo 08.03.77, available here; full text in Clemente 2013, p. 137
  10. ^ La Vanguardia, 09-03-77, available here; what has actually happened is unclear and remains subject to conflicting accounts. The most detailed one is in Heras y Borrero 2010, pp. 127–133. The author claims that around 20 February 1977 Don Javier, accompanied by Françoise Marie and her husband Prince Edouard de Lobkowicz, withdrew to their Granville cottage in Normandy, according to a letter from Don Javier to his sister, "to spend a few days in peace". He then posed for a number of family photos with Sixte and Françoise Marie, made by a photographer of Actualidad Española and published later in the press. On 4 March Don Javier, accompanied by Sixte, Françoise Marie and a number of Spanish Traditionalists, visited a Paris notary to issue a declaration. Following a brief interview with a reporter from Actualidad Española, he withdrew to Granville. At the same time Carlos-Hugo, unaware of his father’s whereabouts, alerted the police, who found Don Javier in good shape the following day. On 5 March, and accompanied by Carlos-Hugo, he was placed in the Hôpital Americain de Neuilly. On 7 March he left the hospital accompanied by Cécile, allegedly to attend the morning mass. In fact, accompanied by Carlos-Hugo, he visited another notary to make another statement, then returned to the hospital, while his wife issued a declaration charging Carlos-Hugo with abduction. Transliteration of material published in Actualidad Española available here
  11. ^ Canal 2000, p. 380; before her own death, the widow barred Carlos-Hugo, Marie-Thérèse, Cécile and Marie des Neiges from the Ligniéres castle (the castle of Bostz had already become a property of Françoise Marie and her husband) and banned them from attending her own funeral. García Riol 2015, p. 382
  12. ^ Casals, Xavier (2005). Franco y los Borbones: la corona de España y sus pretendientes. España escrita. Barcelona: Planeta. ISBN 978-84-08-06313-1.
  13. ^ Palabras de S.A.R. el Príncipe Don Carlos Hugo de Borbón Parma en al acto de imposición de cruces de La Orden de la Legitimad Proscrita, celebrado el domingo día 28 de septiembre de 2003 en Arbonne (Francia). Borbonparma.org. Retrieved on 21 April 2014.
  14. ^ "Carlist Colours Flaunted at Princess's Marriage", The Times (30 April 1964): 14.
  15. ^ "Queen Juliana Sees It on Television", The Times (30 April 1964): 14.
  16. ^ Josep Carles Clement, Carlos Hugo de Borbón-Parma: Historia de una disidencia (Barcelona: Planeta, 2001), 121.
  17. ^ Irene de Holanda obtuvo ayer el divorcio de Carlos Hugo de Borbón Parma. Elpais.com (27 May 1981). Retrieved on 21 April 2014.
  18. ^ Thieu Vaessen, Oranjebitter. Het verhaal van prinses Margarita en Edwin de Roy van Zuydewijn, 2003, p. 59
  19. ^ "News of the House of Parma (in Spanish)". Archived from the original on 5 February 2005. Retrieved 18 August 2010.. borbon-parma.net
  20. ^ Lichaam prins Carlos vrijdag naar Nederland Archived 3 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine. telegraaf.nl. 18 August 2010 (Dutch)
  21. ^ "www.borboneparma.it". borboneparma.it. Retrieved 6 September 2015.
  22. ^ "Ordine al Merito Militare di San Giorgio di Lucca". borboneparma.it. Retrieved 6 September 2015.

Bibliography

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  • Robert E. Wilson, "The Claim of Carlos-Hugo de Bourbon-Parma to the Spanish Throne", Background 8 (November 1964): 187–193.
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Carlos Hugo, Duke of Parma.
Carlos Hugo, Duke of Parma
Cadet branch of the House of Bourbon
Born: 8 April 1930 Died: 18 August 2010
Titles in pretence
Preceded by — TITULAR —
Duke of Parma
7 May 1977 – 18 August 2010
Reason for succession failure:
Annexed by Kingdom of Italy 		Succeeded by
— TITULAR —
King of Spain
Carlist claimant
20 April 1975 – 18 August 2010
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