Wikipedia

Camp Evans Historic District

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This article is about a historic district in New Jersey. For the American Civil War site in Virginia, see Fort Evans. For the Army's Evans 65 ft (20 m) utility ship with the same eponym (Lt Col Paul Wesley Evans), see List of ships of the United States Army. For the 1968 Camp Evans near Phong Điền, Vietnam, see Camp Evans (Vietnam).

Camp Evans Historic District is an area of the Camp Evans Formerly Used Defense Site in Wall Township, New Jersey. The site of the military installation (40°11′08″N 074°03′45″W / 40.18556°N 74.06250°W / 40.18556; -74.06250[4]) is noted for a 1914 transatlantic radio receiver and various World War II/Cold War laboratories of the United States Army (e.g., signal, vacuum tube, dosimetry, & photo-optics). It was designated a National Historic Landmark District in 2012, in recognition of the site's long role in the development of modern civilian and military electronic communications.[5]

Camp Evans Historic District
The Marconi Hotel dedicated in 1914[2] at the Belmar Receiving Station is now InfoAge's "main campus"[3]
Camp Evans Historic District is located in New Jersey
Camp Evans Historic District
Nearest cityBelmar, New Jersey
Coordinates40°11′20″N 74°3′53″W / 40.18889°N 74.06472°W / 40.18889; -74.06472
Area55 acres (22 ha)
Built1912–1914
NRHP reference No.02000274[1]
Significant dates
Added to NRHPMarch 26, 2002
Designated NHLDOctober 16, 2012

Belmar Receiving Station

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The Belmar Receiving Station was established near the Belmar community together with a separate transatlantic transmitting facility at New Brunswick, New Jersey, by the Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company of America (American Marconi).[6] The Belmar station included a mile-long bronze-wire receiving antenna strung on six 400 foot tall masts with three 150 foot balancing towers along the Shark River. Outgoing Morse-code messages were sent via a telegraph land-line from the Belmar Station to the transmitter. The receiving site also had a telegraph land-line to a New York office.[7]

Original buildings on the campus[8] (40°11′09″N 74°03′34″W / 40.1859°N 74.0594°W / 40.1859; -74.0594[citation needed]) were built by the J.G. White Engineering Corp. between 1912 and 1914. This was part of the Guglielmo Marconi's wireless girdle[9] around the Earth. In one of the buildings being constructed for the Belmar station, the regenerative circuit was demonstrated on January 31/February 1, 1914.

In April 1917, the Belmar station was acquired as part of the Navy's World War I Trans-Atlantic Communication System and after the November 1918 Armistice with Germany, American Marconi regained the Belmar station,[10] which Radio Corporation of America owned from October 1919 until 1924.[11] In 1924, the site was returned to Radio Corporation of America (RCA) ownership.[12]

Ownership

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RCA sold the site to the Monmouth County Pleasure Seekers Club which was closely tied to Arthur H. Bell and the Ku Klux Klan. They owned the site from 1925 to 1935.[13]

The Young People's Association for the Propagation of the Gospel purchased the Belmar station in 1936,[14] and The King's College opened in September 1938 — when it was denied accreditation it relocated (currently it is in the Empire State Building).

The Signal Corps Radar Laboratory (SCRL) of Fort Hancock[15] (formerly "Field Laboratory No. 3")[16] in the late 1930s used a field set-up at the Belmar station to compare US radars with the British CH-CHL Radars[17] (additional testing of hardware was often done at the nearby Twin Lights radar station,[18] such as a trial radar network in 1939).

