Karl Sverkersson or Charles VII[1][2] (c. 1130 – 12 April 1167) was ruler of Götaland, and then King of Sweden from c. 1161 to 1167, when he was assassinated in a military attack by Knut Eriksson who succeeded him as king.[3]
| Karl Sverkersson | |
|---|---|
 King Karl as shown on his seal | |
| King of Sweden | |
| Reign | 1161–1167 |
| Predecessor | Magnus Henriksen |
| Successor | Knut Eriksson |
| Born | c. 1130 |
| Died | 12 April 1167 |
| Spouse | Christina Hvide |
| Issue | Sverker the Younger |
| House | Sverker |
| Father | Sverker the Elder |
| Mother | Ulvhild Håkansdotter |
Pretender to the throne
editKarl was the son of King Sverker the Elder, who was assassinated in December 1156, by first wife Ulvhild Håkansdotter. A pretender from another family, Erik Jedvardsson (whom later generations dubbed martyr and saint), ruled over parts of Sweden in the following years. However, Karl was chosen king by the people of Östergötland in c. 1158, apparently in opposition to Erik. A letter from pope Hadrianus IV (d. 1159) knows him as ruler of regnum Gothorum although Erik is known to have held power in Västergötland.[4] It is claimed in a late medieval chronicle that Erik's murder by minions of their rival Magnus Henriksen in 1160 was also backed by Karl.[5]
Magnus Henriksen had a brief reign after killing Erik, but was himself killed by Karl Sverkersson in 1161 in a battle in Örebro. After the fall of Magnus, Karl received general recognition in Sweden as king. In fact he is the first Swedish ruler to be expressly titled rex Sweorum et Gothorum (King of the Swedes and Geats) in a papal letter from 1164.[6]
Reign
editThe brief reign of Karl Sverkersson is important from a number of aspects. The early medieval Swedish kingdom resembled a network of shifting aristocratic alliances rather than a state, but during the second half of the 12th century it slowly began to converge with the Catholic-European state model. It was during his time that the Archbishop of Uppsala was established, although Sweden was still ecclesiastically subordinated to the Danish archbishop in Lund. After a request by the king, his jarl Ulf, and the Swedish bishops, the pope appointed Stefan, a former monk in Alvastra Abbey, as the first archbishop. Shortly afterwards, the people of Värend at the border to Denmark offered money to the king if he supported the installation of a particular bishop in Växjö. He is also known to have donated land and privileges to Vreta Abbey and Nydala Abbey. The donations suggest that his main interests lay in the provinces of Östergötland and Småland, while the provinces around Lake Mälaren may have been supervised by Ulf Jarl.[7] The first known non-epigraphic document was issued in his time, which also contains the earliest known royal seal.[8]
Swedish relations with the Russian lands had been quite good up to the early 12th century. However, this changed into a state of intermittent hostility during the 12th century. The chronicles of Novgorod relate a sea-borne Swedish invasion in 1164. The invading forces attacked Ladoga, which however received Novgorodian relief forces after five days. The Swedes were thoroughly beaten outside Ladoga on 28 May and lost 43 out of 55 boats. The remnants withdrew.[9]
Assassination
editIn the spring of 1167, King Karl was killed on the island of Visingsö by supporters of Knut Eriksson, head of the rival Eric dynasty. "But his son Sverker was carried to Denmark in the lap, and his journey was miserable."[10] Knut usurped the throne. Karl Sverkersson was buried in Alvastra monastery. Like the other kings of the House of Sverker, he is lauded by the short chronicle in Västgöta Law: "As king, he had his father's dignity. He ruled Sweden with gentleness and benevolence."[11]
Starting from Karl Sverkersson's death, his kinsmen (half-brothers or possibly nephews) Burislev and Kol together opposed Knut's kingship and were rival kings, recognized in some Gothic parts of Sweden; but the last of them was killed in about 1172–1173, after which Knut's government got recognized overall.[citation needed]
Family
editKarl's wife was Christina Hvide, a Danish lady, daughter of Stig Hvitaleder, a Seelander magnate, and his wife who was sister of Valdemar I of Denmark.
Their sole historically attested child was Sverker Karlsson, a young boy when Karl died, and who later was elected king of Sweden (1195–1208/10) after the death of King Knut Eriksson.[12]
References
editCitations
edit- ^ This was the first Swedish king by the name of Charles (Karl). The numeral VII is a posthumous invention, counting backwards from Charles IX (1604–11) who adopted his numeral according to a fictitious history of Sweden. Six others before Karl Sverkersson are unknown to any sources before Johannes Magnus's 16th-century book Historia de omnibus Gothorum Sueonumque regibus, and are considered his invention. The first Swedish monarch of the name to actually use a regnal number was Karl "VIII" Knutsson who used the numeral II on his queen's tombstone (1451) at Vadstena.
- ^ Article Karl in Nordisk familjebok
- ^ Lindkvist, Thomas (2008), "The Emergence of Sweden", The Viking World, Routledge, pp. 692–698, doi:10.4324/9780203412770-61, ISBN 978-0-203-41277-0
- ^ Sawyer, När Sverige blev Sverige, pp. 42–3.
- ^ Gillingstam, "Karl Sverkersson".
- ^ Sawyer, När Sverige blev Sverige, p. 43.
- ^ Sawyer, När Sverige blev Sverige, p. 43.
- ^ Gillingstam, "Karl Sverkersson".
- ^ Sundberg, Medeltidens svenska krig, pp. 43–5.
- ^ Larsson, Götarnas riken, p. 185.
- ^ Lindkvist, Thomas (2021). The Västgöta Laws. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-003-17437-0.
- ^ Lindström, p. 267
Sources
edit- Gillingstam, Hans, "Karl Sverkersson", Svenskt biografiskt lexikon
- Larsson, Mats G., Götarnas riken; Upptäcktsfärder till Sveriges enande. Stockholm: Atlantis, 2002.
- Lindström, Fredrik; Lindström, Henrik (2006). Svitjods undergång och Sveriges födelse (in Swedish). Albert Bonniers förlag. ISBN 978-91-0-010789-5.
- Sawyer, Peter, När Sverige blev Sverige. Alingsås: Viktoria Bokförlag, 1991.
- Sundberg, Ulf, Medeltidens svenska krig. Stockholm: Hjalmarson & Högberg, 1999.
External links
edit
Media related to Carl I of Sweden (Karl Sverkersson) at Wikimedia Commons