 
SCR-271 at Camp Evans

Evans Signal Laboratory

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In 1941 the Belmar radio site was renamed the Evans Signal Laboratory[19] after Wall Township purchased the original Marconi buildings and the surrounding 93 acres for the Army to move the SCRL.[15] Initial construction of Camp Evans Historic District quickly built more than two dozen buildings and structures on the open land to the south and west of the Marconi buildings,[5] including 2 boiler houses, 4 long rectangular one-story buildings, and two groups of radio antenna shelters.[2] Two models of the SCR-271 radar were located near the intersection of Monmouth Boulevard and Watson Road (the model D had a sign for the SCRL Installation and Maintenance School).[20]

Camp Evans

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Camp Evans was designated by War Department General Order, 17 February 1942;[16] the Camp Evans Signal Laboratory was named on March 31, 1942[21] (the date of the camp's dedication);[16] and in December 1942, the War Department directed the Signal Corps General Development Laboratories and the Camp Evans Signal Lab to combine into the Signal Corps Ground Service (SCGS) with headquarters at Bradley Beach, New Jersey (Hotel Grossman).[citation needed] The Camp Evans lab used VT-158 tube(s), developed by Harold A. Zahl, to adapt SCR-268s for picket ships,[18] modified the SCR-268 into the SCR-602 which detected Japanese kamikazes[22] (producing 12 renumbered AN/TPQ-3 developmental models)[23] and on the SCR-584 tracking radar, did preliminary testing in December 1941 and added identification friend or foe.[5] The lab also improved components (e.g. for the proximity fuse) and established a special unit which tested[where?] captured German and Japanese radars.[24][verification needed] The laboratory was also responsible for Army radar development by civilian companies (e.g., GE AN/CPS-1 early warning radar, Rad Lab AN/CPS-4 height finder, Bendix AN/GPN-2 & LE AN/GPN-6 search sets, and Bendix AN/CPN-18 secondary surveillance radar).[5]

By August 1943, Lt Col Paul E. Watson was the director of the Camp Evans Signal Laboratory.[25] In addition to the Signal lab, Camp Evans had the Joint Army-Navy Tube Standardization (JANS) Laboratory and in May 1945, the Signal Corps Ground Services was reformed into the Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories.[5] Initial experimentation with an enemy mortar and artillery locating radar was conducted at Camp Evans in 1944.[2] By the end of the war Camp Evans had approximately 134 buildings and structures on approximately 217 acres[5] including the Meteorological Branch of the Army Signal Corps[26] (cf. the Meteorological Branch at McCook Field).[27]

Cold War events

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The facility was the initial point of contact for many top German scientists after WWII. These included Wernher von Braun and Erich Traub as part of Operation Paperclip.[28] Camp Evans' black engineers contributed[specify] to electronic research, development, product distribution and training.[29] For instance, Dr. Walter McAfee at Fort Monmouth[30] first calculated the speed of the moon during Project Diana[31] (it took 40 minutes to travel 15 deg, the width of the fixed radar beam rotating with the Earth).[32]

After the World War II Peenemünde V-2s tracked by the giant Würzburg radar had reached space and their telemetry had been received (e.g., at burnout); during moonrise on January 10, 1946, Project Diana transmitted VHF radar pulses through the ionosphere to the moon and detected the reflection[33] [34][35] using a modified version of an experimental SCR-271[36] at the right of center Camp Evans.[37] By August 1951, the Evans Signal Laboratory had a Meteorological Branch[38] in Bldg. 39.[39]

The 1952 Army Radiation Dosimetry Laboratory was established in building 9401 which had an underground vault, a Van de Graff machine, and AN/UDM-1A caesium-137 and AN/UDM-1 cobalt-60 calibration sources. The building had one and a half foot walls to protect contain the radiation during experiments.[40] After a visit on October 20, 1953. McCarthyism claimed that Camp Evans was a "house of spies", but none of the camp's employees which Senator McCarthy investigated in 1953 and 1954 were ever prosecuted.[citation needed] In 1957, replacement equipment, on the frame of a captured German Wertzburg [sic] Reise radar, erected at the Project Diana site helped track the Soviet Union's Sputnik[5] (cf. the Deal Test Site in Ocean Township that moved to Evans in 1973).[2]

Camp Evans became part of the Signal Radio Propagation Agency and developed a radar weather set[41] The Evans laboratory transferred from the SCGS to the U. S. Army Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories (SCEL), which in April 1958 was renamed the U. S. Army Signal Corps Research and Development Laboratory.[42] The Project Diana site[43] with building 9162 was used for the NASA TIROS-1 satellite's downlink antenna (60-foot dish shaped antenna, Space Sentry)[43] on April 1, 1960, for the first photograph[dubious – discuss] from space[5] (the ground terminal [was] at Fort Monmouth[43] in the laboratory receiving area).[41] Radiation Incorporated's AN/TLM-18 Space Sentry[44] at Camp Evans was used for minitrack.[45] The Army Photo-optics Laboratory opened at Camp Evans in 1963. Most Deal Test Site facilities and personnel moved to Camp Evans due to the Deal site lease terminating on June 30, 1973.[2]

Closure

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The 1993 Base Realignment and Closure Commission at the end of the Cold War designated Camp Evans for closure (e.g., the Army Radiation Dosimetry Laboratory closed in 1999)[46] Evans units moved to Fort Monmouth's Main Post (Project 42682),[2] and Camp Evans land transferred to the National Park Service.[citation needed]

A section of the former camp is home to the Brookdale Campus at Wall, a branch of the Brookdale Community College.[47]

A district of Camp Evans was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002, and camp areas became part of the Save America's Treasures project[48] (2005 funds were donated to restore the AN/TLM-18).[44] In 2011, Institute for Exploratory Research began in the basement at the InfoAge Science Center.

InfoAge

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InfoAge Science & History Museums (InfoAge) was established in some of the historic district buildings .[3] InfoAge is a member of the Association of Science-Technology Centers and was part of the NASA Digital Learning Network. Its focus is science and the scientific and military history of Camp Evans.

Exhibits and participating organizations include the Vintage Computing Federation, The Military Technology Museum of New Jersey, electronic warfare, a Cold War-era fallout shelter, vintage radio, the National Broadcasters Hall of Fame and Museum, The Computer Deconstruction Laboratory, and the New Jersey Shipwreck Museum.

The InfoAge Space Exploration Center (ISEC) provides adult and youth programs that range from lectures, activities, to week-long summer programs. ISEC exhibits include the operational AN/TLM-18 antenna system, satellite models, and Apollo guidance computer.[49]

References

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Camp Evans.
External images
  Camp map with numbered buildings
  "Diana Radar" sign
  Diana & AN/TLM-18 antennas (min. 19:30 & 19:50)
  1. ^ Carl, Fred; Judge, Robert; Swanson, Mark. Camp Evans Historic District National Register of Historic Places Nomination (Report). Archived from the original (webpages with transcribed sections of NRHP nomination) on November 16, 2014. Retrieved April 28, 2014.
  2. ^ a b c d e f United States Army Communications Electronics Life Cycle Management Command Historical Office (October 25, 2010). A History of Army Communications and Electronics at Fort Monmouth, New Jersey, 1917–2007. Government Printing Office. ISBN 978-0-16-086910-5. OCLC 276415572.
  3. ^ a b "Official site". InfoAge. Archived from the original on 27 November 2015. Retrieved 9 November 2015.
  4. ^ "Camp Evans (2101578)". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved May 2, 2014.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h Waston, Raymond C; Lange, Robie S (February 16, 2012). National Historic Landmark Nomination: Camp Evans (USDI/NPS NRHP Registration Form) (Report). Archived (PDF) from the original on May 2, 2014. Retrieved April 30, 2014.
  6. ^ Farnkopf, Lisa, Camp Evans Transition to a Learning Center moving Forward, Asbury Park Press, June 29, 2006, Page 160
  7. ^ NRHP Registration Form, citation 16: "Description of Marconi's New Jersey Stations: Belmar and New Brunswick". Wireless World: 414–8. October 1914.
  8. ^ The Encyclopedia Americana: A Library of Universal Knowledge. Encyclopedia Americana Corporation. January 1, 1920.
  9. ^ Administrator. "Camp Evans — NJ — Practical Wireless Telegraphy / 1920-05". www.campevans.org. Archived from the original on March 29, 2016. Retrieved March 24, 2016.
  10. ^ "Guglielmo Marconi". www.monmouth.com. Archived from the original on February 15, 2009. Retrieved March 24, 2016.
  11. ^ "Radio Central". The Book of Radio. 1922.
  12. ^ Pane, Bill, "KKK Nazi Spys in Camp Evans history", Asbury Park Press, May 18, 2014, Page A5
  13. ^ "Klan Has Summer Resort. Buys Old Marconi Radio Station of 396 acres (1.60 km2) on Shark River". The New York Times. June 20, 1926. Archived from the original on July 11, 2018. Retrieved June 14, 2008. Establishment of a Summer resort for the Ku Klux Klan on the Shark River at New Bedford is being fostered by officials of the New Jersey Realm of the Klan. ... Only members of the Klan or affiliated organizations are admitted to the 396-acre (1.60 km2) reservation, which until a year ago was owned by the Radio Corporation of America and was known as the Marconi Radio Station. The property was purchased by the Monmouth Pleasure Club, a holding company of Klansmen, and is now State headquarters of the organization. ...
  14. ^ "The King's College Early History at Camp Evans". Archived from the original on July 21, 2012. Retrieved July 4, 2018.
  15. ^ a b NRHP Registration Form citation 41
  16. ^ a b c "The Test" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on March 18, 2013. Retrieved April 17, 2014.
  17. ^ Vieweger, Arthur L; White, Albert S. (November 1959). "Development of Radar SCR-270". C&E Digest. HQ Air Defense Command Directorate of Communications-Electronics. Archived from the original on September 6, 2013. Retrieved April 30, 2014. By mid August, an experimental model of the SCR-270 was assembled at Twin Lights... [Westinghouse] delivered 112 sets prior to Pearl Harbor day. [An SCR-271] put into operation at Fort Sherman in June, became the first radar in the American defense system... There were six mobile stations spotted around the perimeter of Oahu in early December 1941. ... During late 1941 and 1942, a network of approximately 25 SCR-270's was installed along the Pacific Coast, with a few in Mexico and Canada
  18. ^ a b NRHP Registration Form citation 44: Carl, Fred (June 12, 2003). "Radar Experts Worked at Camp Evans to Protect Panama Canal" (Infoage transcription). The Coast Star. Retrieved April 27, 2014.[permanent dead link‍]
  19. ^ Camp Evans: The Untold Story (PDF) (Report). 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 26, 2011. Retrieved May 1, 2014.
  20. ^ Administrator. "Camp Evans — NJ — WWII Radar Array SCR-270 and SCR-271 / cs-2005-12-08". www.campevans.org. Archived from the original on March 23, 2016. Retrieved March 24, 2016.
  21. ^ "Engineering and Technology History Wiki" (PDF). www.ieeeghn.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 2, 2014. Retrieved May 2, 2014.
  22. ^ NRHP Registration Form citation 45: Zahl, Lt Col Harold A; Marchetti, Maj John W. (January 1946). "The TPS-3 Radar". Electronics: 98–104.
  23. ^ "Popular Electronics — March 1964". www.campevans.org. Archived from the original on July 7, 2016. Retrieved March 24, 2016.
  24. ^ NRHP Registration Form citation 51: Zahl, Electronics Away, pp. 46-48.[full citation needed]
  25. ^ "SECRET MONTHLY PROGRESS REPORT — Camp Evans August 1943". www.campevans.org. Archived from the original on July 7, 2016. Retrieved March 24, 2016.
  26. ^ "Google". www.google.com. Archived from the original on March 17, 2012. Retrieved March 24, 2016.
  27. ^ Aviation in the U.S. Army, 1919–1939. DIANE Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4289-1563-3.
  28. ^ Moran, Mark, KKK Nazi Spys in Camp Evans History, Asbury Park Press, May 18, 2014, A5
  29. ^ "African American Heritage at Camp Evans". Archived from the original (edited version of documentary article) on October 30, 2013. Retrieved April 29, 2014.
  30. ^ "Little Known Black History Facts – 2000". www.campevans.org. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved March 24, 2016.
  31. ^ "African American mathematician and physicist who first calculated the speed of the moon". www.lipstickalley.com. Archived from the original on May 2, 2014. Retrieved March 24, 2016.
  32. ^ Deffree, Suzanne. "Project Diana bounces radio waves off moon, January 10, 1946". EDN. Archived from the original on March 10, 2016. Retrieved March 24, 2016.
  33. ^ Plotner, Tammy (September 5, 2007). The Night Sky Companion: A Yearly Guide to Sky-Watching 2008–2009. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-0-387-71609-1.
  34. ^ Pomerleau, Cindy Stodola (2021). To the Moon and Back: Essays on the Life and Times of Project Diana. Amazon Digital Services LLC - KDP Print US. ISBN 979-8-706-54632-8.
  35. ^ "Project Diana: Radar Reaches the Moon". Retrieved July 13, 2022.
  36. ^ "Army Radar: SCR-268, SCR-270 & SCR-271". Camp Evans — Wall, New Jersey. CampEvans.org. January 3, 2004. Archived from the original on May 3, 2014. Retrieved April 27, 2014. In February 1931 Major General William R. Blair began Project 88 for the detection of enemy aircraft by noise, intrared waves and radio waves. In December 1936 Signal Corps engineers field tested their first radar equipment at the airport in Newark, New Jersey. On May 18, 1937, the future SCR-268, was demonstrated to Brig. Gen. Henry H. Arnold at Fort Monmouth. from pg 232-233 Getting the Message Through, A Branch History of the U.S. Army Signal Corps by Raines, Rebecca., Center of Military History United States Army, Washington D.C., 1996
  37. ^ "Info Age - Project Diana". Archived from the original on May 2, 2014. Retrieved May 2, 2014.
  38. ^ Satellites, IGY World Data Center A: Rockets and (January 1, 1958). IGY Satellite Report. National Academies.
  39. ^ Camp Evans Oral Histories: Samuel Stein. 1998. Archived from the original (NTSC Video transcript at CampEvans.org) on May 3, 2014. Retrieved April 29, 2014. Evans Bldg. 36/37. There radars would be assembled in Bldg 37 and installed in trailers with antennas 2- to 30 ft. long (known as Bedspring Radars). ... He then was assigned to Bldg. 39, Meteorological Branch. His work there included storm detection. During late 1942, early 1943, the first weather station was built to service Ft. Monmouth and surrounding area. His group built infrared sensors, did research on solid state materials, tested balloons and radiosonde.
  40. ^ "Army Dosimetry Laboratory at Camp Evans – 9401". www.campevans.org. Archived from the original on July 7, 2016. Retrieved March 24, 2016.
  41. ^ a b http://www.historicfilms.com/tapes/8019 Archived 2014-05-02 at the Wayback Machine vintage film at minute 21:40 (film at end includes Eisenhower's voice broadcast from satellite)
  42. ^ "EVANS AREA". cecom.army.mil. Archived from the original on February 16, 2013. Retrieved March 24, 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  43. ^ a b c "TIROS I and TIROS II Ground Station". www.campevans.org. Archived from the original on April 6, 2016. Retrieved March 24, 2016.
  44. ^ a b Flynn, Martin. "Camp Evans — NJ — Space Sentry / 2005-04-13". www.campevans.org. Archived from the original on March 26, 2016. Retrieved March 24, 2016.
  45. ^ "Monmouth Message — June 19, 1958 – Space Sentry Radar". www.campevans.org. Archived from the original on April 6, 2016. Retrieved March 24, 2016.
  46. ^ "F.A.Q. & Overview". www.campevans.org. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved March 24, 2016.
  47. ^ "Brookdale at Wall". Brookdale Community College. Archived from the original on November 27, 2015. Retrieved November 9, 2015.
  48. ^ http://www.infoage.org Archived 2006-02-15 at the Wayback Machine InfoAge Science/History Learning Center[verification needed]
  49. ^ "ISEC site". Retrieved 23 July 2019.
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